13220 Westek Harmonic Catalogue

• Harmonics Mitigation• Power Quality• Filters for Motors and Drives• Load banks• Instrumentation

Innovative Solutions from Westek Electronics

Static Network Simulation with Filter]AVM[dirg 70

© 2009, Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen GmbH [kV] 10 PQM - Power Quality Management

www.reinhausen.com/pq]AVk[.fsnart 1600 simulation results graphically:

[%] 6

cosφ = 0,97 ]V[i 415[Hz] 50

[kVA] 900 [kVA] 50cosφ 0,98 soci φ 0,7 i

00,53]Wk[00,288]Wk[17,53]ravk[01,971]ravk[

∑[Hz] 189 189 189 189

2 10 10 10[V] 440 440 440 440

]ravk[+ 56 56 56 56

[kvar][kvar] Harmonics Number

network model:

krowtendaol

detcennoc yltcerid daol retrevnoc

number of steps

short circuit power

filter switched ON = xtuning frequency

(without harmonics)

MV tension

rated poweruk

reference voltage

result table:

power installed @ Uneffective power, on

(with harmonics)

capacitor voltage Unpower @ Un per stepcurrent loading

Active Filter

voltage loading

Voltage Harmonics [%]total power factor:

rated frequency

detuned / tuned Filter Circuits

\ \ \ \ ≈≈

M

13101400

Load Current

M

0,57 0,

97 1,37

2,12

1,23

1,25

0,9

0,66

0,67

0,3

0,29

0,33

0,3

0,21

0,2

0,2

0,21

3,6

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

3. 5. 7. 11. 13. 17. 19. 23. 25. 29. 31. 35. 37. 41. 43. 47. 49. THD

HDu limit

HDu Network

phase harm. current Hdu limit Hdi limit current reduct. current 1. 2. 3. 4. total# [Hz] ° [%] [A] [%] [%] [%] [%] [A] [%] [A] [A] [A] [A] [A] [A]

0131013105.13. 150 20 250 0,57 5 3,82 4 50 80 2005. 250 180 20,5 257 0,97 6 3,92 4 51 80 2057. 350 10,6 133 1,37 5 3,95 4 52 61 8111. 550 180 5,9 74 2,12 3,5 3,89 4 51 31 2313. 650 4 50 1,23 3 1,91 2 25 50 2517. 850 180 2 25 1,25 2 1,49 1,5 20 22 619. 950 1 13 0,9 1,5 0,96 1,5 1323. 1150 180 1,01 13 0,66 1,5 0,58 0,6 8 40 525. 1250 0,95 12 0,67 1,5 0,54 0,6 7 40 529. 1450 180 0,22 3 0,3 0,63 0,21 0,6 331. 1550 0,2 3 0,29 0,6 0,19 0,6 335. 1750 180 0,2 3 0,33 0,56 0,19 0,3 337. 1850 0,17 2 0,3 0,54 0,16 0,3 241. 2050 180 0,11 1 0,21 0,51 0,11 0,3 143. 2150 0,1 1 0,2 0,49 0,10 0,3 147. 2350 180 0,09 1 0,2 0,47 0,09 0,3 149. 2450 0,09 1 0,21 0,46 0,09 0,3 1

1368 3,6 8 8,26 300THD

harm. Current Harmonics [A]

Harmonics Number

≈≈

M

1310

50 51 52 51 25 20 13 8 7 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1. 3. 5. 7. 11. 13. 17. 19. 23. 25. 29. 31. 35. 37. 41. 43. 47. 49.

Load Current

Filter Current

Network Current

M

0,57 0,

97 1,37

2,12

1,23

1,25

0,9

0,66

0,67

0,3

0,29

0,33

0,3

0,21

0,2

0,2

0,21

3,6

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

3. 5. 7. 11. 13. 17. 19. 23. 25. 29. 31. 35. 37. 41. 43. 47. 49. THD

HDu limit

HDu Network

Energy conservation is goodSlowing down the growth in electrical power demand is a good thing–we at the very least conserve precious resources. We could forestall the building of more power stations (nuclear or conventional) or at least slow their rate of construction by reducing the waste of electrical power because electricity is a cheap commodity in Australia. The carbon taxes to be imposed, will undoubtedly cause price increases. Some 15% of electrical power generated in Australia is wasted in transmission losses and stand-by consumption–or roughly 4 Giga-Watts. In addition lossy transmission, harmonics losses are a very major component.

Distribution and sub-station transformer losses can be significantly reduced by minimising the flow of harmonic current, which has become the bane of modern reticulation as there are hardly any linear loads in the industrial and commercial environment. Westek provides solutions to minimise these losses and at the same time to improve power quality.

Subodh BhatiaManaging Director

I

1

Westek is an Australian-owned company, and has been in business for more than twenty years, supplying private industry and government establishments. The company is conservatively financed and capable of undertaking large contracts.

