1.3 Measuring Instruments Modified

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MEASUREMENTS


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Lecture # 1

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Why we do measurements?Measurements tell you if the part is worn or damaged

Measurements tell you if the parts are out of adjustment or out of specs and by how much.

Example:

Measuring the bore or diameter of engine cylinder


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Measuring System

1. Metric System(M.K.S)

2. S.I System

3. Imperial and USC ( United State Customary)

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Measuring SystemMetric System

Meter(m) for length

Kilogram (Kg) for massSecond (s) for Time

Prefixes

Kilo means 1000

Deci means 0.10 (one tenth)Centi (one hundredth)

Milli means (one thousandth)

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Measuring SystemMetric System

Examples:

1Km = 1000m

1Kg = 1000gm

1Liter = 1000ml

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Measuring SystemSI System

The International System of Units(abbreviated SI from the French Systme

international d'units)is the modern form of the metric system. It is the world's most

widely used system of measurement, both in everyday commerce and in science

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The SI was developed in 1960 from the old metre-kilogram-second system


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Measuring SystemSI Prefixes

MEASUREMENTSSI prefixes

Prefix Symbol 10n Decimal Short scale

tera T 1012 1000000000000 Trillion

giga G 10

9

1000000000 Billionmega M 106 1000000 Million

kilo k 103 1000 Thousand

hecto h 102 100 Hundred

deca da 101 10 Ten

deci d 101

0.1 Tenthcenti c 102 0.01 Hundredth

milli m 103 0.001 Thousandth

micro 106 0.000001 Millionth

nano n 109 0.000000001 Billionth

pico p 1012 0.000000000001 Trillionth

SI prefixes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_(letter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_(letter)


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Measuring SystemUSC (United State Customary)

Foot (F) for length

Pound (lb) for weight

Second (s) Time

Conversion

12inches = 1 foot

3feet = 1 yard1760 yards = 1mile

16 ounces = 1 pound

2000pounds = 1tons

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Tools and Measurement BasicsAutomotive repairs require the use of a variety of tools and measuring instruments.

These tools are manufactured for use in a particular way, and accurate work and safety can only

be assured if they are used correctly.

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Basic concept for using tools and measuring instruments:

1. Learn the correct uses and functions:Learn the correct uses and functions of each tool and measuring instrument. If used for any

purpose other than that specified, the tool or measuring instrument damaged, and parts may be

damaged or the quality of the job may be compromised.

2. Learn the correct way to use the instruments:Each tool and measuring instrument has defined operation procedures. Make sure to correctly

apply tools against workpieces, apply correct force to the tools, and adopt the proper work

postures.

3. Select correctly:There are various tools available for loosening bolts, depending on the size, position and other

criteria. Always choose your tools to fit the shape of the part and the place in which the job is being

carried out.


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4.Try to keep organizedTools and measuring instruments should be positioned so that they can be accessed easily when

needed, and replaced in their correct locations once used.

5. Strict adherence to upkeep and management of tools.Tools should be cleaned and where necessary oiled as soon as they have been used. Any necessary

repairs should be carried out immediately, so that tools are always in perfect condition.

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Points to check before measurement:

1. Clean the part to be measured and the

measuring

instrument

Waste products or oil can lead to errors inmeasurement values. Surfaces should be cleaned

before measuring.

2. Choose a suitable measuring instrumentSelect the measuring instrument according to the

level of precision required. Bad example: Using a

vernier caliper to measure the outer diameter of a

piston.

Measuring precision:

0.05mm

Required precision:

0.01mm

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3. Calibrate zero

Check that zero is aligned to its correct position. Zero is the basis for correct measurement.

4. Maintenance of measuring instrumentMaintenance and recalibration should be carried out regularly. Do not use if broken.

Points to check before measurement:

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Points to be observed when measuring:

1. Fit the measuring Instrument to the part to be

measured at a right angle.Achieve a right angle by pressing the measuring

Instrument while moving it against the part to bemeasured. (For details, refer to individual instructions

for measuring Instruments.)

2. Use an appropriate range.When measuring voltage or current, begin with a high

range and adjust downwards. The measurement valueshould be read from a dial that is suitable for the range.

