13 July 1973Volume 181, No. 4095 SCI1ENCE

LETTERS Academic Freedomii: G. Dal/lgreni: Future Food SuLpply: F. H. Baker; 1. 0. Perry:Standards for Carcinogens: J. M. Ste//mnan: Approval of New Drugs:S. Peltzmiian; H. Wienter; Another Scientist in Congress: L. White, Jr.;Taxation and Energy Conservation: W. Forst: Highway Salting:D. S. Yeaph .p................

EDITORIAL Research Impact Statements: C. Djerassi.............................

ARTICLES Flrulption of Soufriere Volcano on St. Vincent Island, 1971-1972: W. P. Aspinall,H. Sigurdvs^son, J. B. Sleplier-d ......................... .... ..

Clinical Psychopharmacology in Its 2Oth Year: G. E. Crae ..................

Energy Conservation throUgh Effective Lti'lization: C. A Berg ................

NEWS AND COMMENT

RESEARCH NEWS

BOOK REVIEWS

Psychical Research: The lncredible in Search of Credibility ..................

Pesticides: Environmentalists Seek New Victory in a Frustrating War ... .....

Watergate: Dean's Honor Roll of Enemies Includes Scientists

Sporadic Groups: Exceptionis. or Part of a Pattern?.

I'hase Chaniges: A Universal Theory of Critical Phenomena ..................

the UruLik Countryside, rteiewe(d by /. Rou,se: [he Russiall Space Bluff, M. L. Davies;The Energy Crisis, M. A. Ae/lelnan: The Mathematical Career of Pierre deFermat (1601-1665). C. B. Boer: Neultron Activation Analysis. G. Haibottle-Books Received.

REPORTS In SituL Sampler for Nlarine Sedimentary Pore Waters: Evidence for PotassiumDepletion and Calciumn Enrichment: F. L. Say/les et al..................

Heavy Elementsin SurfaceMNaterials: Determlination by Alpha Particle Scattering:T. E. Econolnou et al. .......................................

Huintite Flowstone in Carlsbad Cavernis. New Mexico: C. A. Hil/.............

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BOARD OF DIRECTORS GLENN T. SEABORG LEONARD M. RIESER ROGER REVELLE RICHARD H. BOLT BARRY COMMONERRetiring President, Chairman President President-Elect LEWIS M. BRANSCOMB EMILIO Q. DADDARIO

CHAIRMEN AND MATHEMATICS (A) PHYSICS (B) CHEMISTRY (C) ASTRONOMY (D)SECRETARIES OF Lipman Bers Edwin M. McMillan Thomas E. Taylor Frank D. Drake

F. A. Ficken Rolf M. Sinclair Leo Schubert Arlo U. LandoltAAAS SECTIONS

PSYCHOLOGY (J) SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES (K) HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCECarl P. Duncan Robert K. Merton Ernest NagelWilliam D. Garvey Harvey Sapolsky Dudley Shapere

INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE (P) EDUCATION (Q) DENTISTRY (R) PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCESJacob E. Goldman Gordon Swanson Martin Cattoni William HellerJordan D. Lewis Phillip R. Fordyce Sholom Pearlman John Autian

DIVISIONS ALASKA DIVISION PACIFIC DIVISION SOUTHWESTERN AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN DIVISIOtGunter E. Weller Irma Duncan John D. Isaacs Robert T. Orr Gordon L. Bender Max P. DunfordPresident Executive Secretary President Secretary-Treasurer President Executive Secretarv-Tre

SCIENCE is published weekly, except the last week in December, but with an extra issue on the fourth Tuesday in November, by the American Association for the Advancement oScience, 1515 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20005. Now combined with The Scientific Month"y@. Second-class postage paid at. Washington, D.C. Copyright 1973 b:the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Member rates on request. Annual subscription $30; foreign postage: Americas $4, overseas $6 air lift to Europe $18.Single copies $1 (back issues, $2) except Guide to Scientific Instruments which is $4. School year subscriptions: 9 months $22.50; 10 months $25. Provide 4 weeks notice fochange of address, giving new and old address and zip codes. Send a recent address label. Science Is Indexed in the Reader's Guide to Periodical Uterature.

