13 progressive era
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Transcript of 13 progressive era
Progressive EraIt is time to fix the problems of
the “Gilded Age”
a.k.a. Progressivism
1890-1920
Populists vs Progressives
Populists---rural Progressives---cities
Populists were poor and uneducatedProgressives were middle-class and
educated.
Populists were too radicalProgressives stayed political
mainstream.
Populists failedProgressives succeeded
Pendleton Act
Patronage (spoils system) – gov’t jobs given to supporters of winning party in an election
Act was civil service reform President fills federal jobs according to
Civil Service Committee rules Civil Service Examinations
Examination given for federal jobs Only qualified candidates placed on list Selection for job comes from list
Wabash v. Illinois
Railroads charged lower shipping rates for large corporations
Illinois laws began to regulate railroad rates Regulating trade between states
Wabash Railroad sued State of Illinois Supreme Court ruled Illinois could not restrict
rates on traffic between states Only federal gov’t can regulate interstate
commerce
Interstate Commerce Commission established Legislation limited rates to ‘reasonable and
fair’
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
was a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution.
Plain terms: means the Federal government can REGULATE trade between the states
Legalized Segregation
Progressive’s didn’t believe it was right for Civil laws cannot dictate how society treats people
Southern practices Jim Crow laws – segregation, voting restrictions Loopholes in 15th Amendment prohibited voting
Poll tax Literacy test Grandfather Clause
Progressives passed the Civil Rights Act of 1875 Prohibited keeping people out of public places based
on race BUT… Supreme Court overturned act in 1883—
opening door for legalized segregation yet again.
Improving Conditions for African Americans
Lynching – Ida Wells – The Red Record.
WHAT IS A LYNCHING?
Marion, Indiana --
South’s Backlash1
0 to 2020 to 6060 to 100100 to 200200 or more
Lynchings of Whites/Blacks
Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 Homer Plessy—1/8 African
American Intentionally sat in wrong
section of train Arrested, fined, appealed to
Supreme Court Supreme Court upheld the
Louisiana law requiring segregation
Significance of ruling: Endorsed “separate but equal”
facilities Established legal basis for
discrimination in South for over 50 years
US would be segregated until the 1960’s.
Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896
Social equality vs. legal equalityWhich way will the scale tip?Which way will the scale tip?
The Two Opposing Ideas on HOW TO OVERCOME
SEGREGATION
BOOKER T. WASHINGTON VS.
W.E. B. Du BOIS
Invited to White House to dine with Teddy Roosevelt
Booker T. WashingtonHow do Black Americans overcome
segregation?Southern Perspective• Former slave
• Wrote a book/ Up From Slavery• Founder of Tuskegee Institute
• Don’t confront segregation head on• Before you are considered equal in
society--must be self sufficient like most Americans
• Stressed vocational education for Black Americans
•Gradualism and economic self-sufficiency
Harvard-educated professor who focused on the need for a traditional liberal arts education for African-Americans who could then insist upon equal treatment and rights from white
society.
W.E.B. DuboisHow do Black Americans overcome
segregation?Northern Perspective
1st African American to earn a P.H.D from Harvard
• Founder of NAACP* National Association for the Advancement of Colored People• Fought for immediate Black equality in society
• Talented 10%: Demanded the top 10% of the talented Black population be placed into
the “power positions”• Gain equality by breaking into power
structure
Political Reforms of Progressives
Direct primaries – voting public chooses candidates to run in general election
Initiative – citizens can introduce laws and legislature required to vote on them
Referendum – proposed laws submitted to voters
Recall – voters demand special election to remove elected official
17th Amendment – direct election of Senators
Other Reforms endorsed by Progressives
Zoning laws – divide cities into zones for specific use
19th Amendment – women’s suffrage Child labor reform Worker safety
Worker’s Compensation 18th Amendment – prohibition; illegal to
manufacture, sale, or transport alcohol
QUIZ Yo’self
Theodore Roosevelt’s Upbringing Theodore Roosevelt was a
sickly, shy youth whom doctors forbade to play sports or do strenuous activities.
In his teenage years, Roosevelt reinvented himself, taking up sports and becoming vigorous, outgoing, and optimistic.
Roosevelt came from a prominent New York family and attended Harvard University, but he grew to love the outdoors.
In 1884, when Roosevelt was 26, both his mother and his young wife died unexpectedly.
Trying to forget his grief, he returned to his ranch in Dakota Territory, where he lived and worked with cowboys.
He returned to New York after two years and entered politics.
Roosevelt’s View of the Presidency
President William McKinley was shot and killed in 1901, leaving the office to Roosevelt.
At 42 years old he was the youngest president and an avid reformer.
From Governor to Vice
President
Roosevelt’s rise to governor of New York upset the Republican political machine.