3. When reading the measurement valueMake sure your eye level is at a right angle to the dial

and pointer.


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MEASUREMENTS

Points to be observed when measuring:

1. Fit the measuring Instrument to the part to be

measured at a right angle.Achieve a right angle by pressing the measuring

Instrument while moving it against the part to bemeasured. (For details, refer to individual instructions

for measuring Instruments.)

2. Use an appropriate range.When measuring voltage or current, begin with a high

range and adjust downwards. The measurement valueshould be read from a dial that is suitable for the range.

3. When reading the measurement valueMake sure your eye level is at a right angle to the dial

and pointer.


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MEASUREMENTS

NOTICE:

1. Do not drop or strike, otherwise apply impact. These tools are

precision instruments, and may damage the inside parts for

construction.

2. Avoid using or storing in high temperatures or at high

humidity. Errors in measurement values may occur from useat high temperature or humidity. The tool itself may deform if

subjected to high temperatures.

3. Clean the tool after use, and put it away in its original

condition. Put the tool away only after it has been cleaned of

oil or waste products. All tools used must be returned in their

original condition, and any equipment with a dedicated case

must be put away in its case. Measuring tools must be stored

in a defined place. If tools are to be stored for a long term,

apply rust protection oil where necessary, and remove

batteries.


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Measuring Instruments

Steel Scale

Inside and outside caliper

Vernier Caliper

Micrometer

Dial Gauge

Feeler Gauge

Plasti Gauge

Wire Gauge

Multimeter

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Measuring tools

Steel scaleNot accurate enough for most of the automotive work

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Measuring tools

Inside CaliperThe inside calipers are used to

measure the internal size of

an object.

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Outside Caliper

Outside calipers are used tomeasure the external size

of an object.

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Lecture # 2

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Vernier Caliper

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Vernier Calipers can measure length, outside diameter, inside diameter and depth.

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Measuring tools


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Vernier Caliper

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1. Inside diameter of measuring jaws

2. Outside diameter of measuring jaws3. Stop screw

4. Vernier scale

5. Main scale

6. Depth measurement

7. Depth rod

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Measuring tools

PARTS

S S


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Vernier Caliper

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Examples of use1. Length measurement

2. Inside diameter measurement

3. Outside diameter measurement4. Depth measurement

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Measuring tools

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Vernier Caliper

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Reading measurement

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Measuring tools

Read the main measuring scale, positioned to the left of the vernier 'zero'. Example A ) 45(mm)

STEP1

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Vernier Caliper

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Reading measurement

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Measuring tools

Read the point, which the scale on the vernier and main measuring scale become

aligned.

e.g.) 0.25(mm)

STEP2

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Vernier Caliper

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Reading measurement

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Measuring tools

A+B

e.g.) 45+0.25=45.25(mm)

STEP3

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Lecture # 3

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MicrometerApplication

Measures the external diameter / thickness of a part by calculating the proportionate rotation of

the spindle in the shank direction.

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Measuring tools

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MicrometerMeasuring

(1) Apply the anvil against the item tobe measured, and rotate thethimble until the spindle istouching the item gently.

(2) Once the spindle touches gently

the item to be measured, turnthe ratcher stopper a few timesand read the measurement.

(3) The ratcher stopper unifies thepressure applied by the spindle,so when this pressure goes abovethe specified level it idles.

NOTICE:

1. The micrometer should be fixedon a stand when measuringsmall parts.

2. Search for the position at whichthe correct diameter can bemeasured, by moving themicrometer.

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Measuring tools

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Micrometer

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Measuring tools

Read the largest value, which is visible on the scale of sleeve.

e.g.) A 55.5(mm)

1. Sleeve

2. Thimble3. 1mm increments

4. Base line on the sleeve

5. 0.5mm increments

STEP1:

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Micrometer

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Measuring tools

Read the point, which the scale on the thimble and the scale on the sleeve become aligned.

e.g.) B 0.45(mm)

1. Sleeve



5. 0.5mm increments

STEP2:

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Micrometer

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Measuring tools

A+B

e.g.) 55.5+0.45=55.95(mm)

1. Sleeve



5. 0.5mm increments

STEP3:

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Inside micrometer

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Measuring tools

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Lecture # 4

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Dial Gauge

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Measuring tools

ApplicationThe up- down movement of the suspended

measuring tip is converted into revolutions of long

and short pointers. Used for measuring deviation orbends in shafts, and surface oscillation of flanges,

etc.

