130765606-Statistics-for-Economics-for-Class-11-N-M-Shah.doc

8/18/2019 130765606-Statistics-for-Economics-for-Class-11-N-M-Shah.doc

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PREFACE TO THE THIRD REVISED EDITION

Periodic updating and review accommodate new knowedge a! we a! add!

"re!#ne!! even a! it aow! "or continuit$% T#i! t#ird revi!ed edition i! an e&ort to

t#at end%

Stati!tic! "or Economic! "or ca!! 'I in it! revi!ed "ormat (ring! "ort# t#e c#anged

mode ($ t#e Centra )oard o" Secondar$ Education* New De#i in +,,-.,/% T#e

revi!ion incude! !u0cient e1erci!e! keeping in mind earning too! o" Stati!tic! in

t#e conte1t o" t#e !tud$ o" Economic!%

T#i! voume incorporate! e1ten!ive and coour"u diagram! and iu!tration! to

en#ance a (etter and "riendier under!tanding o" concept! o" Stati!tic!% An!wer to

t#e numerica 2ue!tion! in t#e e1erci!e o" unit 3 are a!o provided !o t#at t#e

!tudent! can veri"$ t#e !oution!%

It i! #oped t#at t#i! revi!ed edition wi (e o" great #ep to (ot# teac#er! and

!tudent!%

4 N%5% SHAH

PREFACE

Stamtic! #a! (ecome an anc#or "or !ocia* economic and !cienti6c !tudie!

Stat*!t*ca met#od! are wide$ u!ed in !evera di!cipine!* (e i* panning (u 7

management* p!ep#oog$ 8!tud$ o" voting pattern!9* p!$c#oo: oT adve Sn;

!tep!% A #!t o" "ormuae #a! (een provided at t#e end o" eac# c#apter o" unit 3 and

r>A)?S

STATISTICS FOR ECONO5ICS.'I

One Paper


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3 Hr!%

@,, mark!

@, Period!-, 15ark! - Period!3 5ark! +- Period!@+ 5ark! / Period!3, 5ark!

@, Period!- 5ark!

PART.A

STATISTICS FOR ECONO5ICS

@% Introduction

+% Coection* Organi!ation and Pre!entation o" Data

3% Stati!tica Too! and Interpretation

% Deveoping ProGect! in Economic!

?nit @ Introduction

#at i! Economic!J ::

5eanmg !cope and importance o" !tati!tic! m Economic!

?nit + Coection* Organi!ation and Pre!entation o" Data p***

SoToKot:tm::::::: imrr: . L

and Nationa Sam;;M !T:%$:BBT :::: ::

Organi!ation o" Data 5eaning and t$pe! o" varia(e!; Fre2uenc$ Di!tri(ution%

?nit 3 Stati!tica Too! and Interpretation

interpretation "or t#e rite d:ived9 P7.d7

deviat%o*>ore curv>5ea


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ato: (ot# Ta> tT:rV data* !econdar$

o" > eimn% " I7 organi!ation! outet! ma$ a!o (e encouraged% Some

o" t#e e1ampe! o" t#e proGect! are a! "oow! 8t#e$ are not mandator$ (ut

!ugge!tivT9 8t9 A report on demograp#ic among!t #ou!e#od!; !ugge!tive9%

8L9 Con!umer awarene!! among!t #ou!e#od!

89 C#anging price! o" a "ew vegeta(e! in $our market

8w9 Stud$ o" a cooperative in!titution4mik cooperative!

:e


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w#at i! economic!J

@. Introduction

+% Activit$

3% De6nition o" Economic!

% Nature o" Economic!

Economic! a! a Science 8i: Economic! a! an Art

introduction

I" eac# o" u! po!!e!!ed 7Aaddin7! magic amp* w#ic# we #ad mere$ to ru( in order

to get our de!ire! "u6ed immediate$* t#ere woud (e no economic pro(em and no

need "or a !cience o" economic!% In rea i"e we are not uck$ a! Aaddin* we #ave to

work to earn our ivei#ood% A peope in t#i! word work to !ati!"$ t#eir unimited

want! and de!ire!% Ever$ one re2uire! "ood to eat* cot#e! to wear and #ou!e to ive

in% )e!ide! t#e!e in dai$ i"e% T#e$ need teevi!ion* mo(ie p#one* motor (ike* car

etc%* to ead a com"orta(e i"e% T#e per!on vi!it! t#e market and en2uire! a(out t#e

varietie! and price! o" t#e item w#ic# #e want! to purc#a!e% T#inking a(out #i!

!ource and aternative c#oice!* #e u!e! #i! !en!e o" econom$ and decide! to (u$

t#at item% T#i! i! economic!%

So*

A cu!tomer i! a per!on w#o (u$! good! to !ati!"$ #i! want!%

A Producer i! a per!on w#o produce! or manu"acture! good!%

A Service #oder i! a per!on w#o i! in a Go( to earn eit#er wage! or !aar$ to (u$

good!%

A Service provider i! a per!on w#o provide! !ervice! to !ociet$ to earn mone$* e g

doctor!* !cooter driver!* aw$er!* (anker!* tran!porter!* etc%

A a(ove per!on! are (u!$ in di&erent activitie! to earn* caed economic activit$ in

ordinar$ (u!ine!! o" i"e% T#e$ "ace in t#eir i"e t#e pro(em o" !carcit$ o" income

Stati!tic! "or Economic!.'I purc#a%

T#u!*

and:


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tB: tn:.7 T unimited w>t! in !BB B:>TB

:omm ma1nnt!e t#etr !ati!"action* producer! can ma1imi!e t#eir pro6t! and

!ociet$ can ma1tmt!e it! !ocia we"are7% ::

in"n: mT pu(ication o" Adam Smit#7! An In2uir$

into t#e Nature and Cau!e! o" eat# o" Nation!* in t#e $ear @/ At it! 51t# B

name o" economic! wa! 7PoHtica Econom$7% Some o" t#e !ugge!ted name! 7

4 Cataactic! or t#e !cience o" e1c#ange%

4 Putoog$ or t#e !cience o" weat#%

4 C#remati!tic! or t#e !cience o" mone$.making

W $7t to:om. !77%7:7 .. : 7:o7:tica

8HoItVoTr E7:gi:# #a! it! origin into two reek word! Oiko!

8Hou!e#od9 and nomo! 8to manage9% T#u!* t#e word economic! wa! u!ed to mean

#ome management wit# imited "und! avaia(e in t#e mo!t po!!i(e econom>a

mTn+

activit$

Ii"e%J#er" : da$

@% Non.economic Activitie!

+% Economic Activitie!

or Activitie!% T#e!e activitie! are t#o!e w#ic# #ave no economic a!pect

or are not concerned wit# mone$ or weat#* vi%

W (k:S 77 L.toget#er* attending

Dirtnda$ partie! or marriage! etc% o * X

wSrCoJ777M777:77: 77 ::dwara* mo!2ue or c#urc# to

wor!#ip od* attending ma!! pra$er 8Sat!ang9* etc%

. Poitica activitie! !uc# a! variou! activitie! per"ormed ($ di&erent poitica

partie! name$ ($ )#arti$a


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4: ::e$ invove an$

n" Activitie!% Di&erent t$pe! o" activitie! are per"ormed (V di&erent t$pe!

o" peope 8doctor!* teac#er!* (u!ine!!men* indu!triai!t!* aw$er! etc%9 !o a! taeT:

#at i! Economic!J 3

iving% Ever$ one i! concerned wit# one or t#e ot#er t$pe o" activit$ to earn mone$

or weat# to meet t#eir want!% An economic activit$ mean! t#at activit$ w#ic# i!

(a!ed on or reated to t#e u!e o" !carce re!ource! "or t#e !ati!"action o" #uman

want!% Economic activitie! are ca!!i6ed a! under

t#e

ECONO5IC ACTIVITIES

i

nt

Yution

ko! ome

I da$

i!pect nding to ie! iping

an$

Zt$pe! I t#eir

Production Production i! t#at economic activit$ w#ic# i! concerned wit# increa!ing

t#e utiit$ or vaue o" good! and !ervice!% 5anu"acturing !#irt wit# t#e #ep o" cot#

8raw materia9 and taioring 8a(our9 etc% i! an act o" production% Tran!porting !and

"rom river (ank to a town* w#ere it i! needed* i! a!o an act o" production% Here

utiit$ i! created t#roug# tran!portation o" good! to t#e per!on w#o need! it%

Con!umption Con!umption i! t#at economic activit$ w#ic# i! concerned wit# t#e

u!e o" good! and !ervice! "or t#e direct !ati!"action o" individua and coective

want!% Con!umption activit$ i! t#e (a!e o" a production activitie!% T#ere woud

#ave (een no production i" t#ere woud #ave (een no con!umption% For e1ampe*

eating (read* drinking water or mik* wearing !#irt* !ervice! o" aw$er or doctor etc%

are con!umption activitie!%


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Inve!tment Inve!tment i! t#at economic activit$ w#ic# i! concerned wit#

production o" capita good! "or "urt#er production o" good! and !ervice!% Inve!tment

indirect$ !ati!6e! #uman want!% For e1ampe* t#e production o" printing pre!!

mac#ine! to print new!paper!* (ook!* magaine! etc% or inve!tment in computer! to

provide Internet* (anking and reated !ervice!%

E1c#ange E1c#ange i! t#at economic activit$ w#ic# i! concerned wit# !ae and

purc#a!e o" commoditie!% T#i! (u$ing and !e?ing i! mo!t$ done in term! o" mone$

or price% So* it i! a!o caed Product Pricing77 w#ic# reate! to determination o" t#e

price o" t#e product under di&erent condition! o" t#e market* vi%* per"ect

competition* imper"ect competition* monopo$ etc%

Di!tri(ution Di!tri(ution i! t#at economic activit$ w#ic# dea! wit# determination

o" price o" "actor! o" production 8and* a(our* capita and enterpri!e9% T#i! i! known

a! t#e 7Factor Pricing7* e%g%* price o" and i! rent* t#at o" a(our i! wage* t#at o"

capita i! intere!t and price o" entrepreneur i! pro6t% Di!tri(ution i! t#e !tud$ to

know #ow t#e nationa income or tota income ari!ing "rom w#at #a! (een producedin t#e countr$ 8caed ro!! Dome!tic Product or DP9 i! di!tri(uted t#roug#

!aarie!* wage!* pro6t! and intere!t%

Economic! i! t#at (ranc# o" knowedge t#at !tudie! con!umption* production*

e1c#ange and di!tri(ution o" weat#%

4C#apman

@, Stati!tic! "or Economic!.'I

de6nition o" economic!

Economic! #a! (een de6ned ($ man$ economi!t! m di&erent wa$! T#e !et o"

catgo:!:77 77 :: mto t#e "ow>;

@% eat# de6nition4Adam Smit#

+% 5ateria we"are de6nition4A"red 5ar!#a

3% Scarcit$ de6nition4>ione Ro((in!

% roAvt# de6nition4Pau A% Samue!on

@% eat# De6nition

89 Adam Sm:t# t#e "at#er o" modem economic!* m #i! (ook 7An In2uir$ mto t#e

Nature and Cau!e! o" eat# o" Nation!7 in @U/ de6ned t#at.

production and e1pan!ion o" weat# a! t#e !u(Gect matter o"

8L9 According to


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o"TaTt#M ::: con!umption

[in9 Ricardo !#i"ted t#e emp#a!i! "rom production o" weat# to di!tri(ution o" weat#

Critici!m T#i! de6nition i! not a preci!e de6nition% It give! importance to weat#

rat#er t#an production o" #uman and !ocia we"are%importance to weat#

T#e weat# de6nition o" economic! wa! di!carded toward! t#e end o" t#e @Ut#

centur$% +% 5ateria e"are De6nition

Economic! i! a !?ui$ o" mankind i t#e ordinar$ (u!ine!! o" i"e it e1amine! t#at

#at i! Economic!J

-

Critici!m

[a9 In economic!* we !tud$ immateria t#ing! a!o%

8(9 e"are cannot (e mea!ured in term! o" mone$%

8c9 e"are de6nition make! economic! a pure$ !ocia !cience%

II # T" . d:&.nt time!%

T#en (a!ic di&erence (etween Adam Smit#7! and 5ar!#a7! de6nition i! t#at Ad%m

r.iti\ !r% ] .4#iri:.

3% Scarcit$ De6nition

T#ere are t#ree important a!pect! in t#i! de6nition% T#e$ are =

Ic" o" Tir m #uman want! w#ic# i! t#e

tact o" 5e% #en one warn get! !ati!6ed* anot#er want crop! up%

"r 77 are !carce in reation

coa IS u!ed m "actorie!* m running raiwa$! and in t#erma !tation! "or eectric

generation and ($ #ou!e#od!* etc% eectric

In !#ort* according to Ro((in!* Economic! i! a !cience o" c#oice It dea! wit# #ow

Crit:!m S"et]!