To get rid of the progressive Roosevelt, party bosses got him elected as vice president, a position with little power at that time.
Unlikely President
Roosevelt saw the presidency as a bully pulpit, or a platform to publicize important issues and seek support for his policies on reform.
View of Office
Theodore Roosevelt’s SQUARE DEAL Taking on Big Business
Sued Northern Securities (RR TRUST) Striking Coal Miners
Use arbitration to break strike and support the WORKERS!
Interstate Commerce Commission power to set railroad rates
Elkins Act and Hepburn Act- amended the ICC to be stronger on RR companies that offered big rebates to “BIG” business
Pure Food and Drug Act Upton Sinclair’s book The Jungle Meat Inspection Act
Avid conservationist Increased power of executive branch
Square Deal• TR believed in the
“capitalistic system” but believed that the system must be regulated by US
Govt.• TR was a Hamiltonian but for
the betterment of the “common man” as opposed
to benefit the elite.
• TR believed the U.S. Government was running the country and not the rich and corrupt industrialists….
• U.S. Government involvement with “regulatory agencies”….Similar to “checks and balances”
• Ida Tarbell, was the foremost woman in the MUCKRACKING MOVEMENT.
• She published a highly critical history of Standard Oil Co… calling it the “MOTHER OF TRUSTS”
MUCKRACKER: • Investigative
reporters who promoted social/political reforms by exposing corruption/urban problems
• Leading critics of Political bosses and robber barrons
“How the Other Half Lives”-Jacob Riis
Upton Sinclairs, The Jungle, exposed the filthy, unsanitary working conditions and corruption in a meatpacking company in Chicago
Dismay Over Food and Drug Practices Food
Food producers used clever tricks to pass off tainted foods:
Dairies churned spoiled milk into fresh butter.
Dye was added to spoiled food to disguise the rotting color
Injuries happened often and would overlooked at added to the meat in some cases
Poultry sellers added formaldehyde, which is used to embalm dead bodies, to old eggs to hide their smell.
• Unwary customers bought the tainted food thinking it was healthy.
President Roosevelt proposed legislation to clean up the meatpacking industry after reading The Jungle.
LEADS TO…. Meat Inspection Act
President Roosevelt proposed legislation to clean up the meatpacking industry after reading The Jungle.
LEADS TO…. Meat Inspection Act
•Pure Food and Drug Act,
1906 • Federal inspection to all
packaged foods and drugs.
• Labels with medicine as well as food.
• Contents of food and drug packages must be listed
• All additives/chemicals must be listed on labels.
• FDA today or Food and Drug Administration
Teddy Roosevelt’s Conservation Policy•125,000 acres in reserve
•National Reclamation Act 1902•25 water projects
•Founding of the National Park System
•Preferred to avoid Conflicts
• Big Supporter of Competition
• Conservationist• Federal Children’s
Bureau• Creation of a Dept. of
Labor• 8 hr. workday
• Mann-Elkins Act• Aligns with Conservative
Republicans and splits with Roosevelt’s
Progressives.Goodness gracious, I must have been dozing
Triangle Shirtwaist FireMarch 25, 1911
Women and children burned alive because there was too many to fit in stairwell and there was not enough exits
Led to fire safety codes for all buildings- that protected the workers
• TR forms his own party called the Progressive “Bull Moose Party”……..
• As a result, TR splits the Republican Party and Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) will be elected.
Progressive Movement ends in
1917 with US entrance into WWI
Wilson’s time is devoted to the
WWI instead of the Progressive
Reforms.
• Worked to lower tariffs
• Created Federal Reserve systemBanks keep portion of deposits in regional reserve bank and regulate currency
• Federal Trade CommissionRegulate American businessesStop unfair trade practices
• Keating-Owen Child Labor ActBanned employment of children under age 14 in factories that made goods for interstate trade
• Expanded role of president and federal gov’t
• Was president during World War I
• 18th Amendment
• 19th Amendment
• Civil Rights Act of 1875
Pendleton Act
• 19th Amend- Women’s Suffrage
• 18th Amend- Prohibition/ Temperance
• Child Labor Reform
• Civil Rights Act of 1875
• Pure Food and Drug Act*
• National Parks!
(Reclamation Act of 1902)
• Pendleton Act• Direct
Primaries• Recall
Elections• Initiatives• Referendums • Zoning Laws• 17th Amend-
Direct Election of Senators
• Federal Trade Commission*
• Keating-Owen Child Labor Act
• 8 hour workday! • Federal Trade
Commission- regulate business
• Sherman ANTI-TRUST –outlawing monopolies
• Food and Drug Act- FDA (Food Drug Admin)
• Federal Reserve System- regulating banks
• INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT/Commission
• Creation of Labor Dept
TO REFORM: TO FIX/CHANGE FOR THE BETTER