Westek Electronics offers a complete range of harmonics mitigation solutions including harmonics filters (active and passive) and reactors as well as EMC immunity and emission compliance testing instruments; RFI shielding filters, feed-thru capacitors, chokes, ferrites; power quality and electrical safety testing instruments; protective relay testing instruments; benchtop electronic instruments; AC and DC power supplies; variable transformers, and solid-state components.

IndexAbout Westek 1

About Westek’s products 2 & 3

Harmonic problems in outline 4

Harmonic standards/analysis 5 & 11

Mitigation outline 5

Power factor correction 5 & 10

ProductsReinhausen MR active filters 6 & 7

MTE reactors 8

MTE DC link chokes 8

MTE Matrix filters 9

MTE dv/dt filters 10

Sine wave filters 10

Avtron and Froment Load banks 11

Janitza power line, power quality

and building management 12 & 13

Powertek power line analysers 13

About Westek

2222

Reinhausen MR active filtersThe REINHAUSEN Group is active in the field of power engineering and is composed of the Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen (MR) located in Germany and its 23 subsidiaries spread all around the world. In the past fiscal year 2,700 employees generated sales of over 500 million Euros.

MTE CorporationMTE Corporation is an international designer and manufacturer of line/load reactors, Matrix passive harmonic filters, DC link chokes, dv/dt and sine wave filters. MTE Corporation is based in the USA and has over 400 distributors worldwide.

WestekProducts

A cautionary word of introduction–filtering out fact from fictionFiltering out fact from fiction is made difficult by exaggerated product performance claims. We do not make claims we cannot back up. We know a lot about harmonic mitigation and gladly share our knowledge with you. However we do not provide ‘silver bullet’ solutions.

Harmonics mitigation is a more and more difficult area because of the proliferation of electronic loads and supply authorities anxious about maintaining essential qualities such as voltage regulation, minimising flicker and harmonic distortion, are tough on consumer installations, particularly MV connections. In this publication there is general information on harmonics and on specific products including Reinhausen MR active filters suitable for LV and MV three-phase three-wire and four-wire power networks as well as other filters, chokes and harmonics analysers.

Our promise is that we will carefully study the information you provide us regarding your harmonics mitigation needs and then to provide you with our recommended equipment and its placement within your reticulation network to provide cost effective solutions that also meet the demands of your supply authority.

333

Avtron Load BanksSince its inception in 1953, Avtron’s foundation has been firmly rooted in its commitment to quality in load bank design providing power test equipment and products to industries ranging from power generation, OEMs, Military and Government. Avtron specializes in innovative product development and long term support. Avtron LoadBank, Inc. is the industry leader in the power generation market.

Powertek UKPowertek’s product range is targeted at DC and AC electrical power systems. Product capability includes a wide range of test and measurement instruments and sensors for electrical power and industrial process control such as energy monitoring, appliance testing.

“World leaders in harmonics mitigation,

power quality monitoring and measurement.”

3

JanitzaJanitza Electronics ia a globally-known supplier of smart energy management systems including digital panel mounted instrumentation for energy and power quality analysis and control including power factor correction.

44

Harmonic problems in outlineThere are virtually no linear loads found in electrical installations with the exception of DOL motors and resistor banks. The tabulation below shows harmonic current contributions from IT and electronic ballasted fluorescent lighting and from a six-pulse converter, typical of a variable speed drive. THID (Total Harmonic Distortion for current I) is the multiplier by which fundamental RMS current is increased.

Electromagnetic Ballast Electronic Ballast Desktop Computer

2nd harmonic 1% 0%

3rd harmonic 15.7% 88.1% 92.7%

5th harmonic 10.8% 67.4% 75.8%

7th harmonic 2.4% 45.2% 53.6%

9th harmonic 1.6% 28.1% 32.8%

11th harmonic 12.6%

THID 19.3% 123.0% 135.8%

Six-pulse converter

0.25% impedance line 0.5% impedance line

5th harmonic 102% 78%





19th harmonic 8.5% 6%

23rd harmonic 7% 5%

THID 140% 100%

The nature of harmonicsHarmonics are divided into three classes: zero sequence, positive sequence and negative sequence. The zero sequence orders do not rotate–they are often called triplens, and will flow in the neutral if connected, or circulate in delta connected transformer windings. The positive sequence orders rotate in the same direction as the fundamental phases. The negative sequence orders rotate against the direction of the fundamental phases.

Negative sequence harmonics can cause cogging in motors because they provide counter torque. The zero sequence harmonics can cause overloading of neutrals in four-wire, three-phase networks, or voltage build up at the star point of star-connected loads, or they circulate in delta connected loads and transformer windings in the case of three-phase, three-wire circuits.

