13.4 A Flawed Peace

The Eastern Front Russia is far behind

other European countries in industrialization

Army faces major losses, some troops desert Bolshevik Revolution – Tsar Nicholas gives up the throne

Russia withdraws from WWI in 1917, signs a separate treaty with Germany

U.S. Turns the Tides U.S. troops are fresh,

not war weary Before: trenches

unable to advance more than 10 miles in any direction

After: U.S. fights in the 2nd Battle of the Marne, pushing Germans back

Central Powers Surrender Austria-Hungary

faces unrest within its own borders

Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria surrender

German Kaiser abdicates, and armistice is signed on 11/11/1918 at 11 A.M.

The Peace Conference Big Four: leaders

from each of the winning powers get together to discuss the peace treaty

U.S. – Woodrow Wilson

England – David Lloyd George

France – Georges Clemenceau

Italy – Vittorio Orlando

Treaty of Versailles Conflicting Visions of

Peace Wilson = fair treatment Clemenceau = Revenge –

land, money, & keep Germany weak

France wants security from Germany in future, so they set up a buffer in the Rhineland

To punish Germany, they take away its colonies, place all of the war guilt on Germany, and assign $33 billion in reparations

Wilson’s Fourteen Points 1. Open Diplomacy,

no secret international agreements

4. Arms reduction to a point that still insures domestic safety.

5. Impartial adjustment of all colonial claims.

Wilson’s Fourteen Points 7. Evacuation of

Belgium with restoration of full sovereignty

8. Restoration of the Alsace-Lorraine to France.

10. Autonomy for all nationalities of Austria-Hungary

League of Nations The last of the 14

points: 14. Creation of a

covenant for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.

An organization where countries can meet and resolve their problems peacefully

Problems with the Treaty German people

question why they must take all of the blame

Harsh punishment leads to German anger, wishes for revenge

Germany cannot feasibly pay the high reparations

Redrawing the Map of Europe New countries form

in the Balkans: Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Turkey

Germany gives up land, Poland is formed

Russian lands also create new countries such as Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia