13.American & Contemporary

8/3/2019 13.American & Contemporary

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/13american-contemporary 1/24



AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIODAMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD

(1901(1901--1945) 1945)

Philippine Revolution of 1896 started the downfall of Spanish regime

in the Philippines until Spain ceded the Philippines to the United

States in 1898. After three years of military rule, the Americans

established a civil government.

The turn of the century brought in the Philippines a turn in history.

(ending of the 330 years of Spanish rule in 1898 and beginning of the

5 decades of American rule)

New culture : English language was introduced and was propagated

through the newly established public school system; focus on

education, public health, free enterprise, and preparation for self-

government (construction of highways, bridges, ports, markets,

schools, hospitals and government office buildings).



AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIODAMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD

(1901(1901--1945) 1945)

WILLIAMWILLIAM HOWARDHOWARD TAFTTAFT ± first American civil governor

WILLIAMWILLIAM CAMERONCAMERON FORBESFORBES ± commissioner

DANIELDANIEL BURNHAMBURNHAM ± American architect and city planner; prepared

the plans for the development of Baguio and Manila

WILLIAMWILLIAM PARSONSPARSONS ± consulting architect of the Bureau of Public

Works; implemented the Burnham plan



ARCHITECTURAL FORMSARCHITECTURAL FORMS

1. RESIDENCES

- emergence of upper-class houses following the general

form of the bahay na bato

-TSALET ± two-storey house



ARCHITECTURAL FORMSARCHITECTURAL FORMS

2. GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS

- classified according to level: national, provincial, and

city or municipal (to prepare the Filipino people for democratic

self-government)

NATIONAL - offices serving the legislative,

executive and judicial branches

PROVINCIAL ± capital (³kapitolyo´), governor¶s

office, provincial board¶s office, the courts andother offices

± police station, post office and fire station

- Manila City Hall, Dept. of Finance Bldg., Leyte

Capitol, Legislative Bldg., Post Office Bldg.



3. SCHOOLS

- education was one of the priorities of American

Colonial policy in the Philippines

- developed public school system, organized teacher-

training institutes, private education also flourished as

Catholic, Protestant, and non-sectarian institutions

from the elementary to university level

- Gabaldon schoolhouses: one-storey, slightly elevatedabove the ground, classrooms on one side of an open

gallery, swing-out window shutters with capiz panes

- Normal School, DLSU Main Bldg., Mapua, Legarda

Elementary School, UST, FEU



4. COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS

- referred to buildings serving the needs of private

enterprise, and thus included office buildings, stores or

shopping complexes, factories and warehouses

- Crystal Arcade, Insular Ice Plant and Cold Storage



5. CLUBHOUSES

- social halls, lounges, dining rooms, gamerooms, and

club offices; sometimes with lodging and sports

facilities like swimming pools, tennis/pelota courts,

bowling alleys, and billiard rooms

- Makati Jockey Club, Army-Navy Club, Rizal Memorial

Sports Complex



6. HOTELS

- major developments in design, construction, and

technology (structural design, prefabrication, air-

conditioning, and fire protection)

- Luneta Hotel, Manila Hotel



8. HOSPITALS

- to improve and expand health service

- PGH, Quezon Institute Bldgs.



9. CHURCHES

- Spanish Colonial churches continued to serve the

needs of the predominantly Catholic population

- American built churches came after two decades

when old churches needed to be repaired or rebuilt or

reconstructed

- Paco Church, San Miguel Church



DOMINANT ART STYLES :DOMINANT ART STYLES :

NEO-RENAISSANCE - PGH, Legislative Bldg.

NEOCLASSICISM - Post Office Bldg., Insular Ice Plantand Cold Storage

ART DECO - Metropolitan Theater, UST, Central

Seminary, Rizal Memorial

Sports Complex, Manila

Jockey Club

FRENCH RENAISSANCE - Uy-Chaco Bldg., Legarda

Elementary School



FILIPINO ARCHITECTS:FILIPINO ARCHITECTS:

