13396341 Brain Stem Internal

7/28/2019 13396341 Brain Stem Internal

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Nervous system

brain stem

Weihua YuDepartment of Anatomy

Chongqing Medical University


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Brain is divide into 6 partstelencephalon

diencephalon

cerebellum

brain stem

telencephalon

diencephalon

brain stem

midbrain

ponsmedulla oblongata

cerebellum

mid brainponsmedulla oblongata

procerebrumtelencephalon

and diencephalonmidbraindont have obvious change

afterbrain

Cerebullar development

Brain

afterbrainpons and

cerebellum

marrowbrainmedulla

oblongata


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1. ventral surface of brain stem

the shape of brain stem

1medulla oblongatabulbopontine sulcuspyramiddecussation of pyramidolive

2ponsbasilar part of ponsbasilar sulcusmiddle cerebellar pedunclebulbopontine sulcus

3mid braincerebral peduncleinterpeduncular fossa

posterior perforated substance

The external features of brain stem


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There are 9 pairs of cranial nerves on ventral surface of brain stem the oculomotor nerves links with mid brain, and arise from

interpeduncular fossathere are four pairs of cranial nerves links withpons

trigeminal nervesv linked with basilar part of pons

there are abducent nerve,facial nerveand vestibulocochlear

nerve in the juncture with middle cerebellar peduncle or bulbopontine

sulcus from medial to lateral.

There are four pairs of cranial nerves linked with medulla oblongata

glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve and accessory nerve

on the dorsal and lateral side of olive from above downward in order.The hypoglossal nerve leaves medulla oblongata between pyramids of

medulla oblongata and olive.


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2. Dorsal surface of brain stem

1medulla oblongatagracile tuberclecuneate tubercle

inferior cerebellar pedunclerestiform body

2ponssuperior cerebellar peduncle

middle cerebellar peduncle3mid brainsuperior colliculusinferior colliculusquadrigeminal bodies

brachium of superior colliculus

brachium of inferior colliculus4rhomboid fossasulcus mediansulcus limitansstriae medullaresmedial

eminencefacial colliculushypoglossal trianglevagal trianglefuniculus separansareas postremavestibular areaacoustic tuberclelocus ceruleusobex


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3. fourth ventricle of cerebrum

superior medullary velum

inferior medullary velum

tela choroidea of fourth ventricle

ependyma

choroid plexus of fourth ventricle

There are 3 holes on fourth ventriclesingle median aperture of fourth ventricle lies in rhomboid fossapaired lateral aperture of fourth ventricle

Communicate with subarachnoid space

medulla oblongataponsand cerebellum

Similar to diamond shapeThe bottom is rhomboid fossa

The point exposition to vermis


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The internal structure of brain stem

Compared with spinal cord, the internal structure of brain stem appears the

following characters1The structure of medulla oblongatas inferior part is similar to spinal cord. Thecentral canal still remains, but moves to dorsal gradually.

2The gray matter of brain stem dont continue and form gray column which run

lengthwise through the total length of brain stem like that in spinal cord, but get togetherforming all kinds of nucleus separated with each other.

3The nucleus groups of gray substance of spinal cord all link withspinal nerve basically.

4The reticular structure appeared in the region between gray matter and white matterhas sharp expansion area, and more complex in structure, which contains many important

nuclear groups of vital center, such as center of heartbeat, blood pressure and respiratory.


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1. Gray matter of brain stem

Nuclei of cranial nerves

non-nuclei of cranial nerves

relay nucleus

reticular nucleus

1nuclei of cranial nerves

somatic motor fibervisceral motor fibervisceral sensory fibersomatic sensory fiber


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1general motor nucleus 4 pairs

dominate skeletal musclelingual muscle

extraocular muscles

nucleus of oculomotor nervenucleus of trochlear nerve

nucleus of abducent nerve

hypoglossal nucleus


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2special visceral motornucleus 4 pairs

Dominate the skeletal muscleevolved from branchial arch

masseter muscle muscles

soft palatepharyngeal

musclelaryngeal muscle

motor nucleus of

trigeminal nerve

facial nucleus

ambiguous nucleus

accessory nucleus


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3general visceral motornucleus 4 pairs

Dominate smooth muscle

cardiac muscle and glands

accessory nucleus ofoculomotor nerve

superior salivatory nucleus

inferior salivatory nucleus

dorsal nucleus of vagus


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4general visceral sensorynucleus1 pair

receive the sensory fiber of

organ andcardiovascular

the lower half ofsolitary

nucleus

5special visceral sensorynucleus

receive taste fibers

the capitular head of solitary

nucleus


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6general somatic sensorynucleus1 pair

Receive sensory fiber of

skin on head and face and

mucosa in oral and

nasal cavity

mesencephalic nucleus of

trigeminal nerve

the proprioceptive sense of

masseter muscle

pontine nucleus of trigeminal

nerve

tactile sense spinal nucleus

of trigeminal nervesense of pain and warm


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7special somaticsensory nucleus

vestibular nucleussuperior

nucleusinteriorlateral nuclear

inferior nucleus

cochlear nucleus

dorsal nucleus of cochlear nerve

ventral nucleus of cochlear nerve

anterior nucleusposterior nucleus)

Receive the fiber of auditory or

equilibratory sensation.