Rotation Harmonic Order

+ 1 7 13 19

0 3 9 15 21

- 5 11 17 23

Voltage distortionThe amount of voltage distortion caused will depend on the impedance level of the supply circuits. The voltage distortion (THVD) will be highest at the harmonic-current generating load terminals. Another potentially serious feature of voltage distortion is multiple zero crossing. This can cause control apparatus, for example with mains–synchronised clocks, to malfunction.

Harmonic power flowThe question is always whether the voltage distortion is caused by the load or impressed on the load. In proposed installations, provided complete line diagrams are available with impedance levels as well as load descriptions and ratings, there are software programs available, that will predict harmonic current and voltage levels. Furthermore the levels of mitigation by means of active filters can be predicted.

Power flow is indicated by the phase relationship between the harmonic current and voltage phasors. With harmonic power flow information to hand, it is feasible to identify points in the installation where mitigation measures can be installed.

ResonanceSelf-capacitance of cables, capacitive loads (e.g.: filters, power factor correction capacitors) in combination with inductance, both of cables and chokes used to suppress harmonics, can create resonance. Resonance can be minimised by reducing long cable runs, and by installing harmonic filters as close to the load as possible. A rough guide for a single circuit with power factor correction is given by H

f = √MVA

sc/MVA

cap where Hf

is the ratio of the resonant frequency to the line frequency, and MVAsc

and MVAcap

are the short circuit MVA and effective capacitance MVA of the capacitor bank used for power factor correction. However this simple relationship is not to be used for circuits with distributed inductance and capacitance.

Skin and proximity effectsSkin effect causes AC current to flow in the outer surfaces of conductors. The effect becomes pronounced at higher frequencies. At 50 Hz, skin depth for a copper conductor is 9 mm. For the 5th harmonic (250 Hz, skin depth is 2 mm, and for the 17th harmonic (850 Hz), skin depth is 1mm. Proximity effects cause an increase in resistance to AC current, through the proximity of a nearby conductor by forcing the current into a strip as far away as possible. Proximity effects increase with frequency and harmonics are the main reason for overheating of transformer windings.

TransformersHarmonics generating loads can cause overloading of a transformer. Eddy current losses in both the windings and core are added to by the factor h2 I

h2 where h is the harmonic frequency, and I

h is the rms value

of the harmonic component. The required de-rating necessary can be considerable: a load current with 80% third, 60% fifth, 40% seventh and 20% ninth would require the transformer to be derated by 20%.

Protection equipmentMoulded case circuit breakers with thermal elements can trip falsely through the harmonics heating effect (skin effect). Magnetic tripping can also be affected through higher peak current, even though the RMS value of current is within limits. High frequency neutral current seeking alternative paths via parasitic coupling can cause RCDs to trip. High harmonic components can set up mechanical resonance in busbars, and also cause unpleasant audible noise.

55

StandardsThe relevant standard for Australia is AS/NZS 61000.3.6. It is based on a similarly named IEC standard. However individual supply authorities are not obliged to adhere to the standard.

Consumers, particularly those getting MV power, are well advised to consult their electricity supplier re permissible harmonic levels at the point of common coupling (pcc). The table below lists permissible levels including the second and higher order even harmonics. These are associated with asymmetrical currents sometimes with DC components.

Odd harmonics, non-multiples of 3

Odd harmonics, multiples of 3

(triplens)

Even harmonics

Order, h %harmonic voltage



57111317192325

>25

55

3.532

1.51.51.5

0.2 + 1.1(25/h)

39

1521

>21

51.50.30.20.2

2468

1012

>12

21

0.50.50.50.20.2

NOTE: total harmonic distortion (TDHV) 8% max

Power factor correction

In most installations power factor is lowered through harmonics. The overall power factor of an installation is the useful power divided by the VA drawn. Volt-amps, if correctly metered will include harmonic current volt-amps. However in the same way that reactive current does not infer useful power (it provides reactive VA), neither does the harmonic component. The existence of harmonics, does however lower the effective power factor (refer to diagram above). The total power factor is equal to cosᵩ, multiplied by 1/√{1 + (THDI%)2}. If because of significant line resistance to higher frequencies there are significant I2R losses, there is additional power required, further lowering the power factor. The term cosᵩ is the displacement power factor. This can be corrected through static compensation with systems described in the Power factor Correction section of this catalogue. Further compensation is possible via active harmonic filters (see information on Reinhausen MR AcF active filters).

cosᵩ/√{1 + (THDI%)2}

Mitigation outlineFor high rating loads, direct connection to the sub station transformer can be considered as this minimises voltage harmonic distortion for the rest of the installation. Generally individual loads such as drives should have a reactor as input. However beyond a 3% reactance care must be exercised as a larger fundamental voltage drop, for example in a variable speed drive, might affect motor torque. Reactor impedance rises linearly with frequency thus making it effective in suppressing higher harmonics. For drives, chokes placed in the DC link will also do an identical job in reducing harmonics.