Scarcit$ de6nition o" economic! #a! (een critici!ed on t#e "oowing ground! ■ 8,

T#e de6mtion i! impractica and di0cut% It i! narrow and re!tricted in !cope It

: deveopment% It #a! notS:::


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Hi9 T#e de6nition make! economic! a #uman !cience%

% rowt# De6nition

Pau A% Samue!on de6ne!4

to p:u: vanou! commod*?e! overtime and di!tri(ute t#em "or con!umptionB: or

@+ Stati!tic! "or Economic!.'I

T#e de6nition com(ine! t#e e!!entia eement! o" t#e de6nition! ($ 5ar!#a and

Ro((m!% Accordmg$* economic! i! concerned wit# t#e e0cient aocation and u!e

o" !carce mean! a! a re!ut o" w#ic# economic growt# i! increa!ed and !ocia

we"are i! promoted% T#e de6nition #a! (een accepted univer!a$% In !#ort* t#e

growt# de6nition o" economic! i! mo!t compre#en!ive o" a t#e ear?er de6nition!%

iture o" economic! :

Nature o" economic!4a! a !cience or art% It i! !cience and art a! we%

NAT?RE OF ECONO5ICS

ic! a! Art

A% ECONO5ICS AS A SCIENCE

Science can (e divided into 8a9 Natura !cience* and 8(9 Socia !cience Science!

ike P#$!ic! )ioog$ and C#emi!tr$ are natura or p#$!ica !cience!* w#ere

e1periment! can (e conducted in t#e a(orator$ under controed condition!%

Reation!#ip! can (e decided (etween cau!e and e&ect* w#ic# are (a!ed on "act!%O(!ervation! can (e made and u!ed to prove or di!prove t#eorie!% T#e re!ut! app$

univer!a$%

Economic! i! a !ocia !cience (ecau!e it i! !$!tematic !tud$ o" economic activitie!

o" #uman (eing!% Economic! i! a !cience a! it i! a (ranc# o" knowedge w#ere

variou! "act! #ave (een !$!tematica$ coected* ca!!i6ed and ana$!ed%

T#e "oowing argument! are given in "avour o" economic! a! a !cience%

89 S$!temati!ed Stud$ T#e !tud$ o" economic! i! !$!tematica$ divided into

con!umption* production* e1c#ange and di!tri(ution o" weat# and 6nance w#ic#

#ave t#eir own aw! and t#eorie!% Economic! a! !ocia !cience w#ic# i! a !$!tematic

!tud$ o" #uman (e#aviour concentrating on ma1imum !ati!"action to #ou!e#od!

ma1imum pro6t to producer! and ma1imum !ocia we"are to t#e !ociet$ a! a w#oe%

:


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Hi9 Scienti6c >aw! Economic! i! a !cience (ecau!e it! aw! are univer!a$ true

Di&erent aw! m economic! name$* aw o" demand* aw o" !upp$* aw o"

dimim!#ing margina utiit$* aw o" return!* re!#am7! aw etc% are appica(e to a

t$pe! o" economie!* w#et#er capitaQ!tic* !ociai!tic or mi1ed econom$

$

ae% o" ; to

#at i! Economic!J $

8m9 Cau!e and E&ect Reation!#ip Economic aw! e!ta(i!# cau!e and e&ect

reation!#ip ike t#e aw! in ot#er !cience!% For e1ampe* t#e aw o" demand !#ow!

t#e reation!#ip (etween c#ange in price and c#ange in demand%%It !#ow! t#at

mcrea!e in price o" a commodit$ 8t#e cau!e9 wi decrea!e it! demand 8t#e e&ect9

e!ta(i!#ing t#e negative or inver!e reation!#ip (etween price and 2uantit$

demanded% T#e aw o" !upp$ !#ow! t#at t#e increa!e in price o" a commodit$

8cau!e9 wi increa!e it! !upp$ 8t#e e&ect9 e!ta(i!#ing t#e po!itive reation!#ip

(etween price and !upp$ o" 2uantit$ o" commodit$%

8iv9 Veri6cation o" >aw! >ike ot#er !cience! economic aw! are a!o open to

veri6cation% T#e!e economic aw! can (e veri6ed t#roug# an$ empirica

inve!tigation%

On t#e (a!i! o" t#e argument! given a(ove* we can !a$ economic! i! a !cience4not

e1acri$ natura or p#$!ica !cience (ut !ocia !cience t#at !tudie! economic

pro(em! and poicie! in a !cienti6c manner%

Economic!4A Po!itive or Normative Science

8a9 Economic! a! a Po!itive Science

A po!itive !cience i! one w#ic# make! a rea de!cription o" an activit$% It on$

an!wer! w#at t!^ w#at wa!M It #a! not#ing to !ugge!t a(out "act!* po!itive

economic! dea! wit# w#at IS or #ow t#e economic pro(em! "acing a !ociet$ are

actua$ !oved% Pro"% Ro((in! #ed t#at economic! wa! pure$ a po!itive !cience%

According to #im* economic! !#oud (e neutra or !ient (etween end!; %e%* t#ere

!#oud (e no de!ire to earn a(out et#ic! o" economic deci!ion!% T#u!* in po!itive

economic! we !tud$ #uman deci!ion! a! "act! w#ic# can (e veri6ed wit# actua

data%

Some e1ampi e! o" Economic! a! a po!itive !cience are [i9 India i! !econd arge!t

popuated countr$ o" t#e word% 8k9 Price! #ave (een ri!ing in India%

8m9 Increa!e in rea per capita income increa!e! t#e !tandard o" iving o" peope% 8iv9

T#e targeted growt# rate o" t#e tent# 6ve.$ear pan i! per cent per annum% [v9

Fa in t#e price o" commodit$ ead! to ri!e in it! 2uantit$ demanded%


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8vi9 5inimum wage aw increa!e! unempo$ment%

8vii9 T#e !#are o" t#e primar$ !ector! in t#e nationa income o" India #a! (een

decining%

[viii9 Ordinar$ (u!ine!! o" i"e i! a&ected enormou!$ ($ t!unami* eart#2uake!* t#e

(ird Kue* droug#t!* etc%

8(9 Economic! a! a Normative Science

A normative !cience i! t#at !cience w#ic# re"er! to w#at oug#t to (e^ w#at oug#t to

#ave #appened^ Normative economic! dea! wit# w#at oug#t to (e or #ow t#e

economic pro(em! !#oud (e !oved% A"red 5ar!#a and Pigou #ave con!idered t#e

normative a!pect o" economic!* a! it pre!cri(e! t#at cau!e o" action w#ic# i!

de!ira(e and nece!!ar$ to ac#ieve !ocia goa!% It make! an a!!e!!ment o" an

activit$ and o&er! !ugge!tion! "or t#at% T#e !tatement! w#ic# make a!!e!!ment o"

activit$ and o&er !ugge!tion! are caed

@ Stati!tic! "or Economic!.'I

normative !tatement!% T#e normative !tatement!* in "act* are t#e opinion! o"

di&erent

per!on! reating to tig#tne!! or wrongne!! o" a particuar t#ing or poic$% Normative

!tatement! cannot (e empirica$ veri6ed% T#at part o" economic! w#ic# dea! wit#

normative !tatement! i! caed Normative Economic!% T#u!* economic! i! (ot#

po!itive and normative !cience% F:!mvc

Some e1ampe! o" Economic! a! a normative !cience are

89 5inimum wage! !#oud (e guaranteed ($ t#e government in a economic

activitie!% 89 India !#oud not take oan! "rom "oreign countrie!% ZHi9 Ric# peope

!#oud (e ta1ed more% Ziv9 Free education !#oud (e given to t#e poor!%

[v9 E&ective !tep! !#oud (e taken to reduce income.ine2uaitie! in India% 8vi9 India

!#oud !pend more mone$ on de"ence% [vii9 overnment !#oud !top minimum

!upport price to t#e "armer!%

8vtii9 Our education !$!tem !#oud produce !u0cient 2uai6ed and trained per!on!to t#e econom$%

Economic! a! po!itive !cience and normative !cience i! in!epara(e% In reait$

economic! #a! deveoped aong* (ot# po!itive and normative ine!% T#e roe o"

economi!t i! not on$ to e1pain and e1pore a! po!itive a!pect (ut a!o to admire

and condemn a! negative a!pect w#ic# i! e!!entia "or #eat#$ and rapid growt# o"

econom$%


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In t#e "oowii: e1ampe! 6r!t part o" !tatement i! po!itive giving "act! and !econd i

part IS normative (a!ed on vaue Gudgement!%

H9 Indian econom$ i! a deveoping econom$* t#e government !#oud make

deveopment t#roug# correct and proper panning%

8ii9 A ri!e in t#e price o" a commodit$ ead! to a "a in demand o" 2uantit$ o"

commodit$* t#ere"ore government !#oud c#eck ri!e in price!%

8iti9 Rent Contro Act provide! accommodation to t#e need$ peope!* t#ere"ore* t#e

act !#oud (e #one!t$ impemented%

)% ECONO5ICS AS AN ART

Art IS practica appication o" knowedge "or ac#ieving !ome de6nite aim% It #ep! in

!oution o" practica pro(em! Art i! t#e practica appication o" !cienti6c principe!%

Sc ence a$! down princip e! w#ie art put! t#e!e principe! into practice% Economic!

i! an art a! it give! u! practica guidance in !oution to variou! economic pro(em!% 7

e a know t#at t#ere i! oi !#ortage in India% T#e in"ormation given ($

economic! %!po!mve !conce e a!o know t#e govermnent aim! at removing7 oi

!#ortage ' in"ormation !uppied ($ economic! i! normative !cience% In order to

ac#ieve t#e o(Gective o" "u avaia(iit$ o" oi m India* t#e govermnent #a! "oowed

t#e pat# o" oi pa>ng T#e pat# o" panmng i! an art a! it impie! practica

appication o" knowedge wit# a view to ac#ieve !ome !peci6c o(Gective!% So* we

can !a$ t#at economic! i! an art% Economic! i!* t#u!* a !cience a! we a! an art%

#at i! Economic!J $

e1erci!e!

i E1pain t#e origin o" word 7Economic!7* i #at i! economic activit$J

Di!tingui!# (etween non.economic and economic activitie!%

5ake a ?!t o" economic activitie! t#at con!titute t#e ordinar$ (u!ine!! o" i"e%

#at are $our rea!on! "or !tud$ing Economic!J

How wi $ou c#oo!e t#e want! to (e !ati!6edJ

ive Adam Smit#7! de6nition o" economic!%

De6ne economic! in t#e word! o" A"red 5ar!#a%

Economic! i! t#e !cience o" c#oice% E1pain%

#ic# i! t#e mo!t accepted de6nition o" economic!J ive t#e de6nition% E1pain

we"are de6nition o" economic!%


14/554

Economic! i! a(out making c#oice! in t#e pre!ence o" !carcit$% E1pain% How

!carcit$ and c#oice go toget#erJ #at i! meant ($ economic!J Economic! i! a

!cienceJ ive rea!on!%

Di!cu!! t#e nature o" economic! a! a !cience% ive argimient in "avour o" economic!

a! a !cience%

I! economic! an artJ ive rea!on!%

I! Economic! a !cience or an artJ E1pain wit# rea!on!%

I! economic! a po!itive !cience or a normative !cience or (ot#J E1pain%

in

3%

%

-%

/%

C#apter +

introduction.meaning and !cope

Introduction #at i! Stati!tic!J Function! o" Stati!tic! Importance o" Stati!tic!

