1.3_Datacom-IP Basics Packet Nw
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Transcript of 1.3_Datacom-IP Basics Packet Nw
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Data Communication
&
IP Addressing
D C Sonkhla DE (MPLS), BRBRAITT
919425800989
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AGENDA
Introduction to data communication
Packet Switching Network
IP Addressing
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Introduction
Data communication:
The process of sending data between two devices via some transmission medium.
Data communication is said to be local if the communicating devices are in the same building
Data communication is considered remote if the devices are farther apart.
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Components of Data Communication System
The data communication system is made up of five
components
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Protocol
Sender Receiver
Medium
Message
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Protocol
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Characteristics of Effective Data Comm
Delivery: The system must deliver the data to the correct destination.
Accuracy: The delivery of data must be accurate.
Timeliness : Deliver the data as exactly the same and deliver it in timely
manner.
Effective Data Communication
Delivery Accuracy Timeliness
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Data Communication Network Criteria
Data Communication
Network Criteria
Performance Reliability Security
Performance: BW, Delay, Type of cable/connector used, impairment.
Reliability: Packet Drop/loss due to impairment.
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Protocols
A common language that both Sender and Receiver agree
upon and communicate.
A protocol is a set of rules that govern data
communication.
Hello shall
I Speak in
French?
OK ,I can
Understand
French
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Protocols
What to
communicate ?
How to
communicate ?
When to
communicate ?
Protocol
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Protocols
Syntax Semantics Timing
Key Elements of a
Protocol
The order in which Data to be present. Format or Structure
How to interpret format ? what action is to be taken ?
When data should be sent and how fast ?
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Standards
Essential for interconnection of different equipments from different
vendors for proper and effective Data transfer.
Approved by an organized body Adopted through widespread use
Standards
De facto
(By Facts)
De jure
(By Law)
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Signals
Signals are electric or electromagnetic representations
of data.
Data are propagated from one point to another by
means of electrical signals.
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Signalling
Signalling is the physical propagation of the signal along
a suitable medium.
Both data and the signals may be either Analog or
Digital.
An analog data is a continuous wave (human voice)
Digital data is data stored in the form of 0 and 1.
An analog signal is a continuous wave form that changes
smoothly over time.
A digital signal is discrete. It can have values 0 or 1.
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Encoding and Decoding
Encoding is transforming data into signals to
send them on the channel from one place to
another.
Encoding:
The process of putting a sequence of data into a
specialized format for efficient transmission.
Decoding:
The conversion of an encoded format back into the
original form.
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Type of Transmission
Data Transmission
Analog
Transmission
Serial
Digital
Transmission
Parallel
Asynchronous Synchronous
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Asynchronous Transmission
Transmits the characters one at a time, with start bit (0)
& stop bits (1 s) at the end of each byte.
There may be a gap between bytes.
Asynchronous transmission is very slow.
The advantage of asynchronous transmission is that it is
simple and inexpensive.
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Synchronous Transmission
The entire message is sent in an even flow.
The bits are sent one after another without start/stop
bits or gaps.
The receiver counts the bits as they arrive and group
them in eight bit units.
Synchronization is maintained by a clock signal on a
separate wire or modulated on the data signal extracted
from incoming bit stream.
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Transmission Media
The medium which carries the signal from the sender to the
receiver.
Twisted Pair
Transmission Media
Guided Media Unguided Media
Coaxial Optic Fiber UV Radio Frequency Microwave
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Twisted Pair Cable
Unshielded Twisted Pair Shielded Twisted Pair Ratings are defined by Category.
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Coaxial Cable
The Coaxial cable ratings are defined by RG rating.
RG 6, RG 8, RG 11 are thicker one and RG 58, RG 59 are thinner
BNC Connectors, T Connector, In the end there would be terminator.
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Fiber Optic Cable
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Communication Channel Configuration
Point to point
Provides a dedicated link
Entire capacity of the channel is reserved
Point to Multi Point
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Mode of Transmission
Mode Of Transmission
Simplex Half Duplex Full Duplex
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DTE and DCE
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)
any device that is a source or destination for binary
digital data.
Computers and terminals are usually DTE
A Data Circuit Terminating Equipment (DCE)
any device that transmits or receive data in the form
of an analog or digital signal through network.
Modems and communications hardware are generally
DCEs
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Handshaking
Handshaking is a way to control the flow of data
between connected units.
There are two common forms of handshaking.
Hardware Handshaking
Software Handshaking
Hardware handshaking sometimes referred to as
(Request To Send (RTS) /Clear To Send (CTS))
Software handshaking referred to as (Xon/Xoff) which
uses extra characters in the data flow to achieve the
control.
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Interfaces
The interfaces has four characteristics
Mechanical characteristics
The physical Characteristics pertain to the physical connection (Physical Appearance)
Electrical characteristics
Deals with the voltage levels and timing of the voltage changes.
These characteristic determine the data rate and distances that the data can reach.