Passive harmonic filtersPassive harmonic filters are a cost effective way of reducing harmonics produced by loads such as variable speed drives and inverters down to 5% THDI. Due to their relatively simple design, passive harmonic filters are very reliable and robust, making them suitable for use in harsh environments and remote locations. Passive harmonic filters are the ideal solution when harmonic standards such as IEEE 519 are required to be met.

Active harmonic filtersActive harmonic filters are suitable for installation at the point of common coupling to reduce harmonics of the overall facility to very low levels, even below 3% THDI. This is achieved by injecting harmonic currents in anti-phase with the unwanted harmonics. THDV is also mitigated and power factor is improved. Active harmonic filters will also reduce voltage surges and sags on the load side, balance the load between phases and improve overall efficiency.

Type of mitigation THDI

No mitigation >80%

5% choke 30%

Passive fi lter 5%

Active fi lter <3%

66

Connecting of three-wire version closed loop

Reinhausen MR Active filters Reinhausen (MR) AcF Series Active Harmonics Filters The Reinhausen (MR) AcF Series Active filters are suitable for three-phase, three-wire and three-phase, four wire systems. MR AcF is unique in a number of ways.

• Available both in 415 Volts and 690Volts.

• Lowest Power Loss – 1900Watt per 100 Amp module.

• Unitised and Modular construction.

• Offers both Global and selective compensation of harmonics.

• Response time of 1 ms compared to 20ms from other commercially available active filters.

• Embedded Webserver. No special software necessary.

• Flicker Control to EN50160, to mitigate health issues experienced by the human eye over an extended period of time for example in the workplace.

• Both Open Loop and Closed Loop possible – MR AcF is engineered to be configured in either of the above. The closed loop configuration is used so as to comply with the THID injected into the grid. The open loop control is used to provide compensation for an individual or a group of non-linear loads inside the plant facility.

• Although there are other active filters on the market which can be used either for open loop or closed loop none has the versatility offered by MR AcF filters as they allow the user to conveniently program the loop mode in which they are to function.

Transformer:ST1

MV

uk1

LV bus bar: ULV

Loads: M=

P, Q, S

cos Mφ

U

UL1 - L2 - L3

IL1, L2

77

The Reinhausen (MR) AcF Series Active filters can also be used for MV compensation via an interposing transformer. In this capacity the filters are employed in three-phase, three-wire sub-distribution networks. The Reinhausen (MR) AcF Series Active filters have been successfully applied in a 22 KV network in such a configuration.

Harmonic compensation techniques vary and these need to be carefully considered as to their applicability. The Reinhausen MR AcF Series Active Filter offers Global compensation (as normally found in Broadband Filters) as well as selective compensation (as normally found in FFT Filters).

The Reinhausen MR active filter can be employed for both closed and open loop control. The difference between these methods is that in closed loop systems, the monitoring current transformers are immediately upstream from the load whereas for the open loop the current transformers are upstream from the filter. The former mode of operation permits basically 100% harmonic correction of the harmonics generating load, the current transformers being placed between the filter and load. The open loop method allows correction of harmonic current on incomers without providing necessarily 100% correction for the down stream load.

The Reinhausen (MR) AcF Active filter is based on a Vector Control Algorithm. This means that each selected frequency being compensated uses one control loop (2 in the case of unbalanced currents). During the first start-up of AcF filters, each control loop is synchronized to its corresponding frequency in terms of phase angle and amplitude.

Once all control loops are locked to their respective frequencies, they only react to changes in phase angle and amplitude and these parameters are calculated in real time during sampling.

MV: z.B. 10 kV

UOS=UL1 - L2 - L3

M MIL1, L2 = = =

M =

M

z.B. 690 V

LV:

Loads:

M

L

L

M

Connecting of three-wire version MV compensation

The system reaction time is therefore only limited by necessary damping of the control loops to keep the system stable. This is in sharp contrast to many commercially available FFT based filters.

The Reinhausen (MR) AcF Series Active filter uses a special T-sine reconstruction filter between the network and the IGBTs in each module in order to provide a significantly lower switching frequency thereby minimising losses and maximising the lifetime of IGBT’s. This is a unique feature of Reinhausen (MR) filters.

The Reinhausen (MR) AcF Series Active filters are available in current ranges up to 600 amps and up to 4,800 Amps in parallel offering.• Harmonic compensation to the 50th harmonic

• Flicker and inrush current compensation

• Power factor correction

• Phase balancing

• Voltage up to 690 Volts

• MV operation with interposing transformer

The Reinhausen Global algorithms combined with FFT provide an ideal correction environment providing both extremely fast response as well as tailoring of harmonic correction to suit local requirements. Because of fast response times, the Reinhausen MR filters are suited for correction of inrush and flicker transients.