>imitation! o" Stati!tic! 5i!u!e o" Stati!tic!

i introduction

e4* pann and ' :::: :: :

prog

c#emi!tr$* medicine* tec#noog$ etc9 ne>Tnr7 :P:::::e!*

new mac#ine! #ave (een devdoS7t>t I " & 7 :::7:e! o" energ$*

(ecau!e man.w#et#er Indtn TJ .:"::(e% A t#i! i! po!!i(e

t#inking and rea!oning w#ic# #ad evo: 7I7 :: :::::e.i! gi"ted wit#

given u! civiIi!ation#e wte" " :: #a!

eectricit$* mac#iner$ etc% e ntw :: ::e irrigation !$!tem*

!$!tem!* (etter organi!ation! "or t#e com' (u:::::::

A t#ic #:c * .7npie1 Du!ine!! and admini!tration toda$


15/554

wa$"o"taSmnrp::::::: :PP:7ed it!e" in76ndmg

and !cienti6c man7ner% A meBdo:' (7n: t#ing!% T#e empirica met#odoog:

con!i!t! : ::: demand

radio* t#e teevi!ion etc%* it i! po!!ie trc'r T " :::::edia.t#e new!paper* t#e

Introduction45eaning and Scope

_ @@

demand and !upp$* #e coect! data 8in"ormation9 !$!tematica$* get! it organi!ed

in !ome ogica or !$!tematic wa$* ana$!e! t#i! data according to certain principe!and draw! concu!ion!% He #a! to do it care"u$ !ince a wrong Gudgement can

compete$ ruin #im%

`uantitative Data and ̀ uaitative Data An empirica inve!tigation i! an

inve!tigation w#ere "act! are coected t#roug# o(!ervation% In P#$!ic!* C#emi!tr$

and )otan$* on$ t#o!e t#ing! t#at can (e o(!erved ($ our !en!e!4!eeing* #earing*

touc#ing* ta!ting and !meing4are taken to (e reia(e and t#en recorded 8noted9%

e a agree t#at t#e ro!e i! (eauti"u% How do we reac# t#at concu!ionJ e a ike

it! coour* !#ape and a(ove a it! !me% In t#i! re!pect* it i! not a !u(Gective or

per!ona concu!ion% )ut I !a$ t#at I ike t#e ro!e mo!t o" a t#e Kower!* t#i! woud(e a !u(Gective !tatement% A !cienti!t #owever* make! ver$ preci!e !tatement4#e

woud !a$ t#at ro!e! #ave a !weet !me% Simiar$* peope mig#t !a$ t#at t#e"t and

ro((er$ #ave increa!ed t#e!e da$!% T#i! mig#t (e a concu!ion (a!ed on impre!!ion

peope get "rom t#e new!paper report! o" ca!e! o" t#e"t and ro((er$% T#i!

impre!!ion ma$ or ma$ not (e true% e can 6nd out w#et#er it i! true or not on$ ($

comparing t#e num(er o" ca!e! o" t#e"t and ro((er$ reported during one $ear wit#


16/554

t#e num(er o" ca!e! reported in ot#er $ear!% An inve!tigator woud coect !uc#

in"ormation "rom poice record!%

#en in"ormation or o(!ervation! are recorded in num(er! or 2uantit$* we !a$ we

#ave 2uanti6ed in"ormation% For e1ampe* t#e num(er o" peope in a !tate w#o are

!trict vegetarian!* #eig#t! or weig#t! o" !tudent!* ever$da$ temperature* income o"individua!* price! o" w#eat during t#i! week* num(er o" peope in countr$ are rea$

poor.ric#.midde ca!!* num(er o" peope are iiterate w#o wi not get Go(!* num(er

o" #ig#$ educated and wi #ave (e!t Go( opportunitie!* etc% are known a!

7`uantitative data7%

However* not a in"ormation can (e numerica$ e1pre!!ed% It i! not po!!i(e in

certain ca!e! to mea!ure or 2uanti"$ in"ormation* e%g%* pre"erence o" peope viewing

TV% c#anne!* inteigence o" !tudent!* appreciation o" art* (eaut$* mu!ic etc%

Suppo!ing a !eection "or a po!t i! to (e made* candidate! are interviewed* !ome

2ue!tion! are put to t#em and t#eir 2uai6cation! are taken into con!ideration% T#e

interview (oard di!cu!!e! t#e comparative merit o" t#e candidate! and rank! t#em"or 6na !eection% T#i! Gudgement i! not 2uanti6a(e* it i! (a!ed on impre!!ion%

Non.2uanti6a(e2uaitative item! can #owever (e mea!ured in percentage!% For

e1ampe* percentage o" peope watc#ing TV% new! in Engi!# or Hindi or ot#er

regiona anguage!% T#i! in"ormation o(tained in percentage! i! caed 7`uaitative

data7% It ma$ (e coected t#roug# 2ue!tionnaire or opinion po u!ing andine or

mo(ie teep#one* internet or new!paper!%

Socia !cience!* !uc# a! economic!* !ocioog$* management etc%* do not awa$!

dea wit# w#at we ca in#erent$ mea!ura(e or 2uanti6a(e "act!%

i! !mi!tic! J Y

It i! nece!!ar$ to #ave 2uantitative mea!urement! even "or t#ing! w#ic# are not

(a!ica$ 2uanti6a(e% T#i! i! nece!!ar$ "or preci!ene!! o" !tatement% T#e

!$!tematic

#

@+

vw @@ ::7:ti!tic! "or Economic!.'

treatment o" 2uantitative e1pre!!ion i! known a! 7Stati!tic!7% Not a 2uantitative

e1pre!!ion! are !tati!tic!; we wi !ee t#at certain condition! mu!t (e "u6ed "or a

2uantitative !tatement to (e caed !tati!tic!% e wi a!o con!ider ater t#e

"unction! and #mitation! o" !tati!tic!% Fir!t* et u! under!tand w#at come! under t#e

name Stati!tic!% Stati!tic! can (e de6ned in two wa$!

8a9 In pura !en!e%


17/554

8(9 In !inguar !en!e%

i:nn7:nir\ 7con!ider w#et#er 6gure!

@/,,* ,,* ,* +,* ,,* 3,,* , and 3, are Stati!tic!J Figure! are innocent and do

not

!peak an$t#mg% )ut w#en t#e$ re"er to !ome pace* per!on* time etc%* t#e$ are

caed !tati!tic!% >et u! ook at t#e ta(e given (eow

Student! in Two Sc#oo! 8+,,-.+,,/9

Qendria Vid$aa$a ovt% Senior Secondar$ Sc#oo

Student! Num(er Percentage Num(er Percentage

)o$! ir! @/,, ,, , +, ,, 3,, , 3,

Tota +,,, @,, @,,, @,,

T#e a(ove ta(e give! a numerica de!cription o" !tudent! in Qendria Vid$aa$a and

ovt Senior Secondar$ Sc#oo% Student! are grouped a! (o$! and gir! and

percentage i! !t:

cacuated "or eac# group% Now* in t#i! conte1t t#e 6gure! @/,,* ,,* ,, etc #ave

a 7 o"

!tati!tica meaning; we ca t#i! !tati!tic! o" !tudent!% Simiar$* we 6nd in

new!paper! :

!tati!tic! o" !core! in a cricket matc#* !tati!tic! o" price* !tati!tic! o" agricutura

production* i !in !tati!tic! o" e1port and import etc% G :

martT::7:V Stati!tic! we mean aggregate! o" "act! a&ected to : :

marked e1tent ($ mu#tp#ctt$ o" cau!e! numerica$ e1pre!!ed* enumerated or

e!timated according to rea!ona(e !tandard! o" accurac$* coected in a !$!tematic

manner "or a predetermmed purpo!e and paced in reation to eac# ot#er%

T#e a(ove de6nition cover! t#e "oowing main point! a(out !tati!tic! a! numerica

pre!entation o" "act! 8Pura !en!e9%

Stati!tic! are aggregate! o" "act! A !inge o(!ervation i! not !tati!tic!* it i! a group

o" o(!ervation!* e%g%* pocket e1pen!e! o" Ani during a mont# i! R! -, i! not

!tati!tic!% )ut pocket e1pen!e! o" Ani* Praka!#* Suni and Sure!# during a mont#

are R! -,* --* , and , re!pective$ are !tati!tic!%


18/554

[(9 Stati!tic! are a&ected to a marked e1tent ($ mutipicit$ o" cau!e! Stati!tic!

are genera$ not i!oated "act! t#e$ are dependant on* or inKuenced ($ a num(er o"

p#enomena* e%g%* eectricit$ (i! are a&ected ($ con!umption and rate o" eectricit$

8c9 Stati!tic! are numenca$ e1pre!!ed `uaitative !tatement! are not !tati!tic!

une!! A t#e$ are !upported ($ num(er!% For e1ampe* i" we !a$ t#at t#e !tudent! o"

a ca!! coe%

Introduction45eaning and Scope

@3

are ver$ good in !tudie!* it i! not a !tati!tica !tatement% )ut w#en a !tatement

read! a! , !tudent! got 6r!t divi!ion* 3, !econd divi!ion* +, t#ird divi!ion and @,

"aied out o" @,, !tudent!* it i! a !tati!tica !tatement e1pre!!ed numerica$%

8d9 Stati!tic! are enumerated or e!timated according to rea!ona(e !tandard o"

accurac$ Enumeration mean! a preci!e and accurate numerica !tatement% )ut

!ometime!* w#ere t#e area o" !tati!tica en2uir$ i! arge* accurate enumeration ma$

not (e po!!i(e% In !uc# ca!e!* e1pert! make e!timation! on t#e (a!i! o" w#atever

data i! avaia(e% T#e degree o" accurac$ o" e!timate! depend! on t#e nature o"

en2uir$%

8e9 Stati!tic! are coected in a !$!tematic manner Stati!tic! coected wit#out

an$ order and !$!tem are unreia(e and inaccurate% T#e$ mu!t (e coected in a

!$!tematic manner%

i"9 Stati!tic! are coected "or a pre.determined purpo!e ?ne!! !tati!tic! are

coected "or a !peci6c purpo!e t#e$ woud (e more or e!! u!ee!!% For e1ampe* i"

we want to coect !tati!tic! o" agricutura production* we mu!t decide (e"ore #andt#e region!* commoditie! and period! "or w#ic# t#e$ are re2uired%

8g9 Stati!tic! are paced in reation to eac# ot#er Stati!tica data


19/554

I Interpretation

Stati!tic! a! 5et#odoog$

According to Cro1ton and Cowden* Stati!tic! ma$ (e de6ned a! a !cience o"

coection* pre!entation* ana$!i! and interpretation o" numerica data%7

It

Stati!tic! "or Economic!.'I T#e a(ove de6nition cover! t#e "oowing !tati!tica

too!

8a9 Coection o" data T#i! i! t#e 6r!t !tep in a !tati!tica !tud$ and i! t#e

"oundation o" !tati!tica ana$!i!% T#ere"ore* data !#oud (e gat#ered wit# ma1imum

care ($ t#e inve!tigator #im!e" or o(tained "rom reia(e pu(H!#ed or unpu(i!#ed

!ource!

8(9 Organi!ation o" data Figure! t#at are coected ($ an inve!tigator need to (e

organi!ed ($ editing* ca!!i"$ing and ta(uating%

8c9 Pre!entation o" data Data coected and organi!ed are pre!ented in !ome

!$!tematic manner to make !tati!tica ana$!i! ea!ien T#e organi!ed data can (e

pre!ented wit# t#e #ep o" ta(e!* grap#!* diagram! etc%

8d9 Ana$!i! o" data T#e ne1t !tage i! t#e ana$!i! o" t#e pre!ented data% T#ere

are

arge num(er o" met#od! u!ed "or ana$ !ing t#e data !uc# a! average!* di!per!ioncorreation etc% 7

8e9 Interpretation o" data Interpretation o" data impie! t#e drawing o"

concu!ion!

on t#e (a!i! o" t#e data ana$!ed in t#e earier !tage% On t#e (a!i! o" t#i! concu!ion

certain deci!ion! can (e taken%

Stage! o" Stati!tica Stud$

According to t#e 6gure* interpretation o" data i! t#e a!t !tage in order to draw !ome

concu!ion% One #a! to go t#roug# t#e "our !tage! to arrive at t#e 6na !tage; t#e$

are 4 coection* organi!ation* pre!entation and ana$!i!% Fir!t !tage 4 coection o"

data re"er! to gat#er !ome !tati!tica "act! ($ di&erent met#od!% T#e !econd !tage

i! to organi!e t#e data !o t#at coected in"ormation i! ea!i$ inteigi(e% T#i! i! t#e

arrangement o" data in a !$!tematic order a"ter editing% T#ird !tage o" !tati!tica

!tud$ i! pre!entation

o" data A"ter coection and organi!ation t#e data are to (e reproduced ($ variou!


20/554

niet#od! o" pre!entation* name$ ta(e!* grap#!* diagram!* etc% !o t#at di&erent

c#aracteri!tic! o" data can ea!i$ (e under!tood on t#e (a!i! o" t#eir 2uait$ and

uni"ormit$%

Fourt# !tage o" !tati!tica !tud$ i! t#e ana$!i! o" data% Cacuation o" a vaue ($

di&erent

met#od! and too! "or variou! purpo!e! i! made to arrive at t#e a!t !tage o" !tud$

vi interpretation o" data% :

In (rie" !tati!tic! i! a met#od o" taking deci!ion! on t#e (a!i! o" numerica data

proper$ coected* organi!ed* pre!ented* ana$!ed and interpreted%

in i !cie drai reai

8 8

"unction! o" !tati!tic!