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Interfaces
Functional characteristics
Specify the functions that are performed by each of the interface
Procedural characteristics
specify the sequence of events for transmitting data.
some times known as logical interface which defines how the signal should be interpreted
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The major organizations responsible for making
standards are:
Electronics Industries Association (EIA)
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Consultative Committee on International Telephone
and Telegraph (CCITT)
International Organisation for Standards (ISO)
Organizations Making Standards
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Introduction
Switching technique is used for communication
of information from one end to other end.
A switched Network consists of interlinked nodes
called Switches
Switches are Hardware or Software devices
capable of creating temporary connections
between two or more devices.
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Type of Switching
Switching
Circuit Switching
Packet Switching
Message Switching
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Circuit Switching
Dedicated connection path is created between
the source and destination.
Designed for the real time applications.
Communication path is not shareable.
Communication path is under utilized.
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Message Switching
Whether a person is available or not, it is sent.
Not real time
Telegram Systems SFT(Store & Forward
Telegraph, 16 bit), SFMSS (Store & Forward
Messaging System, 32bit)
SMS
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Packet Switching
Data are made into packets before transmitting.
A packet is a unit of data that is transmitted across a packet-switched network.
Packets contain header information that includes a destination address.
A packet-switched network is an interconnected set of networks that are joined by routers.
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Packet Switching
Routers in the network read destination address and forward packets along the most appropriate path to that destination.
The transmission bandwidth is dynamically allocated
Permitting many users to share the same transmission line.
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Type of Packet Switching
Packet Switching
Virtual Circuit Approach
(Connection Oriented)
Datagram Approach
(Connectionless)
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Connectionless Packet Switching
No connection is set up to track.
No end-to-end delivery guarantee.
No state about a packet flow between sender and receiver.
Different packets may take different paths to the destination.
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Advantages
The packets are forwarded independent of other packets.
Packets are forwarded on the fly by routers, based on the most current best path to a destination.
In case of link failure the packets are quickly diverted along another path.
There may be possibilities of loss of packets, as it
may not reach to destination.
Hence quality is not guaranteed.
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Connection Oriented Packet Switching
A virtual circuit is established between sender and receiver across the network before packets can start to flow.
Provides end-to-end delivery guarantee.
All the packets are transmitted by source in sequential order over the established path to destination.
Each packet is acknowledged by the destination.
A proper method is adopted to supervise the correct receipt of information.
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IP ADDRESSING
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AGENDA
Introduction
Dotted Decimal Notation
Hierarchical Addressing
IPv4 address classes
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What is an IP Address
IP Address is Internet Protocol Address
IP was first standardized in September 1981.
It is an unique identifier for a node or a host in an IP Network.
An Internet address works like a postal address, allowing data to be routed to the chosen destination.
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What is an IP Address
There are two versions
IPV4 (Now in use) 32 Bits
IPV6 (Yet to be implemented) 128 Bits
IPV4 is a 32 Bits binary address
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Introduction
IP - is Internet Protocol & is responsible for :
Moving packet of data from node to node.
IP forwards each packet based on a four-byte destination
address (the IP address).
Each host on the internet is assigned a 32-bit integer
address called its internet address or IP address.
An Internet Protocol (IP) address specifies the location
of a host or client on the Internet.
The clever part of internet addressing is that the integers
are carefully chosen to make routing efficient.
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Introduction
Every host and router on the internet has an IP
address, which encodes its network number and
host number.
The combination is unique: no two machines in
public domain have the same IP address.
The address is coded to allow a variable allocation
of bits to specify network and host.
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Dotted Decimal Notation
The IPv4 address is 32 bits long.
What the Internet machines see an IP address? 10001100101100111101110011001000
For human understanding the 32 bits of IP address are separated into 4 bytes i.e. of 8 binary digits also called Octets.
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Dotted Decimal Notation
Each binary byte is converted into decimal and is separated by a dot hence also known as Dotted Decimal Notation
How we see an IP address? 10001100.10110011.11011100.11001000
140 .179 .220 .200
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Hierarchical addressing
For a protocol to be Routable, its structure must be hierarchical, i.e. every IP address must consists of at least two parts, one identifying the network and one identifying the host.
A host is an end station viz a computer workstation, a router or a printer, whereas a network consists of one or more hosts.
The Class of the address and the (subnet) mask determine which part belongs to the network address and which part belongs to the host address.
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Hierarchical addressing
In decimal the address range is 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
The IP address is of the form
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IPv4 Address Scheme
Two types of addressing schemes for IPv4
Classfull
Classless
Classfull
Original style of addressing based on first few bits
of the address.
Generally used in customer sites.
Classless
A new type of addressing that disregards the class
bit of an address (first 4 bits) and applies a
variable prefix (mask) to determine the network
number.
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IPv4 Address Classes
H H H N Class-A:
H H N N Class-B:
H N N N Class-C:
Class-D: For Multicast
Class-E: For Research
There are five classes of addresses A, B, C, D & E.
A, B & C classes are used to represent host and network address.
Class D, E and starting with 127.x.x.x (used for loopback) addresses should not be used for Hosts.
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Identifying a class of address
Address Identifier Network Address Host Address
0 7 bits Network Address 24 bits Host Address A
10 14 bits Network Address 16 bits Host Address B
110 21 bits Network Address 8 bits Host Address C
1110 Multicast address (224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255) D
1111 Reserved for future use E
By Using first 4 bits, class of address can be identified.