88

MTE RLW Line/Load Reactors

The MTE RLW series DIN-rail mounting, line reactors provide useful functions in addition to harmonics mitigation on the line side of variable speed drives. The properly selected RLW impedance reactor in the input circuit virtually eliminates nuisance tripping of drives due to voltage spikes originating from switching sequences including power company VAR compensators. The MTE RLW reactors can also protect against short duration line sags. In addition the reactors can also be used on the motor side of variable speed drives provided that an 80% loading factor is applied (i.e. for example; for 80 amps motor current a 100 amp reactor is selected).

• Current range: 0.5A to 750A

• Voltage range: Up to 690V

• Impedance range: 1.5%, 3%, 5%

• Enclosures: Open panel, NEMA 2, NEMA 3R or custom design to your requirements

MTE DC link chokes

MTE DC Link Chokes are designed to reduce DC ripple as well as AC input harmonics. In addition the MTE DC Link Chokes reduce di/dt slew rates and thus diminish signifi cantly stress placed on the insulation of other connected apparatus. Unlike input line reactors, DC link chokes do not reduce the input voltage at the fundamental frequency and therefore do not reduce power to variable speed drives, etc. The DC Link Chokes are rated for 1000 Volts DC and are designed to mitigate harmonics including the fi fth order, thus removing to a large extent oscillating torque conditions for direct-connected induction motors.

• Current range: 1A to 1000A

• Voltage: 1000V DC

MTE RLW Line/Load Series Reactors (Chokes)Chokes can be an economical mitigation measure for individual loads. They are available as AC reactors that are placed ahead of the load and as DC chokes placed in the DC link of converters and variable speed drives. In practice both AC and DC link chokes can function to reduce harmonics.

AC reactors provide a higher impedance path for harmonics. They act in combination with the impedance of the supply circuit, for example the leakage reactance of the transformer.

The chart below indicates the degree to which reactance upstream from the load will suppress harmonics for a six-pulse converter operating at full load.

Reactance 3% 5% 8%

Harmonic order AC reactor AC reactor 3% DC choke & 5% AC reactor

5th7th

11th 13th 17th 19th 23rd 25th

39%17%7%5%3%

2.2%1.5%1%

32%12%5.8%3.9%2.2%1.7%1%

0.9%

27%9%

4.5%3.2%1.8%1.4%0.8%

0.75%

THID full load 44% 35% 29%

THID 60% full load 44% 35%

THID % of 40% full load total current 25% 28.5%

• Current range: 1A to 1500A • Voltage range: Up to 690V• Impedance range: 1.5%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% • Enclosures: Open panel, NEMA 2, NEMA 3R or custom design to your requirements

9

MTE Matrix harmonic filtersThe MTE Matrix harmonic fi lters are an effective harmonic mitigation solution and meet IEEE 519 standards (5% or less THID). They are to be recommended for the mitigation of both individual large loads and aggregate harmonics generating loads. Although passive and incorporating capacitive as well as inductive elements, they are unlikely to present leading power factor even at light loading. They are particularly effective for many mechanical services application including variable speed drives for chillers and fans.

The MTE Matrix harmonics Filters uses a patented Harmonics Mitigating Reactor allowing you to meet the voltage and current distortion limits of IEEE-519, EN61000, AS2279 and G5/4.

In addition to meeting regulatory power quality standards, MTE Matrix harmonic fi lters increase the reliability and lifespan of electronic equipment by reducing unnecessary harmonic currents fl owing through them, therefore reducing heat. The Harmonics Mitigating Reactor included in these harmonic fi lters will also absorb transient over-voltages preventing over-voltage trips and equipment damage.

9

6-pulse VFD with 5% Matrix Filter performs better than 18-pulse drive under normal operating conditions(0% to 100% load, voltage unbalance)

Matrix Filters perform better than 12-pulse under Real Life operating conditions (unbalanced line voltages, 0% to 100% loading)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

2% Unbalance1% UnbalanceBalanced Line

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

3% Line Unbalance

2% Line Unbalance

1% Line Unbalance

Balanced Lines

18-Pulse Drive

18 Pulse Drive vs. 6-pulse VFD with Matrix Filter

Tota

l Har

mon

ic C

urre

nt D

isto

rtion

THI

D, %

3% Unbalance

12 Pulse w/ 1% & 3%Line voltage unbalance

Matrix w/ 1% & 3%Line voltage unbalance

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 110% 120%

60%

55%

50%

45%

40%

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%

3% 3%

3%

3%

1%

1%

1%

3%

3%

1%1%

3%

3%

1%

3%

1%

3%

3%

3%

1%

1%

ThiD (1%, 12p)

ThiD (3%, 12p)

ThiD (1%, 6p)

ThiD (3%, 6p)

Load, %

Percent Load

Tota

l Inp

ut C

urre

nt D

isto

rtion

8% Matrix Filter

1%

1%

1%

p

5% Matrix Filter Typical HarmonicSpectrum For 100% Load

0

1

2

3

4

5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25

Harmonic order

Har

mon

icC

urre

nt%

In rare cases where at light loading, a leading power factor results, factory-fi tted contactors can disconnect fi ltering capacitors.