Foowing are t#e "unction! o" !tati!tic!

@% Stati!tic! !impi6e! compe1 data it# t#e #ep o" !tati!tica met#od! a ma!! o"

data can (e pre!ented in !uc# a manner t#at t#e$ (ecome ea!$ to under!tand% For

e1ampe* t#e compe1 data ma$ (e pre!ented a! tota!* average!* percentage! etc

Stati

I

re!ea 5ar! 2uan;

o" !tG

Introduction45eaning and Scope _ -

+% Stati!tic! pre!ent! t#e "act! in a de6nite "orm T#i! de6nitene!! i! ac#ieved

($ !tating concu!ion! in a numerica or 2uantitative "orm%

3% Stati!tic! provide! a tec#ni2ue o" compari!on Compari!on i! an important

"unction o" !tati!tic!% For e1ampe* compari!on o" data o" di&erent region!; period!*

condition! etc%* i! #ep"u "or drawing economic concu!ion!% Some o" t#e !tati!tica

too! ike average!* ratio!* percentage! etc%* are u!ed "or compari!on%

% Stati!tic! !tudie! reation!#ip Correation ana$!i! i! u!ed to di!cover

"unctiona reation!#ip (etween di&erent p#enomena* "or e1ampe* reation!#ip

(etween !upp$ and demand* reation!#ip (etween !ugarcane price! and !ugar*


21/554

reation!#ip (etween adverti!ement and !ae% Stati!tic! #ep in 6nding t#e

a!!ociation (etween two or more attri(ute!* "or e1ampe* a!!ociation (etween

iterac$ and unempo$ment* a!!ociation (etween innocuation and in"ection etc%

-% Stati!tic! #ep! in "ormuating poicie! 5an$ poicie! !uc# a! t#at o" import*

e1port* wage!* production etc%* are "ormed on t#e (a!i! o" !tati!tic!% Some aw!!uc# a! 5at#u!7 t#eorG: o" popuation and Enge7! aw o" "ami$ e1penditure are

(a!ed on !tati!tic!%

/% Stati!tic! #ep! in "oreca!ting Stati!tic! a!o #ep! to predict t#e "uture

(e#aviour o" p#enomena !uc# a! market !ituation "or t#e "uture i! predict:9%7 on t#e

(a!i! o" avaia(e !tati!tic! o" pa!t and pre!ent% Economi!t mig#t (e intere!ted in

predicting t#e c#ange! in one economic "actor due to t#e c#ange! ir anot#er "actor%

For e1ampe* #e mig#t (e intere!ted to know t#e impact o" toda$7! inve!tment on

t#e nationa income in "uture w#ic# i! po!!i(e wit# t#e knowedge o" !tati!tic!%

% Stati!tic! #ep! to te!t and "ormuate t#eorie! #en !ome t#eor$ i! to (ete!ted* !tati!tica data and tec#ni2ue! are u!e"u% For e1ampe* w#et#er cigarette

!moking cau!e! cancer; w#et#er demand increa!e a&ect! t#e price* can (e te!ted

($ coecting and comparing t#e reevant data%

importance o" !tati!tic!

T#e u!e o" !tati!tica met#od i! !o wide!pread t#at it #a! (ecome a ver$ important

too in a&air! o" t#e word% It IS indi!pen!a(e to 6ed! o" inve!tigation! e!pecia$ in

t#e !cience!* !uc# a! )otan$* Socioog$* Economic!* 5edicine etc% It #ep!

particuar$ in drawing re!earc# concu!ion!% >et u! e1amine t#e importance o"

!tati!tic! in !ome 6ed! reating to economic! and (u!ine!!

[a9 Stati!tic! and Economic! 8(9 Stati!tic! and Economic Panning

8c9 Stati!tic! and )u!ine!! 8d9 Stati!tic! and overnment

Stati!tic! and Economic!

A num(er o" economi!t! #ave given a practica !#ape to !tati!tica too! "or

economic re!earc#% Famou! economi!t! 8ike Augu!tin* Cournot* Vi"redo Pareto*

>eon ara!* A"red 5ar!#a* Edgewort#* A%>% )owe$ etc%9 evoved a num(er o"

economic aw! ($

2uantitative and mat#ematica !tudie!: In India* Pro"% P%C% 5a#aano(i!* Dr V%Q R V

Rao R%C% Dc!ai* ctc% iiave cgntrmuieu aTOttne aeveiopmeiu ui ucuick.:t.....7

o" !tati!tic!%

M H

I"


22/554

@/

Stati!tic! "or Economic!.'I

%%%ri4T too! and t#e importance o"

BnomV rr7 " T] ::::: . : reanon>p amo:

Tecorm:rA J o" mat#ematic! and>ti!ticM

m economic!% A! a re!ut* a new !cience #a! evoved w#ic# i! caed Econometric!

t#e B :r7 #ave evoved due to !tati!tica ana$!i! in

t#e " ed o" economic!* Enge7! aw o" "ami$ e1penditure* 5at#u! t#eor$ o"

popuation etc% New t#ing! are (eing invented toda$ in a t#e !cience! (ecauTot#e

econoT:(: = T :::: : new aw! in

T: Stati!tica met#od! #ave made a contri(ution to t#e

deveopment o" empirica !ide o" economic!; t#e inductive met#od o" economic! i!

dependent upon !tati!tica met#od!% economic! i!

TT77 are t#e too! and

appiance! o" #i! a(orator$* m t#e !ame wa$ a! t#e doctor u!e! !tet#o!cope "or

diagno!i!

o" a patient% A num(er o" economic pro(em! can ea!i$ (e under!tood ($ t#e u!eT"

tati!tica too!% It #ep! m "ormuation o" economic poicie!%: >et u! un>!tand t#e

importance o" !tati!tic! keeping in view t#e variou! part! o" economic!

oTr#M con!umption Ever$ individua need! a certain num(er

Q7 nece!!itie!* t#en on com"ort! and u1urie!* w#ic#

depend on #i! income; (ut t#ere i! no end to #i! de!ire! and demand!% No !ooner

doe! #e con!ume one t#ing* #e de!ire! to o(tain t#e ot#er% e di!cover #ow

!taS: T:7 con!umption% T#e

TdvT r T rt: ::e ta1ae ia(iit$ o"

individua! and t#eir !tandard o" iving

8(9 Stati!tic! and t#e !tud$ o" production T#e progre!! o" production ever$ $ear

can


23/554

ea!i$ (e mea!ured ($ !tati!tic!% T#e comparative !tud$ o" t#e prod:>t$ o"

variou! eement! o" production 8e%g%* and* a(our* capita and enterpri!e9 i! a!o

done wit# t#e #ep o" !tati!tic!% T#e !tati!tic! o" production are ver: #ep"u or

ad:!tment o" demand and !upp$% Ever$ deveoped countr$ e1ecute! > cen!u! o"

production wit# a view to make a comparative !tud$ o" variou! 6ed! o" production

and economic panning% : wuucuou

"n:ttir" :: . .:ona and

internationa demand% A producer need! !tati!tic! "or deciding t#e co!t o" %

P:r :::: :: competition a"d demand o

:mmodit$ m a market% T#e aw o" price determination and co!t price w#ic# are

8d9 Stati!tic! and t#e !tud$ o" di!tri(ution Stati!tic! are #ep"u in cacuation o"

nationa income in t#e 6ed o" di!tri(ution% Stati!tica met#od! are u!ed in !oving

t#e pro(em o" t#e di!m(ution o" nationa income% Variou! pro(em! ari!e di:I to

ott"cdatr :: : wit##r#ep

eteo. ot#er econorm!t* #ave to make (rick!% .5ar!#a

Introduction45eaning and Scope @ :

T#u!* !tati!tic! i! u!e"u in t#e variou! 6ed! o" economic!% It give! !tatement o"

"act!* direction to !ove pro(em!* evoution o" economic aw! and #ep! in economicpanning% Economic aw! in t#e modern economic word are (a!ed on mat#ematic!

and !tati!tic! w#ic# #ep to "orm econometric mode!; t#e!e mode! are #ep"u in

!oving economic pro(em!% On t#i! (a!i! we can ca economic! a Science o"

Human we"are and !tati!tic! a! an Arit#metic o" Human we"are%

Stati!tic! and Economic Panning

Stati!tic! i! t#e mo!t important too in economic panning% Economic panning i! t#e

(e!t u!e o" nationa re!ource!* (ot# #uman and natura% Panning wit#out !tati!tic!

i! a eap in t#e dark% Ever$ p#a!e in panning4drawing a pan* e1ecution and review

i! (a!ed on !tati!tic!% T#e !ucce!! o" a pan i! dependent upon !u0cient andaccurate !tati!tica data avaia(e at a t#e!e !tage!%

T#e compari!on o" t#e !tage o" deveopment o" one countr$ wit# ot#er i! po!!i(e

on$ wit# t#e avaia(iit$ o" !tati!tica data% T#ere are a num(er o" pro(em! o"

underdeveoped countrie!* e%g%* over popuation* ack o" indu!trie!* ack o"

agricukura deveopment* ack o" education etc% T#e!e pro(em! can (e "u$ viewed

and under!tood on$ ($ getting t#e actua 6gure! "or di&erent area!% Simiar$*


24/554

genera review o" progre!! in a 6ed! o" economic deveopment need! t#e #ep o"

!tati!tica data and !tati!tica met#od!% Prioritie! o" e1penditure o" a nationa (udget

can (e determined t#roug# t#e comparative !tud$ o" pa!t per"ormance! wit# t#e

pre!ent% T#u!* panning wit#out !tati!tic! i! a !#ip wit#out radar and compa!!%

Stati!tic! and )u!ine!! Panning

)u!ine!! activitie! can (e ca!!i6ed a! under

"

>

)?SINESS

@

I

Interna #oe!ae Retai

Internationa

Import

E1port

i o" Trade

:.@.@ t V

)anking Tran!port In!urance tere#ou!ing Packmg

Adverti!ement

5"

@

vw @@ ::7:ti!tic! "or Economic!.'

o" !tatmica met#od #ave to (e "oowed T#e it !tep!

t#e producer to " t#e pnce! o" :o:rd7

met#od* o" %ta!t*ea%

pro"tta(e trade #e mu!t know w#at t#e BoB* 77 ceing activitie!% For


25/554

woud a!t% T#i! i! ver$ %mportant or demand

epo "or var%o! co%mod*t%e! and at a:d

#e #a! to "oreca!t w#en t#e d>a'odd > bn" T"

o" re!erve! #e mu!t #ave% Simiar$ #e :!t t :.e w#at amount!

#%! depo!ttor!* ot#erwi!e #i! (ak wo "T:oT r#

tran!action *! re2uired w#ere !tati!tica toT! tt i'.(:: i

#"e e:rrtt:r t#at i! M

w#at proportion o" t#e% capS decde7 i

pa$ment! o" matured poicie! : Proportion kept read$ "or

nY%g#t 61 "or t#e !ame% In "act no mod:'anirr bb t#e$

wit#out ana$!i! o" t#e compe1 "ar :

(u!ine!! ana$!i! !tati!tica too! are a"eot; T"entia

ana$!:p t p:.tt!ere @ : :: :

Stati!tica too! o" coection* ca!!i6cation > uncertaintie!*

data are u!ed in a ma*or "unctioT!t6nterpretation o"

materia contro* (udgetar$ contro* "manc aTcro:" T77

:nd !o on% 7 contro* co!t contro* per!onne management

Stati!tic! and overnment

Introduction45eaning and Scope _ U

ike t#at o" crime!* ta1e!* weat#* trade etc%* !o t#at t#ere i! no o(!tace "or t#e

promotion o" economic deveopment% Suc# poicie! ma$ deveop t#e economic

!tatu! o" t#e peope and t#e nation* depending upon t#e accurac$ o" t#e !tati!tica

aw% Stati!tic! i! indi!pen!a(e "or a important "unction! o" t#e mini!trie! o" t#e

!tate% A(ove a t#e mini!tr$ o" panning take! into account !tati!tic! o" variou!6ed! o" econom$% Qeeping in view t#e increa!e o" go(a price ri!e* t#e mini!tr$

pan! and make! poic$ to import oi in +,@,* w#ic# depend! on e1pected oi

production ($ dome!tic !ource! and ike$ demand "or oi "or t#e $ear +,@,% T#e

poic$ o" "ami$ panning can (e made e&ective in controing t#e popuation o"

countr$% T#u!* !tati!tica tec#ni2ue! are u!ed to ana$!e economic pro(em! o"

countr$* vi%* unempo$ment* povert$ di!inve!tment* price contro* etc% Sometime!

to make pan! and poicie!* panner! re2uire t#e knowedge o" "uture trend% T#i!