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IP Address Bit Patterns
8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits
0-127
128-191
192-223
224-239
240-255
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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Class-A address
Number of Networks = 27 i.e.128 (0-127)
Network ID 0 is not used & Network ID 127 is reserved for loop back and is used for internal testing.
Number of Networks = 126
Network IDs = 1-126
Number of Hosts=224=16,777,216
hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh 0nnnnnnn
Network Host
0 7 bits Network Address 24 bits Host Address
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Class-A address
No Host ID can have all zeros i.e. 0.0.0 (network address) & all ones i.e. 255.255.255 (broadcast address).
Number of Hosts per network= 224 -2=16777214
Class A networks are referred as"/8s" network, since they have a 8-bit network-prefix
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Class-B address
Number of Networks = 214 i.e.16384
Number of Hosts = 216 i.e. 65,536 (0-65,535)
No Host ID can have all zeros
i.e. 0.0 and specifies network address.
nnnnnnnn hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh 10nnnnnn
Network Host
10 14 bits Network Address 16 bits Host Address
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Class-B address
No Host ID can have all ones
i.e. 255.255 and specifies the broadcast address.
Number of Hosts per network= 216 -2=65534
Class B networks are referred as "/16s" Network,
since they have a 16-bit network-prefix
nnnnnnnn hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh 10nnnnnn
Network Host
10 14 bits Network Address 16 bits Host Address
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Class-C address
Number of Networks = 221 i.e. 2,097,152
Number of Hosts = 28 i.e. 256 (0-255)
No Host ID can have all zeros
i.e. 00000000 and specifies network address.
nnnnnnnn nnnnnnnn hhhhhhhh 110nnnnn
Network Host
110 21 bits Network Address 8 bits Host Address
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Class-C address
No Host ID can have all ones
i.e. 11111111 and specifies the broadcast address.
Number of Hosts = 28-2 = 254
Class A networks are referred to as "/24s
Networks since they have a 24-bit network-prefix.
nnnnnnnn nnnnnnnn hhhhhhhh 110nnnnn
Network Host
110 21 bits Network Address 8 bits Host Address
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Class-D & E addresses
Class D are special addresses are known as multicast
addresses
This address is assigned to a group of networks and not to
represent a unique address
This address is used to send IP datagrams to a group but
not to all the hosts on the network
This address is also used to address router update
messages
1110 Multicast address (224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255)
1111 Reserved (240.0.0.0-255.255.255.255)
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Classfull IP Address
Class Higher Order Bit
Address range
No of Networks
No. of Hosts
Class A 0XXXXXXX 1 to 126 126 16,777,214
Class B 10XXXXXX 128 to 191 16384 65534
Class C 110XXXXX 192 to 223 2097152 254
Class D 1110XXXX 224 to 239 Multicasting
Class E 1111XXXX 240 to 254 For Future use
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Identifying Address
140.179.220.200 is a Class B address so by default Network part is defined by the first two
octets (140.179.x.x) and the host part is defined by
the last 2 octets (x.x.220.200).
To specify the network address, set host section to all "0"s. In our example, 140.179.0.0 specifies the
network address for 140.179.220.200.
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Identifying Address
When the host section is set to all "1"s, it specifies a broadcast that is sent to all hosts on the network.
140.179.255.255 specifies the example broadcast address.
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Address space utilisation
0 1
0
127
00000000
01111111
A-50%
1
0
128
191
10000000
10111111
B-25%
0
1
192
223
11000000
11011111 C-12.5%
240 255
11110000 11111111 E-6.25%
0 224
239 11100000 11101111
D-6.25% 0
1
100%
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IPv6
To meet the continual growth of the Internet ,IETF has proposed a set of specifications commonly known as the next generation IP protocol (IPng or IPv6).
IPv6 increases the address size from 32 bits to 128 bits, supporting up to 3.4X1038 nodes.
It is represented using hexadecimal values separated by colons using the format X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X:, where each X refers to a four digit hexadecimal integer (16 bits each).
One such address could be BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:0043.
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Advantages
Bigger address space
The bigger address space IPv6 offers is the most obvious enhancement over IPv4.
Allows full, unconstrained IP connectivity for today's
IP based machines
Upcoming mobile devices like PDAs and cell phones
All will benefit from full IP access through GPRS and UMTS.
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Advantages
Mobility
To support Mobility a special protocol called "Mobile IP" is required for every IPv6 stack.
IPv6 supports for roaming between different networks, with global notification when you leave one network and enter the other one.
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Advantages
Security
IPv6 protocol stacks are required to include IPsec.
IPsec allows authentication, encryption, and compression of IP traffic.
This allows that all applications on a machine can benefit from
Encryption
Authentication
Policies can be set on a per host (or even per-network) basis, not per application/service.
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Advantages
Stateless auto configuration of hosts
Multicast
Jumbo grams
Network layer security
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IPV6 address categories
Categories of IPV6 addressees
a) Unicast
b) Multicast
c) anycast
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