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Dial Gauge

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Measuring tools

ApplicationTypes of suspended measuring tip

Long type: used to measure parts in a confinedspace

Roller type: used to measure convex / concave

patterns of tires etc.

Seesaw type: used to measure parts that the

pendulum cannot touch directly (vertical deviation ofcompanion flanges)

Flat plate type: used for measuring piston

protrusion, etc.

1. Long pointer (0.01mm / dial increment) .2. Short pointer (1mm / dial increment) .

3. Dial face (Rotate to set indication to zero).

4. Spindle .

5. Suspended measuring tip.

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Dial Gauge

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Measuring tools

Instructions

1. Measuring

(1)Always use positioned on a magnetic stand. Adjustthe dial gauge position and the item being

measured, and set the pendulum so that it is at the

center of its range of movement.

(2)Rotate the item being measured, and read the

deviation of the pointers.

2. Reading measurement value

The dial shows a movement of 7 increments.

Deviation range: 0.07mm

1. Long pointer (0.01mm / dial increment) .2. Short pointer (1mm / dial increment) .

3. Dial face (Rotate to set indication to zero).

4. Spindle .

5. Suspended measuring tip.

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Feeler GaugesA feeler gauge is a simple tool used

to measure gap widths

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Feeler gauges are mostly used

in engineering to measure the clearance

between two parts.

Measuring tools

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Feeler Gauges

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NOTICE:

(1) To avoid bending or damaging the tip of

the gauge, do not force the gauge into the

area to be measured.

(2) Before putting the blades, away, clean

the surfaces and apply oil to prevent them

from rusting.

Measuring tools

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Spark Plug Gap GaugeApplicationUsed for measuring and adjusting the

spark plug gap.

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Each wires with different thickness are

used for measuring the spark plug gap.

The ground electrode is bent by placing it

in the groove of the gauge in order to

adjust the gap.

Measuring tools

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1.Gauge 2.Adjustment plates 3.Spark plug gap

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Spark Plug Gap Gauge Adjustment

Place the cut-out portion of the

adjustment plate over the ground

electrode of the spark plug, and bend

the electrode to adjust. Do not

interfere with the insulation or thecenter electrode.

1. Ground electrode

2. Center electrode

3. Insulation

4. Adjustment plate

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Measuring tools

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Lecture # 5

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Plasti Gauge

ApplicationUsed for measuring the oil

clearance of the areas that are

tightened with caps, such as the

crankshaft journals andcrankshaft pins

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Measuring tools

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Plasti Gauge

1. Plastigage

2. Torque wrench

3. The widest portion of the Plastigage

4. Crank shaft

5. Connecting rod bearing6. Connecting rod cap

7. Connecting rod

8. Oil clearance

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Measuring tools

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Plasti Gauge

Plastigage is made of soft plastic, and comes in three colors, each

indicating a different thickness

Clearance measurement ranges:

Green: 0.025 ~ 0.076mmRed: 0.051 ~ 0.152mm

Blue: 0.102 ~ 0.229mm

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Measuring tools

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Plasti Gauge

Instructions

(1) Clean the crankshaft pin and the bearing.

(2) Cut the plastigauge sleeve with plastigauge to

match the width of the bearing.

(3) Place the plastigauge on the crankshaft pin as

shown.

(4) Place the bearing cap over the crankshaft pin and

tighten it at the specified torque. Do not turn the

crankshaft.

(5) Remove the bearing cap and use the scale on the

plastigauge sleeve to determine the thickness of the

flattened plastigauge. Measure the thickness at the

widest portion of the plastigauge.

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Measuring tools

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MultimeterA multimeter or a multitester, also known as

a volt/ohm meter or VOM, is an electronic

measuring instrument that combines several

measurement functions in one unit.

A typical multimeter may include features

such as the ability to measure voltage,

currentand resistance.

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Measuring tools

1.3 Measuring Instruments Modified

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