26/554

trend coud (e (a!ed on t#e data o" pa!t $ear! or recent $ear!% T#e re2uired data

can (e o(tained ($ !urve$!% For e1ampe* production poHc$ o" +,@, depend! on t#e

con!umption recorded in pa!t $ear! and recent $ear! w#ic# decide! t#e e1pected

eve o" con!umption in +,@,% T#i! #ep! t#e panner! to make t#e production poic$

"or t#e "uture% T#e 5ini!tr$ o" Finance i! re!pon!i(e "or preparing t#e annua (udget

o" t#e countr$ "or w#ic# reia(e !tati!tica data o" revenue and e1penditure i!nece!!ar$% In !#ort* !tati!tica too! are o" ma1imum utiit$ in t#e governance o"

!tate and "ormuation o" variou! economic poicie!%

"7i

umitation! o" !tati!tic!

Stati!tic! i! ver$ wide$ u!ed in a !cience! (ut it i! not wit#out imitation!% It i!

nece!!ar$ to know t#e mi!u!e! and imitation! o" !tati!tic!% T#e "oowing are t#e

imitation! o" !tati!tic!%

@% It doe! not !tud$ t#e 2uaitative a!pect o" a pro(em T#e mo!t important

condition o" !tati!tica !tud$ i! t#at t#e !u(Gect o" inve!tigation and in2uir$ !#oud

(e capa(e o" (eing 2uantitative$ mea!ured% `uaHtative p#enomena* e%g%* #one!t$*

inteigence* povert$* etc%* cannot (e !tudied in !tati!tic! une!! t#e!e attri(ute! are

e1pre!!ed in term! o" numera!%

+% It doe! not !tud$ individua! Stati!tic! i! t#e !tud$ o" ma!! data and dea!

wit# aggregate! o" "act! w#ic# are utimate$ reduced to a !inge vaue "or ana$!i!%

Individua vaue! o" t#e o(!ervation #ave no !peci6c importance% For e1ampe* t#e

income o" a "ami$ i!* !a$ R! @*,,,* doe! not conve$ !tati!tica meaning w#ie t#e

average income o" @,, "amiie! !a$ R! ,,* i! a !tati!tica !tatement%

3% Stati!tica aw! are true on$ on an average >aw! o" !tati!tic! are not

univer!a$ appica(e Hke t#e aw! o" c#emi!tr$* p#$!ic! and mat#ematic!% T#e$

are true on an average (ecau!e t#e re!ut! are a&ected ($ a arge num(er o"

cau!e!% T#e utimate re!ut! o(tained ($ !tati!tica ana$!i! are true under certain

circum!tance! on$%

% Stati!tic! can (e mi!u!ed Stati!tic! i! ia(e to (e mi!u!ed% T#e re!ut!

o(tained can (e manipuated according to one7! own intere!t! and !uc#

manipuated re!ut! can mi!ead t#e communit$%

+,

#

8Si%

: = * % :t:ti!tic! "or Economic!.'I


27/554

o(!ervation! o" ma!! data n'krT > :a!ed on

to recti"$ t#em% T#ere"or: it:e!nreT .%%%ca* !tate! are a "a%re m :

mi!u!e o" !tati!tic!

!tati!tic! ($ dei(erate$ twi!ting or man puat:ne: :: :..e

(e mterpreted ($ a aw$er to prove ::BTtT::;7 ::: :::

too! "or grinding t#eir owTa:!" (:

!tudent o" commerce and economic * #ou: @ t#e

T#i! genera$ take! pace at t#e time o" !e"ectinBm::::: a

and interpreting ana$!i! o" data: :::ing compari!on!

and::eS.p


28/554

+@

@/%

@%

@%

@U%

+,*

Di!cu!! wit# iu!tration t#e importance o" Stati!tic! in t#e !oution o" !ocia and

economic pro(em!%

Stati!tica Ana$!i! i! o" vita importance "or !ucce!!"u (u!ine!!men* economi!t!*

admini!trator! and educationi!t!% Di!cu!! wit# iu!tration!%

rite note! on 8a9 Importance o" !tati!tic! in modern economic !et up* [(9Stati!tic! in economic ana$!i!%

De6ne Stati!tic!% E1pain it! utiHt$ in t#e 6ed o" economic panning% Stati!tica

t#inking i! a! nece!!ar$ "or e0cient citien!#ip a! t#e a(iit$ to read and write%

E1pain t#i! !tatement in a(out +,, word!%

Stati!tic! in t#e!e da$! i! indi!pen!a(e "or deaing wit# !ocio.economic pro(em!%

How "ar i! t#i! !tatement trueJ

#at i! t#e importance o" Stati!tic! in modern economic !et upJ E1pain giving

e1ampe!% % i. u

Panning wit#out Stati!tic! i! a !#ip wit#out radar and compa!!% In t#e ig#t ot t#i!

!tatement e1pain t#e importance o" Stati!tic! a! an e&ective aid to nationa

panning%

E1pain t#e reation!#ip (etween Economic! and Stati!tic! and di!cu!! #ow "ar it i!

correct to !a$ t#at t#e !cience o" economic! i! (ecoming !tati!tica in it! met#od%

E1pain (rieK$

8a9 Stati!tic!* 8(9 Stati!tica met#od!*

8c9 Stati!tica data* 8d9 Stati!tic! in economic ana$!i!%

Stati!tica met#od! are no !u(!titute "or common !en!e* comment% T#e

overnment and poHc$ maker u!e !tati!tica data to "ormuate !uita(e poicie! o"

economic deveopment% Iu!trate wit# two e1ampe!% 5ark t#e "oowing

!tatement! a! true or "a!e% < 8i9 Stati!tic! i! o" no u!e to economic! wit#out data% 8ii9


29/554

Stati!tic! can on$ dea wit# 2uantitative data% 8Hi9 Stati!tic! !ove! Economic

pro(em!%

?NIT +

^@

I"

Q

:ecton and organi!ation o" data @+

L Co?ecAion o" Primar$ and S p Organi!ation o" ?ata L Pre!entation o" Data

C#apter 3

coection o" primar$ and !econdar$ data

#at i! a Stati!tica En2uir$J Source! o" Data g Primar$ and Secondar$ Data

Dra"ting t#e `ue!tionnaire 5et#od! o" Coecting Primar$ Data Cen!u! and Sampe

Surve$! Sampe Surve$! 5et#od! o" Samping Random Samping Non.Random

Samping Advantage! o" Samping Reia(iit$ o" Sampe Data How Secondar$ Data i!

CoectedJ Some Important Source! o" Secondar$ Data Cen!u! o" India

Nationa Sampe Surve$ Organi!ation 8NSSO9

COI

cer are coI<

Sourct

w

ot#er* !tati!ti

!.'I Coection o" Primar$ and Secondar$ Data

w#at i! a !tati!tica en2uir$ J

En2uir$ mean! a !earc# "or trut#* knowedge or in"ormation% Stati!tica en2uir$

t#ere"ore mean! a !earc# conducted ($ !tati!tica met#od!% T#ere are di&erent

!u(Gect! on t#i! eart#; !ome are de!cri(ed ($ t#e degree o" e1pre!!ion 82uait$9 and

!ome ($ t#e degree o" 6gure! or magnitude! 82uantit$9% T#e appication o" a

!tati!tica tec#ni2ue i! po!!i(e w#en t#e 2ue!tion! are an!wera(e in 6gure!

82uantit$9* in ot#er word! t#e 6r!t and t#e "oremo!t condition "or t#e an!wer to t#e

2ue!tion! in !tati!tica en2uir$ !#oud (e 2uantitative* "or in!tance


30/554

Pro6t o" 6rm! mea!ured in rupee!;

Income o" "amiie! mea!ured in rupee!;

eig#t o" !tudent! mea!ured in kg;

Age o" !tudent! mea!ured in $ear!;

Inteigence mea!ured in mark! o(tained ($ !tudent! in a particuar te!t%

)ut* t#ere are 2ue!tion! ike4How great wa! E @

Production o" Fini!#ed Stee in India 8in 5iion Ton!9

"c: $ear Production

@U-,.-@ @%,

@U,.@ /%

@UU,.U@ @3%-

+,,,.,@ 3,%3

+,,@.,+ 3@%@

+,,+.,3 3%-

+,,3., 3/%U

Source overnment o" India* Economic Surve$ +,,.,-%

e o(!erve t#at t#e production o" 6ni!#ed !tee in India* i! di&erent "rom one $ear

to ot#er% T#e$ are not !ame% T#e$ varie! "rom $ear to $ear% T#e$ are caed Varia(e!


31/554

in !tati!tic! w#ic# i! repre!ented a! '* or B varia(e!% T#e 6ni!#ed !tee production

in

ti i.%

+ *


V V tu " ($ 1.varia(e and t#e production o" 6ni!#ed

From t#e "oowmg te1t* we wi under!tand

@% #at i! t#e !ource o" dataJ

+% How do we coect dataJ

3% )$ w#ic# met#od o" !urve$ i! data coected

% !ource! o" data

)e"oT:n7 B :: 7::ta% T#i! i! t#e 6r!t !tage in !tati!tic!M

SO?RCES OF DATA

dar$

: overnmern department! RaiBr:c"

7 :: :reparmg:at =

cantr:ineJJ77 e1terna data w#iG

::ar$ and !econdar$ 7

Coection o" Primar$ and Secondar$ Data +-

)ut* $ou ma$ #ave t#e ot#er c#oice t#at o" vi!iting t#e "actor$ account!

department* and record t#e in"ormation "rom t#e !aar$ regi!ter or* ma$ gat#er t#i!

in"ormation "rom t#e pu(i!#ed report o" t#e "actor$ a(out t#e pa$ment o" wage!%

T#i! i! !econdar$ !ource "or an inve!tigator (ut* "or t#e "actor$ it i! a primar$!ource%

T#u!* primar$ data i! coected origina$ and !econdar$ data i! coected t#roug#

ot#er !ource!% Primar$ data i! 6r!t #and in"ormation "or a particuar !tati!tica

en2uir$ w#ie t#e !ame data i! !econd #and in"ormation "or an anot#er en2uir$% T#e

!ame data i! primar$ in one #and and !econdar$ in t#e ot#er* e%g%* an$ overnment

pu(ication i! 6r!t #and 8Primar$9 "or overnment and !econd #and 8Secondar$9 "or


32/554

a re!earc# worker% T#u!* !econdar$ data can (e o(tained eit#er "rom pu(i!#ed

!ource! or "rom an$ ot#er !ource* "or e1ampe* a we(!ite w#ic# !ave! time and

co!t%

PIH5AR DATA.\ P?)>ISHED

How Primar$ Data i! Coected

T#e mo!t popuar and common too i! 2ue!tionnaireinterview !c#edue to coect

t#e primar$ data% T#e 2ue!tionnaire i! managed ($ t#e enumerator; re!earc#er! or

trained* inve!tigator!% Sometime! t#e 2ue!tionnaire i! managed ($ t#e re!pondent!

a!o%

5I5Tim

Foowing are t#e (a!ic principe! o" dra"ting 2ue!tionnaire

8@9 Covering etter T#e per!on conducting t#e !urve$ mu!t introduce #im!e"and make t#e aim! and o(Gective! o" t#e en2uir$ cear to t#e in"ormant% A per!ona

etter can (e enco!ed indicating t#e purpo!e! and aim! o" en2uir$% T#e in"ormant

!#oud (e taken into con6dence% He !#oud (e a!!ured t#at #i! an!wer! wi (e kept

con6dentia and #e wi not (e !oicited a"ter #e 6! up t#e 2ue!tionnaire% A !e".

addre!!ed and !tamped enveope !#oud (e enco!ed "or t#e convenience o" t#e

in"ormant to return t#e 2ue!tionnaire%

8+9 Num(er o" 2ue!tion! T#e in"ormant !#oud (e made com"orta(e ($ a!king

minimum num(er o" 2ue!tion! (a!ed on t#e o(Gective! and !cope o" en2uir$% 5ore

t#e num(er o" 2ue!tion!* e!!er t#e po!!i(i?t$ o" re!pon!e% T#ere"ore* norma$

_

8I ■=

I.<

Ni

m.