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According to the nature and function, 6 functional columns arrangelongitudinally in brain stem according to the following laws

In the gray matter of the bottom of fourth ventricle of cerebrum, the motornucleus and columns are interior to sulcus limitans while the sensory nucleus

and columns lie lateral to sulcus limitans from median line to two sides are general somatic motor column, generalvisceral motor column, general and special visceral sensory column and specialsomatic sensory column. Special visceral column and general somatic sensory column are ventrolateralto gray matter of pavimentum ventriculi, or in reticular structure.


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2non-nuclei of cranial nerves1medulla oblongata1gracile nucleus cuneate nucleusmedial lemniscus


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2inferior olivary nucleusparticipate in the controlling of cerebellum on motor

olivocerebellar tractinferior cerebellar peduncle enter into cerebellum

3accessory cuneate nucleus

cuneocerebellar tractinferior cerebellar peduncle enter into cerebellum


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2Pons1superior olivary nucleus enter into

lateral lemniscus and participate in tonelocalization


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2nuclei of ponspontocerebellar fibersmiddle

cerebellar peduncle enter into

cerebellum

The relay station of these fibers

connects cerebral cortex with

cerebellum cortex.


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3nucleus of lateral lemniscuslateral lemniscus


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1inferior colliculus receive the

termination of lateral lemniscusauditory reflex center

2superior colliculus visualreflex centertectospinal tractemited from superior colliculus

red nucleus, eyes and horns of a

cattle cow

3mid brain


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3pretectal arealies in the symphyses of mid brain with diencephalon, an area

betweencommissura posteriorandsuperior colliculus


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4red nucleusreceive the projection of dentate body of cerebellumreceive the corticocerebral projection

send out fibers to spinal cordrubrospinal tract

send out fibers to inferior olivary nucleus5substantia nigra produce dopamine neostriatum

6ventral tegmental area the deep surface of interpeduncular fossacontains dopamine neurons, which participates in the regulation of voluntary

movements


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white matter fiber bundleslong preceding fiber bundles

long descending fiber bundles

1 long preceding fiber bundles

medial lemniscus

spinal lemniscustrigeminal lemniscus

lateral lemniscus

anterior spinocerebellar tract

posterior spinocerebellar tract

medial longitudinal fasciculus


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1medial lemniscusnucleus ventralis posterolateralis thalami


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1medial lemniscus


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1medial lemniscus


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1medial lemniscus


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1medial lemniscus


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1medial lemniscusThe sensory conductive pathway


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2spinothalamic tractspinal lemniscusnucleus ventralisposterolateralis thalami


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2spinothalamic tractspinal lemniscus


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3spinal lemniscusnucleus ventralis posteromedialis thalami


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3trigeminal lemniscus


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3trigeminal lemniscus


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3trigeminal lemniscusthe conductive pathway

4 l t l l i


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4lateral lemniscusarisesfrom the auditory fibers of superior olivary nucleus on two sides anddorsal cochlear nucleus as well as ventral cochlear nucleus of opposite side.

The lateral lemniscus turns upward on the lateral superior olivary nucleus

and forms lateral lemniscusinferior colliculusmedial geniculate body


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4lateral lemniscus


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4lateral lemniscus

l t l l i


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trapezoid body

The auditory fibers of superior olivary nucleus and ventral cochlear nucleus

runs transversely in the inferior middle part of pons, then crosses abovemedian line and forms trapezoid body. Some trapezoid body fibers turnupward and join lateral lemniscus.

4lateral lemniscus


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4lateral lemniscus

the conductive pathway


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5posterior spinocerebellar tract

anterior spinocerebellar tractascending

via superior cerebellar peduncle enter

into cerebellum

posterior spinocerebellar tract inferior

cerebellar peduncle enter into cerebellum


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preceding fiberextraocular

muscles motor nucleus

descending fibercervicalcord segmentintermedial

zone and medial part of

anterior horn

6medical longitudinal fasciculus

these fibers derived from vestibular nucleus go upward and downward along

median line.


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pyramidal tract

rubrospinal tract

tectospinal tract

vestibulospinal tract

reticulospinal tract

2long descending fiber bundle


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1pyramidal tract corticonuclear tractcorticospinal tract


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1 id l t t corticonuclear tract


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2tectospinal tract

3rubrospinal tract


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4vestibulospinal tract

ti l f ti f


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3reticular formation ofbrain stem

There are lots of

pericaryon in central region ofbrain stem. The fibers arranged

in a cross pattern, which

constitutes reticular formation of

brain stem.

the main nucleus groups ofreticular formation of brain stem

1the nuclear groups project to cerebellum

2raphe nuclei groups3the reacting region of medial nucleus

4the reception region of lateral nucleargroup

13396341 Brain Stem Internal

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