ARCADIO ARELLANO - consulting architect under

Taft¶s governorship

ANTONIO TOLEDO - studied at Ohio State and

Cornell University, joined the

Bureau of Public Works in

1911, and joined Parsons in

the design of several buildings

- Leyte Capitol, Manila City

Hall

TOMAS MAPUA - graduate of Cornell

University in 1911

- PGH Nurses¶ Home, DLSU

Main Bldg., Mapua



JUAN ARELLANO - trained in the United States;

worked with his brother,

Arcadio; later joined the

Bureau of Public Works

- Legislative Bldg., Post Office

Bldg., Metropolitan Theater

- used and adapted regionalfeatures and local motifs in his

works

ANDRES LUNA DE SAN PEDRO - trained in Paris; adapted

the French Renaissance style

o the tropics

- Crystal Arcade

FERNANDO OCAMPO, SR. - one of the pioneers of

modern architecture

- UST Central Seminary



JUAN NAKPIL - studied in the UnitedStates; visited the Art Deco Exposition

in Paris, and became one of

the local exponents of the

style

- Quezon Institute Bldgs.,Makati Jockey Club

PABLO ANTONIO - trained in England

- FEU

ROQUE RUAÑO - Spanish Dominican priest

- UST Main Bldg.



ENDEND OFOF WORLDWORLD WARWAR IIII

Towards the end of World War II, Manila was destroyed,

ironically, by American liberation forces, where all stately

neoclassic buildings were heavily damaged.

Intramuros was reduced to ruins except for San Agustin

Church

Recostruction followed following the original plans



CONTEMPORARY PERIODCONTEMPORARY PERIOD

(1946(1946--PRESENT) PRESENT)

Second Phase in the development of modern architecture in

the Philippines

Building boom followed after World War II and the recognition

of Philippine Independence in 1946

New generation of American-trained Filipino architects

introduced a new idiom influenced by the INTERNATIONALSTYLE



CONTEMPORARY PERIODCONTEMPORARY PERIOD

(1946(1946--PRESENT) PRESENT)

BRISE-SOLEIL or SUN-BREAK ± invention attributed to

French-Swiss architect Le Corbusier; a characteristic feature

of the International Style (UST Engineering and ArchitectureBldg., built in 1950)

PIERCED SCREEN ± a different form of protection from the

sun; popular in the 1960¶s (US Embassy)

REINFORCED CONCRETE ± enabled architects to add

visually exciting features such as cantilevered canopies and

balconies



CONTEMPORARY ROMANTICISM ±was asserted in

contemporary Filipino architecture, where a building is not only

space enclosed by structure; it is also a piece of sculpture. This

style appears in the postmodern period with varying degrees of

success.

SLICK TECH ± style between modern and postmodern,

represented by glass-sheathed buildings



FILIPINOFILIPINO ARCHITECTSARCHITECTS::

JULIO VICTOR ROCHA - UST Engineering and

Architecture Bldg.

CARLOS ARGUELLES - Philamlife Bldg.

ANGEL NAKPIL - National Press Club Bldg.,

Lopez Museum

PABLO ANTONIO - Manila Polo Club

LEANDRO LOCSIN - UP Church of the Holy

Sacrifice, CCP

GABRIEL FORMOSO - Pacific Star Bldg.

MAÑOSA BROTHERS - San Miguel Bldg.

ROGELIO VILLAROSA - King¶s Court



HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN THE 20th

CENTURY:

RESIDENTIAL -

developments of the bahay na bato

introduction of reinforced concrete and increased familiarity with

western architectural style expanded the range of house design after WW II, sprawling one-storey house with a terrace or lanai

became a dominant form, followed by variations of the bungalow

low-income earners lived in accessoria or row-houses, duplexes,

tenement houses, BLISS houses and prefabricated housing units

shanties represented the architecture of poverty

decreasing sizes of lots in exclusive subdivisions made two-storey

houses necessary

development of apartments and high-rise condominiums due to the

increasing cost of maintaining large houses with lawns and gardens



RELIGIOUS ±

Catholic and Protestant churches built in the early part of the 20th

century signify fidelity to tradition. (San Beda Chapel)

In the middle of the century, traditional styles were reconciled with

modern trends. (Baclaran Church, Sto. Domingo Church, Iglesia ni

Kristo)

Some churches, however, express a very modern temper. (Church of

the Risen Lord±

circular form; Protestant Chapel±

saddle-like

structure)

Late 20th century popularized the breaking away from traditional

styles, and has been characterized by freedom in design manifesting

renewed vigor of religion and a creativity inspired by faith. (St.

Andrew¶s Church) American Colonial and Contemporary traditions in architecture enjoy

the most extensive variety in form and in style.

20th century has been a time for looking intently towards the west,

but it has also became a time for looking more intently within and

recovering the native legacy.

13.American & Contemporary

Documents

Transcript of 13.American & Contemporary