%+/


%n!trc*%on! a(out unit! o" mea!utement !#o (: g%en 2ue!tionnaire*

inve!tigator% num(ered "or t#e convenience o" t#e in"ormant and t#e

777 !raet!r:! r4 T#e$


33/554

t#e m"ormant !#oud : a(rtr:ve Ae aB:" 7TT7 ■%77Gect%ve% For t#i! t#e (ank

!pace* e%g%* :$ !mg a tick.mark in

?c# o" t#e "oo


34/554

8a9 #ic# (rand o" tea do $ou takeJ

8(9 #$ do $ou pre"er itJ

8@/9 T %!!n7r (tk

8(9 Do $ou ove $our c#idrenJ

8c9 Do $ou (eat $our wi"eJ

t

iiet#od! o" coectiiig priiiiiar$ data

etc% en2 in a not

5er

%

%

e:wmg are t#e met#od! o" primar$ data coection w#ic# aL in common u!e

_ Coection o" Primar$ and Secondar$ Data

CO>>ECTION OF DA

o"

+U

r

AR

SECONDAR

►Direct Per!ona Interview ►Indirect Per!ona Interview ► Teep#one Interview

=:In"ormation "rom Corre!pondent! ►5aied `ue!tionnaire! ►`ue!tionnaire! Fied

($ Enumerator!

@

Pu(i!#ed Source!

.@

?npu(i!#ed )ourn!


35/554

overnment Pu(ication! ► Pu(ication! o" Interna )odie! ►Semi.o0cia

Pu(ication! Report o" Committee! and Commi!!ion!

4Y Private Pu(ication!

8a9


36/554

Stati!tic! "or Economic!.'

+% It i! co!t$ met#od and con!ume more time%

3% Per!ona (ia! can give wrong re!ut!

erwi!e

-% T#i! met#od i! engt#$ and compe1

i"Si"5Si

m.!mrnrn

5erit!

Qiai: o(tained "rom t#e t#ird part$* it i! more or e!! "ree "ro<

3 o" t#e inve!tigator and t#e in"orr:ant I

3% It !ave! a(our* time and mone$ i

H i>t


37/554

@% Teep#one interview! are c#eaper t#an per!ona interview!%

+% It can (e conducted in a !#orter period o" time%

3% T#e inve!tigator can a!!i!t t#e re!pondent ($ cari"$ing t#e 2ue!tion!%

% Sometime! re!pondent! are reuctant to an!wer !ome 2ue!tion! in per!onainterview!% Teep#one interview! are (etter in !uc# ca!e!%

>imitation!

@% In"ormation cannot (e o(tained "rom peope w#o do not #ave t#eir own

teep#one!%

+% Reaction! o" re!pondent! on certain i!!ue! cannot (e Gudged; (ut it

!ometime! (ecome! #ep"u in o(taining in"ormation "rom re!pondent!%

8IV9 In"ormation 6rom corre!pondent! In t#i! met#od* oca agent! or

corre!pondent! are appointed in di&erent part! o" t#e inve!tigation area% T#e!e

agent! reguar$ !upp$ t#e in"ormation to t#e centra o0ce or inve!tigator% T#e$

coect t#e in"ormation according to t#eir own Gudgement! and own met#od!% Radio

and new!paper agencie! genera$ o(tain in"ormation a(out !trike!* t#e"t!*

accident! etc% ($ t#i! met#od% It i! adopted ($ overnment department! to get

e!timate! o" agricutura crop! and t#e% w#oe!ae price inde1 num(er% It i! !uita(e

w#en t#e in"ormation i! to (e o(tained "rom a wide area and w#ere a #ig# degree o"

accurac$ i! not re2uired%

5erit!

@% T#i! met#od i! comparative$ c#eap%

+% It give! re!ut! ea!i$ and prompt$%

3% It can cover a wide area under inve!tigation%

>imitation!

@% In t#i! met#od origina data i! not o(tained%

+% It give! appro1imate and roug# re!ut!%

3+

Stati!tic! "or Economic!.'I " C

r

6G


38/554

3% A! t#e corre!pondent u!e! #i! own Gudgement* #i! per!ona (:a! ma$ a&ect t#e

accurac$ o" t#e in"ormation !ent% :

nn:7:7TT corre!pondent! and agent! ma$ mcrea!e error!%

t#e mo ::: :::: kept con:7entkt 7

5erit!

:: :#i! met#od in ca!e! w#ere

in"ormant! are !pread over a wide geograp#ica area%

o:p:e>ri @ W :: :: . .. imitation!

"ai"tJ ::: ::: in"ormant!% T#e$ ma$

2ue!:r mi!interpret or ma$ not under!tand7!ome

3% T#ere ma$ (e dea$! in getting repie! to t#e 2ue!tionnaire!

% m! met#od can (e u!ed on$ w#en t#e in"ormant! are educated or #terate !o

t#at : t#e$ return t#e 2ue!tionnaire! du$ read* under!tood and an!wered @

7 po!!i(iit$ o" getting wrong re!ut! due to partia re!pon!e!* and t#o!e

IrmrnTre:uir :: :: : :: ::: ::e !pcm

/% T#ere ma$ (e o!! o" 2ue!tionnaire! in mai% T#i! met#od i! !uita(e "or t#e

"oowing !ituation! =

cTmpe" >rSJ 77 2ue!tionnaire* overnment agencie!

compe (ank and companie! etc%* to !upp$ in"ormation reguarv to t#e overnment

in a pre!cri(ed "orm% : : reguar$ to t#e

8(9 T#i! met#od can (e !ucce!!"u w#en t#e in"ormant! are educated%

in"8 T#e (e G org; and t#e #ig#

5er

>imit

@

3%


39/554

%

-%

7Qi

33

Coection o" Primar$ and Secondar$ Data

Foowing are !ome !ugge!tion! "or making t#i! met#od more e&ective and

!ucce!!"u%

8a9 `ue!tion! !#oud (e !impe and ea!$ !o t#at t#e in"ormant! ma$ not 6nd it a

m (urden to an!wer t#em% . u i

8(9 In"ormant! !#oud not (e re2uired to !pend "or po!ting t#e 2ue!tionnaire!

(ack

t#ere"ore* prepaid po!tage !tamp !#oud (e a01ed% ic9 T#i! met#od !#oud (e u!ed

in a arge !ampe or wide univer!e%

8d9 T#i! met#od i! pre"erred in !uc# en2uirie! w#ere it i! compu!or$ ($ aw to ti

t#e !c#edue% T#u!* t#ere i! itte ri!k o" non.re!pon!e%

8e9 T#e anguage o" t#e !c#edue !#oud (e poite and !#oud not #urt t#e

!entiment!

o" t#e in"ormant!%

8VI9 Oue!tionnaire 6ed ($ enumerator! 5aied 2ue!tionnaire met#od po!e! a

tan(er oi di0cutie! in coection o" data% enera$* t#e!e 6ed 2ue!tionnaire!

received to incompete* inade2uate and unrepre!entative%

S T#e !econd aternative approac# i! to !end trained inve!tigator!:or

enumeratoi:m 5*rmant! wit# !tandardi!ed 2ue!tionnaire! w%ic# are to (e 6?ed:Gn

:e im:e!tigator #ep! t#e in"ormant! in recording t#eir an!wer!% T#e inve!t:a:r!

!#oidd i #one!t tact"u and pain!taking% T#i! i! t#e mo!t common met#od u!ed ($

re!earc# iSon!% T#e$ train inve!tigator! proper$ !peci6ca$ "or t#e purpo!e o" an

en2u: :d a!o tram t#em in deaing wit# di&erent per!on! tact"u $* to get Properan!wer! to Ac 2ue!tion! put to t#em% T#e !tati!tica in"ormation coected under t#i!

met#od i!

#ig#$ reia(e%

5erit!


40/554

@% It can cover a wide area%

+ T#e re!ut! are not a&ected ($ per!ona (ia!% * . * % u

37 True and reia(e an!wer to di0cut 2ue!tion! can (e o(tained t#roug#

■ e!ta(i!#ment o" per!ona contact (etween t#e enumerator and t#e in"ormant% %A! t#e in"ormation i! coected ($ trained and e1perienced enumerator!* it i!

rea!ona($ accurate and re?a(e% *

- T#i! met#od can (e adopted in t#o!e ca!e! a!o w#ere t#e in"ormant! are

iiterate%

/7% Per!ona pre!ence o" inve!tigator a!!ured compete re!pon!e and re!pondent!

can

(e per!uaded to give t#e an!wer! to t#e 2ue!tionnaire%

>imitation! : n ■ :

@% It i! an e1pen!ive met#od a! compared to ot#er met#od! o" primar$

coection o"

data* a! t#e enumerator! are re2uired to (e paid%

+% T#i! met#od i! time con!uming !ince t#e enumerator i! re2uired to vi!it

peope

!pread out over a wide area% 3 T#i! met#od need! t#e !upervi!ion o" inve!tigator!

and enumerator!% Enumerator! need to (e trained% it#out good interview and

proper traming* mo!t

■ o" t#e coected in"ormation i! vague and ma$ ead to wrong concu!ion!% -% It

need! a good (atter$ o" inve!tigator! to cover t#e wide area o" univer!e and

t#ere"ore it can (e u!ed ($ (igger organi!ation!%

I*

I"%

P

3

Qot Suiwe$ or Pre.TeL = p :"::!tic! "or Economic!.'i

a Pre.te!t or a guidi#g !urv; : .:uc%

mam !urve$% T#i! i! done to tr$ out t#e auetr (e"ore !tarting t#*


41/554

t#e genera m"ormation a(out > po:


42/554

($ taking on$ -, gir! out o" -,, and o(tain t#e average o" t#i! part o" t#e tota

popuation% T#e average o" -, gir! rea!ona($ (e repre!entative o" average weig#t

o" -,, gir!% In t#i! ca!e weig#t o" -, gir! i! t#e !ampe%

Cen!u! Surve$!

T#e o(Gective o" a cen!u! met#od or compete enumeration i! to coect in"ormation

"or eac# and ever$ unit o" t#e popuationuniver!e% In t#i! met#od ever$ eement o"

popuation i! incuded in t#e inve!tigation% T#u!* w#en we make a compete

enumeration o" a item! in popuation* it i! known a! 7Cen!u! 5et#od or 75et#od o"

Compete Enumeration7% In a(ove e1ampe* coecting weig#t! o" a t#e -,, gir! in

Senior Secondar$ Sc#oo i! cen!u! met#od o" coection w#ere no !tudent i! e"t

over* a! eac# !tudent i! a unit%

Foowing are "ew e1ampe! o" cen!u!

@% T#e popuation cen!u! i! carried put once in ever$ ten $ear! in India% 5o!t

recent$ popuation cen!u! in India wa! carried out in Fe(ruar$* +,,@ ($ #ou!e to

#ou!e en2uir$ to cover a #ou!e#od! in India%

+% Demograp#ic data o(tained ($ cen!u! met#od on deat# rate! and (irt# rate!*

iterac$* work "orce* i"e e1pectanc$ and compo!ition o" popuation etc% are

pu(i!#ed ($ Regi!trar enera o" India%

3% T#e data reating to e!timation o" t#e tota area under principa crop! in India

are o(tained ($ u!ing viage record! maintained reguar$ ($ Patwari%

>et u! review t#e "oowing cen!u! data in t#e "oowing Ta(e no% + regarding

reative growt# o" ?r(an and Rura Popuation in India o(tained "rom Report! andEconomic Surve$ +,,+.+,,3%

TA)>E+

Reative rowt# o" ?r(an and Rura Popuation in India

r.%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ear i " r ?r#aiP Popuiatinn [tn itorpi9 Rura Poptt?uioti 8m

rmrei9 Tota Ptipudtion 8m >rine9 A! Perceraage o" Tota Popukttidn

?r(an popu#tion Rumi Pvpu?ition

@U,@ +%- +@%+- +3%3 @,%U U%@

@U@@ +%-U ++%/+ +-%+@ @,%3 U%

@U+@ +%, ++%3+ +-%@+ @@%+ %

@U3@ 3%3- +%- +%U @+%@ %U

@U@ %@ +% 3@%- @3% /%+


43/554

@U-@ /%+ +U% 3/%@@ @%3 +%

@U/@ %U 3/%,+ 3%U@ @%, +%,

@U@ @,%U 3%U3 -%+ @U%U ,%@

@U@ @/%++ -+%@@ /%33 +3% /%3

@UU@ +@%/ /+% %/3 +-% 3 %

+,,@ +%-, %+ @,+% +% +%+.

