14 Adolescent Problems. The Biopsychosocial Approach Biological Factors Malfunctioning of body...
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Transcript of 14 Adolescent Problems. The Biopsychosocial Approach Biological Factors Malfunctioning of body...
The Biopsychosocial Approach
The Biopsychosocial Approach
• Biological Factors• Malfunctioning of body
• Psychological Factors• Thoughts, emotions, learning, relationships
• Social Factors• SES, neighborhood quality
• Biological Factors• Malfunctioning of body
• Psychological Factors• Thoughts, emotions, learning, relationships
• Social Factors• SES, neighborhood quality
A Developmental Psychopathology Approach
A Developmental Psychopathology Approach
• Internalizing problems:• Occur when individuals turn problems
inward• Examples include anxiety and depression
• Externalizing problems:• Occur when individuals turn problems
outward• An example is juvenile delinquency
• Internalizing problems:• Occur when individuals turn problems
inward• Examples include anxiety and depression
• Externalizing problems:• Occur when individuals turn problems
outward• An example is juvenile delinquency
Characteristics of Adolescent Problems
Characteristics of Adolescent Problems
• Problems vary in severity• Gender differences• Short-lived vs. persistent over
years• SES background differences• Internal vs. external assets
• Problems vary in severity• Gender differences• Short-lived vs. persistent over
years• SES background differences• Internal vs. external assets
ResilienceResilience
• Individual Factors• Intelligence
• Family Factors• Close relationships
• Extrafamilial Factors• Relationships outside family
• Individual Factors• Intelligence
• Family Factors• Close relationships
• Extrafamilial Factors• Relationships outside family
ResilienceResilienceCharacteristics of Resilient Children and Adolescents
Characteristics of Resilient Children and Adolescents
Fig. 14.2
Trends In Drug Use by High-School Seniors
Trends In Drug Use by High-School SeniorsTrends in Drug Use by U.S. 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-Grade StudentsTrends in Drug Use by U.S. 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-Grade Students
Fig. 14.3
Alcohol EffectsAlcohol Effects
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• Effects on Behavior and Brain Activity
• Depressant• Damage to muscle and brain cells
• Effects on Behavior and Brain Activity
• Depressant• Damage to muscle and brain cells
Alcohol EffectsAlcohol Effects
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• Alcohol Use in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood
• Transition to college – critical time• Binge-drinking
• Alcohol Use in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood
• Transition to college – critical time• Binge-drinking
Alcohol EffectsAlcohol EffectsBinge Drinking in the Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood
Binge Drinking in the Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood
Fig. 14.7
Alcohol EffectsAlcohol Effects
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• Risk Factors
• Heredity• Family Influences• Peer Relations• Personality
• Risk Factors
• Heredity• Family Influences• Peer Relations• Personality
HallucinogensHallucinogens
• Drugs that alter perceptual experiences and produce hallucinations; also called psychedelic or mind-altering drugs
• LSD• Marijuana
• Drugs that alter perceptual experiences and produce hallucinations; also called psychedelic or mind-altering drugs
• LSD• Marijuana
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HallucinogensHallucinogensTrends in Marijuana Use by U.S. 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-
Graders: Use in the Past YearTrends in Marijuana Use by U.S. 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-
Graders: Use in the Past Year
Fig. 14.4
StimulantsStimulants
• Drugs that increase the activity of the central nervous system
• Drugs that increase the activity of the central nervous system
• Cigarette Smoking• Serious preventable health problem• Use is decreasing• Consequences
• Lung damage• Emotional problems
• Programs to prevent smoking
• Cigarette Smoking• Serious preventable health problem• Use is decreasing• Consequences
• Lung damage• Emotional problems
• Programs to prevent smoking
StimulantsStimulants
StimulantsStimulantsTrends in Cigarette Smoking by U.S. Secondary School Students
Trends in Cigarette Smoking by U.S. Secondary School Students
Fig. 14.5
• Cocaine• 2.3% of adolescents use cocaine• Unpredictable risk
• Amphetamines
• Ecstasy
• Cocaine• 2.3% of adolescents use cocaine• Unpredictable risk
• Amphetamines
• Ecstasy
StimulantsStimulants
DepressantsDepressants
• Slow the central nervous system, bodily functions, and behavior
• Barbiturates• Opiates
• Slow the central nervous system, bodily functions, and behavior
• Barbiturates• Opiates
Anabolic SteroidsAnabolic Steroids
• Drugs derived from the male sex hormone testosterone. They promote muscle growth and lean body mass.