The impressive performance of Matrix fi lters under practical situations of phase unbalance and load variation against 18-pulse and 12-pulse systems is illustrated graphically below.



• THID: 5%


1010

Sine wave filtersSine-wave fi lters provide a sine-wave output voltage when driven from PWM inverters with switching frequencies from 2 kHz to 8 kHz. For drive applications, these fi lters eliminate the problem of motor insulation failures and reduce electromagnetic interference by eliminating the high dV/dt associated with inverter output waveforms. Harmonic voltage distortion feeding a transformer at full load and at 50 Hz is 5% maximum. Harmonic voltage distortion feeding a motor at full load and at 50 Hz is 5% typical.



• Voltage Distortion: 5%

• Suitable for cable runs up to 15,000 ft

• Suitable for switching frequencies from 2KHz to 8KHz


Sine wave filters with common mode filteringWestek also has available a combination fi lter with a symmetric low-pass section providing low distortion sine wave line voltages, in combination with an asymmetric fi nal output which minimises the common mode component by returning the resulting fi nal fi lter stage current to the inverter’s DC link. The fi lter thus achieves a number of signifi cant advantages, a major one being the virtual suppression of common mode voltages which would otherwise affect the motor and in particular the bearings. The combination fi lter also largely short-circuits earth current and makes it possible to employ unshielded cable between the drive and motor.

MTE dV/dt harmonic filters

MTE Series A dV/dt fi lters are designed to protect AC motors from the destructive effects of peak voltages caused by long cable runs between the inverter and motor. Depending on the switching time of the power semiconductors used in the inverter and the size of the motor, cable lengths as short as 2 metres can result in motor peak voltages that exceed the rating of the motor’s insulation system. However, the longer the cable the greater the problem. The MTE dV/dt fi lter provides no more than 150% of bus voltage with up to 300 metres cable between the fi lter and the motor. It is also rated for a maximum dV/dt of 200 volts per microsecond. The dV/dt fi lter has a “3% insertion impedance” which ensures motor torque is not affected by added voltage drops from the fi lter.

MTE Series A dV/dt fi lters are designed for use with inverters operated at switching frequencies between 900 Hz and 8 kHz. The dV/dt fi lter has a continuous current rating of 100% RMS and intermittent current of 150% for 1 minute and 200% for 10 seconds.

• Current range: Up to 600A


• Suitable for cables runs up to 1000ft

• Suitable for switching frequencies from 900Hz to 8KHz


Power factor correctionWestek provides power factor correction capacitor banks, suitable for LV three-phase power distribution. There are available complete with detuning chokes, discharge resistors, internal busbar system, and HRC fusegear. The power factor correction capacitors utilise dry, gas filled technology, and failure protection. Low loss dielectric of metallized polypropylene, PCB free, and nonflammable mineral filling with adhesive stabilization provide reliable 100% duty cycle. Banks are available with reactive correction capacity of 7.5 kVAr to 500 kVAr, with individual step adjustment tailored to your application. The power factor correction capacitor banks can be directly installed in switchboards, motor control centres, etc, or may be housed in separate cabinets together with controllers and line monitoring equipment.

Westek has detuning reactors available with impedances of 7% and 14% suitable for variable speed drives and for 4-wire systems with large numbers of single phase loads exhibiting third harmonics and higher order triplens.

The controller provides for solid state/magnetic contactor control whereby it is possible to compensate the basic load by contactors and the fast changing load component with thyristor switches. Westek can provide instrumentation capable of providing 24/7 continuous monitoring and analysis of single and three-phase, three and four wire networks as well as providing intelligent energy management and functions such as a multi-functional power and harmonics analyzer, data logger, kilowatt-hour and kiloVAR-hour meter as well as a maximum demand and PLC controller utilizing logic programming.

1111

Avtron and Froment load banksAvtron load banks are highly suited to standby motor generator sets and to auxiliary supplies. In respect of auxiliary and emergency supplies, a problem is often encountered with harmonics generated by non-linear loads. Other than over-rating the generator, the other solution (and much more cost effective) is to equip the motor-generator set with both a load bank and an active harmonic filter. The latter will allow for harmonic mitigation thus preventing harmonics having to be supplied by the generator. The load bank permits exercising the motor-generator at a load level approaching its rating thus preventing wet-stacking as well as assuring readiness in case of grid failure.