Source Cen!u! Report! and Economic Surve$ +,,+.+,,3%

i"%

i t i

I

I 8@

3/


7rr :: O" India7! popuation% In +,,@

+ crore per!on!* out o" a(out @,+% crore tota popuation ived in around - -

ak#!7

i i"o:Vt + r . .. or uian area!

ur(an a;ea% T# T 7 Popuation o" around + crore! ived in

ur(an area! T#e ur(an popuation "ormed a(out @@ per cent and rura popuation U

per

r:om I ur(an popuation #ad gone up to around + per cen

n +,,@ w#ie !ti over + per cent peope ived m rura area!% T#e a(ove ta(e !#ow

t#e reative growt# o" rura and ur(an popuation m India !ince @U,@%

T#e net addition to rura popuation (etween @UU@.+,,@ wa! @@33 crore w#ie ur(an

popuation increa!ed ($ /% crore per!on!% T#e decada growt# at "rru:d

in@#e rr T .. : mcrea!e o" + @ per cent

in t#e growt# rate o" ur(an popuation m t#e decade ending +,,@ over t#e

decade:nding


44/554

SA5P>E S?RVES

e ma$ !tud$ a !ampe drawn "rom t#e arge popuation and i" t#at !ampe i!

ade2uate repre!entative o" t#e popuation* we !#oud (e a(e to arrive at va

corcSn

5et#od o" coecting o" data% In a(ove e1ampe* coecting t#e weig#t! o" -, gir! out

o"

-,, gir! m Semor Secondar$ Sc#oo i! !ampe met#od o" coectio In t#i! met#od

ew !tudent! a! !ampe con!idered "or our !tud$% metnod tew

Foowing are a "ew common e1ampe! o" !ampin. =

[a9 e ook at a #and"u o" gram to evauate t#e 2uait$ o" w#eat* rice or pu!e!* etc

A ::: 7::: :P: :@.tric (u(! out o" eac# ot

Zc9 A drop o" (ood i! te!ted "or di!ea!e! ike maaria or t$p#oid etc

: : "udtrn"o":7tC ::: P.:.ion "or 6na

8%9 T#:::eevi!ion network provide! eection coverage ($ e1it po! and prediction

i!

nnnT77 T V:::7::ica termmoog$ popuation or univer!e doe! not mean t#e

tota num(e o" peope m an area; it mean! t#e tota num(er o" o(!ervation! or tern!

"n

ratt. .. : 4 4 ::ected "rom: a W

met#od! o" !amping

:::)road$ !peaking* variou! met#od! o" !amping can (e grouped under mam 8a9

Random Samping* and 8(9 Non.Random Samping%

Coection o" Primar$ and Secondar$ Data

3

>et u! di!cu!! now t#e variou! !amp#ng met#od! w#ic# are popuar$ u!ed in

practice%

5iTHODS OF SA5P>IN

i

Random Samping 8a9

.@


45/554

Non.Random Samping

i(9

Simpe or ?nre!tricted Random Samping Re!tricted Random Samping 8"9 Strati6ed

Samping 89 S$!tematic Samping

or `ua!i Random Samping 8""9 Cu!ter Samping or 5uti.!tage Samping

8a9 8to9 8c9

otter$ 5et#od A random !ampe can genera$ (e !eected ($ t#i! !impe and

popuar met#od% A t#e item! o" t#e univer!e are num(ered and t#e!e num(er! are

written on identica piece! o" paper 8!ip9% T#e$ are mi1ed in a (ow and t#en t#ere

!tart! t#e !eection ($ draw one ($ one ($ !#aking t#e (ow (e"ore ever$ draw T#e

num(er! are picked out (ind "oded% A !ip! mu!t (e identica in !ie* !#ape and

coour to avoid t#e


46/554


47/554

T#

#oi

ave !tr! ;!an Zpeo

U/U -U@@

@-- @3U/

+3, 3

-U@3 /U@

//, @+/

coege% e wi 6r!t nu' aV5Oo Tui " 77t77 :

!tudent!* now we wi con! < a pag:o" J"p i7 ::: 777ing t#e

@- !ucce!!ive num(er eit#er #or>>#$ or ::a: ::

5erit!

7 w a univer!e% T#ere are e!!

!eected% : (a! e2ua c#ance o" (eing

Reguarit$ (egin to operate ::: :aw o" Stati!tica

8

Z5eri @%

+%

3%

%

-%

/%


3% T#i! met#od i! economica a! it !ave! time* mone$ and a(our in

inve!tigating a popuation%

% T#e t#eor$ o" pro(a(iit$ i! appica(e* i" t#e !ampe i! random%

-% Samping error can (e mea!ured%


48/554

Demerit!

@% T#i! re2uire! compete i!t o" popuation (ut up.to.date i!t! are not avaia(e

in man$ en2uirie!%

+% I" t#e !ie o" t#e !ampe i! !ma* t#en it wi not (e a repre!entative o" a

popuation%

3% #en t#e di!tri(ution (etween item! i! ver$ arge* t#i! met#od cannot (e

u!ed%

% T#e num(ering o" unit! and t#e preparation o" t#e !ip! i! 2uite time

con!uming and not economica particuar$ i" t#e popuation i! arge%

t

Re!tricted Random Samping

T#e$ are a! "oow!

8t9 Strati6ed random !amping In t#i! met#od t#e univer!e i! divided into !trata or

#omogeneou! group! and an e2ua !ampe i! drawn "rom eac# !tratum or a$er at

random% T#i! met#od i! t#ere"ore u!e"u w#en t#e popuation o" t#e univer!e i! not

"u$ #omogeneou!% For e1ampe* !uppo!e we want to know #ow muc# pocket

mone$ an average univer!it$ !tudent get! ever$ mont# wi (e taken e2ua !ampe

"rom variou! !trata* name$ )%A% !tudent!* 5%A% !tudent! and P#%D% !tudent! etc%

Strati6ed random !amping i! wide$ u!ed in market re!earc# and opinion po!* it i!

"air$ ea!$ to ca!!i"$ peope into occupationa* economic* !ocia* reigiou! and ot#er

!trata% T#ere are di&erent t$pe! o" !trati6ed !amping

[a9 Proportiona !trati6ed !amping i! one in w#ic# t#e item! are taken "rom eac#

!tratum in t#e proportion o" t#e unit! o" t#e !tratum to t#e tota popuation%

8(9 Di!proportionate !trati6ed !amping i! one in w#ic# unit! in e2ua num(er!

are taken "rom eac# !tratum irre!pective o" it! !ie%

8c9 Strati6ed weig#ted !amping i! one w#ere unit! are taken in e2ua num(er

"rom eac# !tratum* (ut weig#t! are given to di&erent !trata on\ t#e (a!i! o" t#eir

!ie%

5erit!

@% T#e !ampe taken under t#i! met#od i! more repre!entative o" t#e univer!e

a! it #a! (een taken "rom di&erent group! o" univer!e%

+% It en!ure! greater accurac$ a! eac# group 8!tratum9 i! !o "ormed t#at it

con!i!t! o" uni"orm or #omogeneou! item!%

3% It i! ea!$ to admini!ter a! univer!e i! !u(.divided%


49/554

% reater geograp#ica concentration reduce! t#e time and e1pen!e!%

-% For non.#omogeneou! popuation* it i! more reia(e%

/% #en origina popuation i! not norma 8!kewed9* t#i! met#od i! appropriate%


V_>

N

m%

,

Demerit!

@% Strati6ed !ampHng i! not po!!i(e une!! !ome m"ormation concerning tipopuation and it! !trata i! avaia(e% concerning u

+% I" proper !trati6cation i! not done t#e !ampe wi #ave an e&ect o" (ia!% I"

di&er* !trata o" popuation overap !uc# a !ampe wi not (e a repre!entative one

8L9 S$!tematic !amping or 2ua!i.random !amping S$!tematic !amping i! a !imo

($ preparing t#i! i!t m !ome random order* "or e1ampe* ap#a(etica order

S5nr ? t#e i!t* L !tand! "or an$ num

Suppo!e we #ave a univer!e o" @,*,,, item! and we want a !ampe o" @,,,* t#en:::

L . @, T#e met#od o" !eecting t#e 6r!t item "rom t#e i!t i! to decide at random

"::t

J#en t# r 7Tu7 Suppo!e we pTck up B B t

T#en t#e ot#er item! wi (e @-t#* +-t#* 3-t#* and !o on unS we #ave got oVr "uH

!a

"uv rw77 T I u t#at t#e i!t o" t#e univer!M

"u$ random and t#at t#ere are no in#erent periodicitie! in t#e i!t%

5erit!

@% It :$$!tematic* ver$ !impe* convenient and c#ecking can a!o (e done

2uick

+% In t#i! met#od time and work i! reduced muc#%


50/554

3% T#e re!ut! are a!o "ound to (e genera$ !ati!"actor$%

Demerit!

random wi not (e a determming "actor in t#e !eection o" a !ampe%

+% It IS "ea!i(e on$ i" t#e unit! are !$!tematica$ managed

3% I" t#e univer!e i! arranged in wrong manner* t#e re!ut! wi (e mi!eading

to div> and !u( ::

to divide and !u(.divide a univer!e according to it! c#aracteri!tic!% T#u! i" a !urvev

ki (e conducted in a countr$ it wi 6r!t (e divided into one! or !tate! region

t::::: maier unit! citie! town! and viage! and t#en into ocaitie! and #>!eTo;

At


51/554

T#i! i! a!o caed purpo!ive or dei(erate !amping% In t#i! met#od individua item!

o" !amping are !eected ($ t#e inve!tigator con!ciou!$ u!ing #i! Gudgement%

T#ere"ore* it re2uire! t#at t#e inve!tigator !#oud #ave a good knowedge o" t#e

univer!e and !ome e1perience in t#e 6ed o" inve!tigation% O(viou!$* t#e c#oice o"

!ampe! wi var$ "rom one inve!tigator to anot#er% For e1ampe* "rom a univer!e o"

@,*,,, adie! w#o u!e a particuar (rand o" #aird$e* t#e inve!tigator wi !eect a!ampe o" !a$* @*,,,% Hi! c#oice o" t#i! !ampe wi (e !uc# t#at it i! irre!pective o"

t#e univer!e% For t#i! an e1erci!e oi Gudgement i! re2uired%

In order "or t#e Gudgement !amping to (e reia(e* it !#oud (e "ree "rom individua

ie! or preGudice% Since t#e c#oice o" !ampe i! not (a!ed on pro(a(iit$ it doe! not

guarantee accurac$ and it make! detecting o" !amping error! di0cut% However*

t#i! met#od! i! u!e"u in !oving a num(er o" kind! o" pro(em! in univer!e and

economic!%

T#e purpo!ive or Gudgement !amping i! !uita(e in t#e "oowing condition!

8a9 T#e num(er o" item! in t#e univer!e i! !ma to w#ic# !ome item! o"

important c#aracteri!tic! are ike$ to (e e"t out%

8(9 #en !ma !ied !ampe i! to (e drawn%

8c9 #en !ome known c#aracteri!tic! o" t#e univer!e are to (e inten!ive$

!tudied%

8d9 It i! a!o appropriate "or piot !urve$%

`uota Samping

It i! a met#od o" !amping t#at !ave! time and co!t and i! common$ u!ed m

!urve$! o" poitica* reigiou! and !ocia opinion%. Interviewer! are aotted de6nite

2uota! o" t#e univer!e and t#e$ are re2uired to interview a certain num(er "rom

t#eir 2uota% `uota! are decided on t#e (a!i! o" t#e proportion o" per!on! in variou!

categorie!% In ot#er word!* t#e inve!tigator i! given in!truction! a(out #ow man$

interview! !#oud (e taken !a$ in a given ocaitv and w#at proportion !#oud (e

"rom !a$ upper* midde and ower mcome group!* a! ($ !ome ot#er ca!!i6cation

w#ic# i! predetermined% For e1ampe* "or a !tud$ o" truanc$ 8running awa$9 "rom

!c#oo in De#i t#e inve!tigator! are aotted 2uota! o" !a$ @, !c#oo! eac# out o"

w#ic# two !#oud (e pu(ic !c#oo! 8)o$!9* one pu(ic !c#oo 8ir!9* t#ree )o$!7

Senior Secondar$ Sc#oo!* two ir!7 Senior Secondar$ Sc#oo!* two Co.educationSc#oo! and "rom eac# !c#oo #e i! a!ked to interview -, !tudent!* taking @,

!tudent! eac# "rom Ca!!e! VIII* I'* '* 'I and 'II% T#e interviewer can !eect an$ @,

!tudent! according to #i! own Gudgement%

It i! a kind o" Gudgement !amp#ng and provide! !ati!"actor$ re!ut! on$ w#en

interviewer! are care"u$ trained and per!ona preGudice i! kept out o" t#e.proce!!

o" !eection% 7 7


52/554

#i

Mi

+ *

Convenience Samping Stati!tic! "or Economic!.'I;

P,%@; "7:int"ri. :e!!r W .ce :

e1ampe* "or t#e !tud$ o" truanrvTr ::e (a!i! o" convenience F%

a !c#oo or !c#oo! in I neiS: ::::: ::e inve!dgat]!eec

!c#oo!% T#i! met#od i! u!ed w>n:e %V :: :: convenient "or #> to g:trt#e not

cear or compete !ource #!t i! t:a:( T ::e !ampe unit i

ea!i$ avaia(e i!t!* !uc# a! teeD#>T ma$ (e o(tained

re!ut! o(tained ($7 t#i! m:aTnt::::::

un!ati!"actor$% ::: :ru$ repre!entative! o" t#e univer!e and are

::HIAESOF

8I

= o" dae% (ee% dL "cTar:;.**\: :d7

!amping met#od% 77 P:::7:e due to t#e !cienti6c nature o"

appropriate Le*d % neceiar$:Sr"ctrJ::::::::

e ot T#i

t#e ar"

Stati!tic

T#e mean! a


53/554


54/554

t#e period* :o take anot#er e1ampe* i" a% coin i! to!!ed / time! we ma$ get #eaG:!