• Drugs derived from the male sex hormone testosterone. They promote muscle growth and lean body mass.
Factors in Adolescent Drug Use
Factors in Adolescent Drug Use
• Interference with competent coping skills and decision making
• By mid twenties – use decreases• Parents, peers, and social support
• “Hands-on” parenting
• Role of schools in preventing drug abuse
• Interference with competent coping skills and decision making
• By mid twenties – use decreases• Parents, peers, and social support
• “Hands-on” parenting
• Role of schools in preventing drug abuse
• Index offenses:• Criminal acts at any age, such as
robbery, rape, and homicide
• Status offenses:• Performed by youths under a specified
age, not as serious as index offenses. Include drinking under age, truancy, sexual promiscuity
• Index offenses:• Criminal acts at any age, such as
robbery, rape, and homicide
• Status offenses:• Performed by youths under a specified
age, not as serious as index offenses. Include drinking under age, truancy, sexual promiscuity
What is Juvenile Delinquency?
What is Juvenile Delinquency?
Conduct DisorderConduct Disorder
• The psychiatric diagnostic category used when multiple behaviors occur over a 6-month period
• The psychiatric diagnostic category used when multiple behaviors occur over a 6-month period
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Conduct DisorderConduct Disorder
• Their delinquent behaviors include:
• Truancy• Running away • Physical cruelty to people & animals • Setting fires• Using drugs and alcohol
• Their delinquent behaviors include:
• Truancy• Running away • Physical cruelty to people & animals • Setting fires• Using drugs and alcohol
Violence and YouthViolence and Youth
• Male
• Feelings of powerlessness
• Poverty
• Male
• Feelings of powerlessness
• Poverty
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Violence and YouthViolence and Youth
• At-Risk Youth
• Drugs and alcohol• Access to weapons• Antisocial, deviant peer group• Exposure to violence
• At-Risk Youth
• Drugs and alcohol• Access to weapons• Antisocial, deviant peer group• Exposure to violence
Violence and YouthViolence and Youth
• Recommendations for reducing violence
• Recommit to raising children safely and effectively
• Make prevention a reality• More support to schools• Forge partnerships
• Recommendations for reducing violence
• Recommit to raising children safely and effectively
• Make prevention a reality• More support to schools• Forge partnerships
Major Depressive DisorderMajor Depressive Disorder
• Individual experiences a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics for at least two weeks or longer
• Depressed characteristics include lethargy and hopelessness
• Daily functioning becomes impaired
• Individual experiences a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics for at least two weeks or longer
• Depressed characteristics include lethargy and hopelessness
• Daily functioning becomes impaired
Major Depressive EpisodeMajor Depressive Episode
• An episode is a period during which specific intense symptoms of a disorder are evident
• An episode is a period during which specific intense symptoms of a disorder are evident
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Major Depressive EpisodeMajor Depressive Episode
• Nine symptoms• At least 5 of the 9 must be present during a
2-week period:
1. Depressed mood most of the day2. Reduced interest or pleasure in all or most
activities3. Significant change in weight or appetite4. Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much
• Nine symptoms• At least 5 of the 9 must be present during a
2-week period:
1. Depressed mood most of the day2. Reduced interest or pleasure in all or most
activities3. Significant change in weight or appetite4. Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much
(Continued on next slide)
Major Depressive EpisodeMajor Depressive Episode
• Nine symptoms5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation6. Fatigue or loss of energy7. Feeling worthless or guilty (excessively,
inappropriately)8. Problems thinking, concentrating, making
decisions9. Recurrent thoughts of death and suicide
• Nine symptoms5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation6. Fatigue or loss of energy7. Feeling worthless or guilty (excessively,
inappropriately)8. Problems thinking, concentrating, making
decisions9. Recurrent thoughts of death and suicide
(Continued from previous slide)
SIBSIB
• About 17 percent of college students -- 20 percent of women and 14 percent of men -- report that they have cut, burned, carved or harmed themselves in other ways
• fewer than 7 percent of the students studied had ever sought medical help for their self-inflicted physical injuries.
• About 17 percent of college students -- 20 percent of women and 14 percent of men -- report that they have cut, burned, carved or harmed themselves in other ways
• fewer than 7 percent of the students studied had ever sought medical help for their self-inflicted physical injuries.