Standby generator systems need to be tested regularly in order to have any assurance that they will start up smoothly on demand. There are preventative maintenance measures such as:

• Assuring that batteries for the diesel engine are in good condition

• That battery charging circuits are switched in

• Checking coolant levels

• Automatic Transfer Switches (ATS) are in the ‘Auto’ position

Wet stacking–a problem of lightly loaded diesel engines In addition there are rather obvious items, such as ensuring correct diesel fuel levels but an essential item which is ignored at the peril of compromising the safety of the mission critical load is that of actually running the motor-generator at regular intervals.

Stationary diesel engines (unlike those in prime movers) require a fairly narrow load variation if problems such as ‘wet stacking’ (collection of unburnt and partially combusted diesel fuel as carbon deposits on cylinder linings and combustion chambers) are to be avoided. Wet stacking is the result of engines operating under low temperature conditions caused by light loading.

Westek supplies the leading technology load banks manufactured by Avtron and Froment. Resistive load banks can also be used to make up the load for oversized standby generators acquired against future facility expansion needs. These standby units require permanent load augmentation this being important for efficient operation of the diesel

engine. In addition, inductive/reactive load bank combinations are available. An inductive load is used in conjunction with a resistive load bank to test a generator or power source at 0.8 power factor (lagging).

Standard models available:• Hand carried portable units: AC or DC, 5KW to 60KW

• Portable indoor units: 60KW to 500KW, 220V/415V AC

• Trailer mounted outdoor units: 750KW to 2100KW 415V AC

• Radiator/Duct mounted units: 10KW to 1000KW 415V AC

• Outdoor permanently installed units: 5KW to 1000KW 415V AC

• Permanently installed reactive units: 150KVAr to 1500KVAR 415V AC

• Skid mounted indoor/outdoor resistive/reactive: 1400KW to 2100KW or 1050KVAR to 1575KVAR

• Containerized resistive or reactive: 1400KW to 2100KW or 1050KVAR to 1575KVAR

• Medium Voltage load banks: Up to 15KV from 700KW to hundreds of Megawatts

Harmonics analysisHarmonics analysis is usually recommended for existing installations prior to the specification of mitigation measures. Preferably an accurate line diagram for the installation will be to hand. The most important thing is determination of harmonics power flow. Without unnecessarily complicating matters, it is possible for some harmonic orders to be impressed on a particular circuit with a non-linear load whilst others are being exported by that load. In order for power flow to be measured, the instruments used must have CTs with the direction of current flow clearly indicated (i.e. from power source towards load). The harmonics analysis should indicate the phase angle for each harmonic. The power flow for an individual harmonic is then indicated by the equation:

Ph = VhIh cosᵩh

Ph is the power for a particular harmonic. V

h is the voltage for a particular harmonic; I

h is the current of the particular harmonic. Cosᵩ

h is the power

factor for the particular harmonic as measured by the cosine of its phase angle ᵩh.

The voltage and current components are RMS values. The total power to the load is given by:P = Σ

1h V

hIh cosᵩ

h , where P is total power including the inflow of fundamental power.

A phase angle of 180°, providing the CT is not accidentally reversed indicates unity power factor export (load to source). Between -90° and 180° it is a lagging power factor export. Between +90° and 180° it is a leading power factor export.

1212

Janitza multifunction power analysersIn a building energy management system, visual oversight is necessary. The metering described below can be managed via a software package (GridVis). The software facilitates the display of circuit topology thus offering a quick overview of the power grid and the possibility to compare measuring points to one another as well the supervision of defined tolerances at a glance. Customized solutions are created by means of graphical files, for example in .jpg format with circuit diagrams, production lines or building plans and to integrate the corresponding instruments by Drag and Drop to their actual position. Exceeding of limits (e.g. THDV too high) and the conditions of the inputs and outputs can be indicated.

UMG 508The Janitza UMG 508 Power Analyser is 144 x 144 panel mounting instrument providing voltage, current, power and power quality measurements up to the 40th harmonic. The newly incorporated functions provide a number of important applications including data logging, revenue metering and event recording.

The UMG 508 is an extremely fast and efficient power analyzer equipped with a 500 MHz DSP (Digital Signal Processor). Continuous sampling of the 8 channels with 20 kHz per channel and 5 digital outputs allow the collection of all electrical parameters (more than 800 values), minimum and maximum values, and significant power quality values such as harmonics (up to the 40th for each phase with recognition of direction) as well as control functionality. The instrument is provided with a large on board memory of 256 MB, and is equipped with protocols for building and energy management. Protocols provided include TCP/IP, BACnet, NTP, FTP, SNMP and DHCP. The Janitza UMG 508 is suitable for high impedance grounded systems (IT), grounded neutral (TN) and TT (MEN) supply networks.