":r :

I opation o" t#i! aw% T#at i!* w#en one part o" arge group i! c#anging m one

direction

t#e ot#er move! in t#e oppo!ite direction%

T#u!* reia(iit$ o" !amping depend! main$ on randomne!! o" !eection o" data and

t#e arge !ie o" univer!e* e1pre!!ed ($ t#e a(ove two aw!%

Stati!tica Error!

T#ere i! a great di&erence in t#e meaning o" mi!take and error in !tati!tic!% 5i!take

imean! a wron"cacuation or u!e o" inappropriate met#od in t#e coection or

ana$!i!

Stati!tic! "or Economic!.'%

ot#er word!* t#e di&erence (etween t#e appro1imated 8e!timated vaue9 and t#e

actua vaue 8true vaue9 i! caed !tati!tica error m a tec#nica !en!e% For e1am we

make a7 e!timation t#at in a particuar meeting* @*,,, per!on! are t#ere% )ut we

cnt per!on! It ma$ (e wrong$ counted* a! @*,3,% T#ere i! a di&erence o" 3,

(etween t#e e!timate vaue and counted va ue% T#i! di&erence i! caed 7%%%or7 in

!tati!tic!% )ut w:en weTak\

aTS77:r VrT#e$ ar knowi a! mi!take % For e1ampe* t#ere i! a meeting* we !ent a

per!on to count t#e audience

Source! o" Error!

Foowing error! are ike$ to occur in coection o" data

ur7:M origin ari!e on accoum o" inappropriate de6nition! o" !tati!tica

unit !cae* or de"ective 2ue!tionnaire etc% For e1ampe* wrong !cae to mea!un

me> .7I #eig#t to neare!t o" inc# or appro1imatrT#

di&erence! ma$ a!o occur due to di&erence! in mea!uring tape! due tc

manu"acturing de"ect% In P#$!ic! or C#emi!tr$ !uc# error! o" m>!urementrwI occur

w#ie taking reading! on variou! in!trument!%

nBB incompete data* made2uat%


55/554

cr!donna !ampe* non.re!pon!e o" re!pondent* incompete an!wer! i

2ue!tionnaire* mi!interpretation o" 2ue!tion! in 2ue!tionnaire* caree!! oi

un2uai6ed inve!tigator!* etc% 7.dicie!( oi

dr:o I7" ": .#metic cacuatio

due to cerica error!* arit#metic !ip! etc% ($ omitting !ome 6gure con!ideri

wrong vaue* making wrong tota! etc% ($ re!pondent > inve!tigator

t#rGta:7777:777:7777 7 !tati!tician! "or mi!interpretM

T$pe! o" Error!

8a9 A(!oute and reative error! A(!oute error i! t#e di&erence (etween t#e actua

true vaue and e!timated appro1imate vaue w#ie reative error i! t#e raTo o a(!oS

error to t#e appro1imated vaue%a(!out

A(!oute error Actua vaue . E!timated vaue S$m(oica$*

?e ?7 .?

wr

t#e enu mei w#8 "au

Reative error Actua vaue . E!timated vaue S$m(oica$*

E!timated vaue

e

?7.? ?

Sec "urt#ei o(tain areadG are inv (9 un"


Here* ?e A(!oute error

e Reative error ?7 Actua vaue ? Appro1imate vaue niu!tration% Sae! o"

commodit$ appro1imated R! U and actua !ae R! -,,% A(!oute error 8?e9 -,,

. U 3

-,,.U 3

and Reative error 8e9 .

%,,/


56/554

-,, -,,

Reative error 8e9 can a!o (e repre!ented in percentage

' @,, ,%/h%

-,,

Reative error i! genera$ u!ed in !tati!tica cacuation! (ecau!e a(!oute error

give! wrong or mi!eading cacuation!%

8#9 )ia!ed and un(ia!ed error! )ia!ed error! ari!e due to !ome preGudice or (ia! in

t#e mind o" inve!tigator or t#e in"ormant or an$ mea!urement in!trument% Suppo!e

t#e Hiumerator u!ed t#e dei(erate !amping met#od in pace o" !impe random

!amping met#od; t#en it i! caed (ia!ed error% T#e!e error! are cumuative in %ir re

and increa!e w#en t#e !ampe !ie a!o increa!e!% )ia!ed error! ari!e due to "aui:

G:ioce!! o" !eection* "aut$ work during t#e coection o" in"ormation and "aut$

met#od o" ana$!i!%

?n(ia!ed error! are not t#e re!ut o" an$ preGudice or (ia!% T#e$ are t#o!e w#ic#

ari!e acccident$ Gu!t on account o" c#ance in t#e norma cour!e o" inve!tigation%

?n(ia!ed error! are genera$ compen!ating%

8c9 Samping and non.!amping error! T#e error! ari!ing on account o" drawing

in"erence! a(out t#e popuation on t#e (a!i! o" "ew o(!ervation! 8!amping9 are

caed !amping error!% T#e error! main$ ari!ing at t#e !tage! o" a!certainment and

proce!!ing 7o" data* are caed non.!amping error!% T#e$ are common (ot# in

cen!u! enumeration and !ampe !urve$!%

To avoid t#e!e error!* t#e !tati!tician mu!t take proper precaution and care in u!ing

it6e correct mea!uring in!trument% He mu!t !ee t#at t#e enumerator! are a!o not

(ia!ed% ?n(ia!ed error! can (e removed wit# proper panning o" !tati!tica

inve!tigation!%

Stati!tician! !#oud #ave none o" t#e!e error!%

i

#ow !econdar$ data i! coected

Secondar$ data are t#o!e w#ic# are coected ($ !ome ot#er agenc$ and are u!ed"or i:#er !tudie!% It i! not nece!!ar$ to conduct !pecia !urve$! and inve!tigation!%

e can o(tain t#e re2uired !tati!tica in"ormation "rom ot#er in!titution!* or report!

w#ic# are :ead$ pu(i!#ed ($ t#em a! a part o" t#eir routine work% It !ave! co!t and

time w#ic# 7are invoved in coection o" primar$ data% Secondar$ data ma$ (e eit#er

8a9 pu(i!#ed or 8"c9 unpu(i!#ed%

/


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Owner! A!!ociation* Stock E1c#ange!* )ank and Cooperat# Societie!* Trade ?nion!*

etc% pu(#!# !tati!tica data%

8d9 Annua report! o" Goint !tock companie! are a!o u!e"u "or o(taining !tati!tic

in"ormation% T#e!e are pu(Q!#ed ($ companie! ever$ $ear%

::: :md:77 a!o* provide vaua(e data "or re!eat


?npu(i!#ed Data

Re!earc# in!titution!* trade a!!ociation!* univer!itie!* a(our (ureau!* re!earc#

worker! and !c#oar! do coect data (ut t#e$ norma$ do not pu(H!# it% Apart "rom

t#e a(ove !ource! we can get t#e in"ormation "rom record! and 6e! o" government

and private o0ce!% .

>imitation! o" Secondar$ Data

One !#oud u!e t#e !econdar$ data wit# care and "u precaution and !#oud not

accept t#em at t#eir "ace vaue a! t#e$ ma$ (e !u&ering "rom t#e "oowing

imitation!

@% T#e$ ma$ not #ave (een coected ($ proper procedure%

+% T#e$ ma$ not (e !uita(e "or a re2uired purpo!e% T#e in"ormation w#ic# wa!

coected on a particuar (a!e ma$ not (e !uita(e and reevant to an en2uir$%

3% T#e$ ma$ #ave (een inKuenced ($ t#e (ia!ed inve!tigation or per!ona

preGudice!%

% T#e$ ma$ (e out o" date and not !uita(e to t#e pre!ent period%

-% T#e$ ma$ not !ati!"$ a rea!ona(e !tandard o" accurac$%

/% T#e$ ma$ not cover t#e "u period o" inve!tigation%

Precaution! in t#e ?!e o" Secondar$ Data

T#e inve!tigator !#oud con!ider t#e "oowing point! (e"ore u!ing t# G !econdar$

data 8a9 Are t#e data reia(eJ

[(9 Are t#e data !uita(e "or t#e purpo!e o" inve!tigationJ

8c9 Are t#e data ade2uateJ

8d9 Are t#e data coected ($ proper met#odJ

8e9 From w#ic# !ource were t#e data coectedJ i"9 #o #a! coected t#e dataJ


59/554

8g9 Are t#e data (ia!edJ

% T#u!* t#e !econdar$ data !#oud not (e u!ed at it! "ace vaue% It i! ri!k$ to u!e

!uc# !tati!tic! coected ($ ot#er! une!! t#e$ #ave (een proper$ !crutini!ed and

"ound reia(e* !uita(e and ade2uate% ■ ■

iG:o"rant !ource! o" !econdar$ daiY o" india and nationa !urve$ organi!ation!9

T#ere are variou! !ource! and organi!ation! t#roug# w#ic# !tati!tica data are (eing

compied in India% Since India ac#ieved Iiidependence* great and rapid !tride! #ave

(een made in t#e 6ed o" coection o" data% In t#e conte1t o" economic panning*

importance o" !tati!tic! 8data9 in t#e countr$ #a! (ecome great% Stati!tic! are

nece!!ar$ "or "raming and Gudging t#e progre!! o" economic panning% T#e !tud$ o"

Indian !tati!tic! i! made under "oowing #ead!

I% Stati!tica Organi!ation o" India 8CSO9

II% Indian Stati!tica 5ateria%


T#i! can (e !tudied Y6nder "oowing !ection!

8A9 Agricuture.Stati!tic! 8)9 Nationa Income and Socia Accounting

8C9 Popuation Stati!tic! 8D9 Nationa Sampe Surve$

8E9 Price Stati!tic! 8F9 Indu!tria Stati!tic!

89 Trade Stati!tic! 8H9 Financia Stati!tic!

8I9 >a(our Stati!tic!

T#ere are !ome agencie! (ot# at t#e nationa and !tate eve* w#ic# coect* proce!!

%:nd ta(uate !tati!ticar data% Some important maGor agencie! at t#e nationa eve

are :en!u! o" :dia* Narionai Sampe Surve$ Organi!ation 8NSSO9* >a(our )ureau*

Centra Stati!tica Organi!ation 8CSO9* Regi!trar enera o" India 8RI9* Director

enera o" Commercia Inteigence and Stati!tic! 8DCIS9* etc%

cen!u! o" india

uni2ue e1perience o" undertaking t#e (igge!t cen!u! in t#e word in @U@ and #a!

a!o an un(roken record o" more t#an #undred $ear! o" decada cen!u!e! I#e Indian

cen!u! i! univer!a$ acknowedged a! mo!t aut#entic and compre#en!ive !ource o"

in"ormation a(out our and and peope% In @/U Hunter wa! appointed Director

enera o" Stati!tica Surve$!% He not on$ ea(orated t#e !tati!tica !$!tem (ut a!o

a!!i!ted t#e !tati!tica !urve$! o" di!trict! and province!% T#at ater "oowed into


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"amou! aetteer!% He advi!ed m conducting o" cen!u! o" India w#ic# undertook

e1panator$ !urve$! "rom @/U to @+ and t#erea"ter matured into a decennia

cen!u! w#ic# ever !ince contmued wit#out interruption% A"ter @+ t#e ne1t cen!u!

wa! taken in @@ and :nce t#en it #a! :(ecome a reguar "eature o" #oding

cen!u! ever$ ten $ear! uninterruptedR T#e Cen!u! o" India provide! t#e mo!t

compete and continuou! demograp#ic record o"

T Independecne wa! #ed in @U-@ and ate!t one competed

m %,,@% T#e !tud$ o" popuation i! important "or !evera rea!on! in overa !tud$ o"

economic deveopment% In"ormation o" demograp#ic c#aracteri!tic! i

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