SIBSIB
• Self-injurious behavior is defined as inflicting harm to one's body without the obvious intent of committing suicide
• Cutting skin, ripping or pulling skin or hair, biting, bruising and breaking bones
• increased significantly in the past five years
• Self-injurious behavior is defined as inflicting harm to one's body without the obvious intent of committing suicide
• Cutting skin, ripping or pulling skin or hair, biting, bruising and breaking bones
• increased significantly in the past five years
Those who had repeat incidents of SIB,
Those who had repeat incidents of SIB,
• almost six times more likely to have considered or attempted suicide
• 3.5 times more likely to report a history of emotional abuse;
• three times more likely to report high levels of recent psychological distress;
• and ・ twice as likely to report characteristics of an eating disorder.
• almost six times more likely to have considered or attempted suicide
• 3.5 times more likely to report a history of emotional abuse;
• three times more likely to report high levels of recent psychological distress;
• and ・ twice as likely to report characteristics of an eating disorder.
Why SI?Why SI?• Cope with anxiety or other negative feelings • relieve stress or pressure (Whitlock, 2006). • feel in control of their bodies and minds,• express feelings• distract themselves from other problems• communicate needs• create visible and treatable wounds, to purify
themselves• reenact a trauma in an attempt to resolve it• http://www.crpsib.com/default.asp
• Cope with anxiety or other negative feelings • relieve stress or pressure (Whitlock, 2006). • feel in control of their bodies and minds,• express feelings• distract themselves from other problems• communicate needs• create visible and treatable wounds, to purify
themselves• reenact a trauma in an attempt to resolve it• http://www.crpsib.com/default.asp
SIBSIB• Risk factors• bisexual/question their sexual orientation.• slightly more likely to be female (55
percent) • Less likely to be Asian or Asian-American.
• Risk factors• bisexual/question their sexual orientation.• slightly more likely to be female (55
percent) • Less likely to be Asian or Asian-American.
SuicideSuicide
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• Rare in childhood, escalates in early adolescence
• Females contemplate it more, but males actually commit suicide more
• Rare in childhood, escalates in early adolescence
• Females contemplate it more, but males actually commit suicide more
Suicide RatesSuicide Rates
• The suicide rate for adolescents ages 15 to 19 was 8.2 deaths per 100,000 teenagers, • five times as many males as females.
• Among people 20 to 24 years of age, the suicide rate was 12.8 per 100,000 young adults• seven times as many deaths among men as
among women.
• Older adults are disproportionately likely to die by suicide. 5 Times national rate
• The suicide rate for adolescents ages 15 to 19 was 8.2 deaths per 100,000 teenagers, • five times as many males as females.
• Among people 20 to 24 years of age, the suicide rate was 12.8 per 100,000 young adults• seven times as many deaths among men as
among women.
• Older adults are disproportionately likely to die by suicide. 5 Times national rate
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SuicideSuicide
• Factors associated with suicide• Sexual orientation• Family instability or unhappiness• Genetic factors
• “Copycat” suicides
• Factors associated with suicide• Sexual orientation• Family instability or unhappiness• Genetic factors
• “Copycat” suicides
Risk FactorsRisk Factors
・ Mood changes or depression ・• Drug and alcohol abuse ・• Disruptlve and unsupportive family background ・• Psychiatric illnesses ・• Previous attempts ・• Ready availability of lethal means to commit suicide ・• Recent bereavement ・• chronic physical illness ・• anniversary phenomenon (of past losses or major life events) ・• early loss experiences ・• school failure ・• chronic unemployment ・• perfectionists and over-achievers
・ Mood changes or depression ・• Drug and alcohol abuse ・• Disruptlve and unsupportive family background ・• Psychiatric illnesses ・• Previous attempts ・• Ready availability of lethal means to commit suicide ・• Recent bereavement ・• chronic physical illness ・• anniversary phenomenon (of past losses or major life events) ・• early loss experiences ・• school failure ・• chronic unemployment ・• perfectionists and over-achievers
Interrelations of Problems and Prevention/Intervention
Interrelations of Problems and Prevention/Intervention
• Adolescents with more than one problem• Highest risk
• Prevention and intervention• Intensive individualized attention• Community-wide multi-agency collaborative
approaches• Early identification and intervention
• Adolescents with more than one problem• Highest risk
• Prevention and intervention• Intensive individualized attention• Community-wide multi-agency collaborative
approaches• Early identification and intervention