The Janitza UMG 508 Power Analyser is supplied with a CD containing a data management soft ware package (GridVis). GridVis allows application-tailored output of online data. The topology offers a quick overview of the power grid and the possibility to compare measuring points to one another as well the supervision of defined tolerances at a glance. Customized solutions are created by means of graphical files, for example in .jpg format with circuit diagrams, production lines or building plans and to integrate the corresponding instruments by Drag and Drop to their actual position. Exceeding of limits (e.g. THD-V too high) and the conditions of the inputs and outputs can be indicated.

UMG 605The Janitza UMG 605 power quality analyser is particularly suitable for monitoring power quality according to standards such as the EN 50160. All power quality parameters are collected and analysed e.g. flicker, short-term interruptions with fault recorder function, transients, harmonics up to 63rd and inrush currents etc.

Extensive communication possibilities e.g. RS 485 Modbus, Profibus, Ethernet (TCP/IP), BACnet, http, FTP, SMTP, SNTP, DNS allow cost effective and rapid integration in existing communication networks. Worldwide access to the embedded web server can be gained through a web browser.

User-specific programs can be created. It is possible to run 7 user programs simultaneously. The GridVis software included in the content of delivery enables simple and complete parameterisation and allows extensive analysis just with the click of a button.

13

UMG 511The Janitza UMG 511 Power Analyser is a 144 x 144 panel-mounting instrument providing power quality analysis in accordance with EN 61000-4-30, harmonics and inter-harmonics in accordance with EN 61000-4-7, and flicker according to EN 61000-4-15. The instrument is suitable for measurement at the distribution and individual installation level for earthed neutral and multiple earthed neutral systems (500 V, Cat III). The UMG 511 home page permits the calling up of data and configuring of the instrument.

Voltage (LL, LN), current, power and power quality measurements are carried out up to the 63rd harmonic utilizing 4 voltage and 4 current monitoring channels thus allowing analysis of neutral conductor parameters and the storing of over 2000 parameters. In addition transients exceeding 50 µsec are detected and stored with a storage capacity of up to 16000 occurrences being available.

The UMG 511 is an extremely fast and efficient power analyzer equipped with a 500 MHz DSP (Digital Signal Processor). Continuous sampling of the 8 channels with 20 kHz per channel and 5 digital outputs as well as 8 inputs provide a highly flexible control and analysis environment. The instrument is provided with a large on board memory of 256 MB flash disk, and is equipped with protocols for building and energy management. Protocols provided include TCP/IP, BACnet, NTP, FTP, SNMP and DHCP.

The Janitza UMG 511 is supplied with a CD containing a data management soft ware package (GridVis). GridVis allows application-tailored output of online data. The topology offers a quick overview of the power grid and the possibility to compare measuring points to one another as well the supervision of defined tolerances at a glance. Customized solutions are created by means of graphical files, for example in .jpg format with circuit diagrams, production lines or building plans and to integrate the corresponding instruments by Drag and Drop to their actual position. Exceeding of limits (e.g. THD-V too high) and the conditions of the inputs and outputs can be indicated.

Powertek Power Quality Analyser The Powertek PA 8332 and PA 8334 power quality analysers provide comprehensive measurement of three-phase, three-wire and four-wire lines. The instruments comply with EN 50160 and IEC standards (61000-4-7/15/30) and are supplied with calibration certificates thus assuring a high degree of accuracy. The power analysers have on-board memory (2 Mbytes for the PA 8332 and 4 Mbytes for the PA 8334). The Powertek PA 8334 also has transient analysis. The instruments are suitable for phase-to-neutral voltages of 480 volts and line-to-line voltages of 600 volts. A range of current sensors is available with maximum measuring values ranging from 240 amps RMS to 1000 amps RMS (1400 amps DC). The basic measuring mode of both instruments is TRMS values of current and voltage including any DC component (depending on the type of current sensor chosen) for power frequencies between 40 Hz and 70 Hz. Harmonics are analysed to the 50th order for both voltage and current and include the phase angles for like order voltage and current harmonics. The Powertek analysers measure peak voltage and current, active-reactive-apparent power per phase and aggregates, power flow and energy. Computed values include neutral current, crest factors, K-factors (suitable for rating harmonics transformers), voltage and current imbalance, total harmonic distortion and voltage flicker. Additional functions include graphical display, alarm settings and optical link communication.

13

Westek Electronics Pty Ltd51 Latitude Boulevard Thomastown Vic 3074ACN: 135 625 204ABN: 66 135 625 204PHONE: (+61) 03 9464 13001300 WESTEK

13220 Westek Harmonic Catalogue

Documents

Transcript of 13220 Westek Harmonic Catalogue