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Suspensions: Fluids with Fading Memories: A. Okagawa and S. G. Mason ... ..... 159Antibody to HSV-2 Induced Tumor Specific Antigens in Serums from Patients with

Cervical Carcinoma: L. A urelian et al.............................. 161Nitrogen Fixation in Termites: J. R. Benemann .......................... 164Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Radioimmunoassay: A. Taunton-Rigby, S. E. Sher, .

P. R. Kelley ............................................... 165Serological Identification of an Ir-Region Product: V. Hauptfeld, D. Klein,

J. Klein .................................................. 167Size of the Great White Shark (Carcharodon): J. E. Randall .... ............ 169Microtubule Function in Immune and Nonimmune Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytotoxicity:

T. B. Strom et al. ........................................... 171Observation Is Insufficient for Discovering that the Surface of Still Water Is

Invariantly Horizontal: H. Thomas, W. Jamison, D. D. Hummel ... ....... 173

Self-Stimulation Alters Human Sensory Brain Responses: E. W. P. Schaferand M. M. Marcus ........................................... 175

Induction of Mating Behavior in Rats by Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Factor:R. L. Moss and S. M. McCann .................................. 177

Eye-Tracking Patterns in Schizophrenia: P. S. Holzman, L. R. Proctor, D. W. Hughes . 179Reflex Compensation for Variations in the Mechanical Properties of a Muscle:

T. R. Nichols and J. C. Houk ................................... 182Technical Comments: Perspectives of Linear Heat Transfer: T. H. Strunk;

C. R. Tracy; M. Kleiber; Serious Contaminant in "Ultra Pure" Grades of Sucrose:J. R. Greenberg et al.; S. C. Turner and J. R. Zust; Somatic Evoked ResponseRecording: An Adequate Test of Deafferentation?: T. Allison and W. R. Gofi;R. Cohn, A. Jakniunas, E. Taub ................................. 184

MEETINOS Long-Term Effects of Perinatal Hormone Administration: H. A. Bern,R. A. Gorski, S. Kawashima; Forthcoming Events . 189

PRODUCTS AND Frequency Synthesizer; Peristaltic Pumps; High-Temperature Adhesive; High-ContrastMATERIALS Hand Refractometer; Multichannel Analyzer; Televised Microsurgery; Inter-

ferometer Spectrometer; Literature ........... .............. 201

DAVID, JR. CARYL P. HAS1KIINS WLIM .GLEN WLIA EOEOG PHYiLs V. FARKINS Trasre Executive Ofie-ND EOGAH (E ILGIA CENE 0 ATRPLOY( COVER

10 (M) MEDICAL SC ES (N A L . New lava island emerging in the~~uncombeRobert A. G~4 Roy 1.. Lo*orp crater lake on 12 December 1971 dur-Frnch . Doulas Lwraae Michel A arr.l ing the eruption of Soufri'ere Volcano,INo, AND1 MTT$I ()AMSHEI N YDOPEI St. Vincent Island, West Indies. SeeEzra, Glaur tIes A. Kobter ~~~page 1 17. [Haraldur Sigurdsson, Seis-

I.@vb I. ~~~~~~ Mic Research Unit, University of theWest Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad]

13 July 1973, Volume 181, Number 4095

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FORTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCEScienice serves its readers as a forum for the

presentation and discussion of important issuesrelated to the advancement of science, includingthe presentation of minority or conflicting pointsof view, rather than biy publishing only materialon which a consensus has been reached. Accord-ingly, all articles published in Science-includingeditorials, news and comment, and book reviews-are signed and reflect the individual views of theauthors and not official points of view adopted bythe AAAS or the institutions with which the authorsare affiliated.

Editorial Board1973

H. S. GUTOWSKYAUTHUR D. HASLERRUDOLF KOMPFNERDANIEL E. KOSHLAND, JR.

ALFRED BROWNJAMES F. CROWSEYMOUR S. KEFRANK PRESS

PublisherWILLIAM BEVANManiaging Edi

Assistant EditRINGLE

GARDNER LINDZEYRAYMOND H. THOMPSONEDWARD 0. WILSON

1974FRANK W. PUIlNAMMAXINE SINGERGORDON WOLMAN

Editorial StaffEditor

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itor: ROBERT V. ORMES

tors: ELLEN E. MURPHY, JOHN E.

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News anzd Comment: JOHN WALSH, LUTHER J.C XRTER, DEBORAH SHAPLEY, ROBERT GILLETTE, NICHO-LAS WADE, CONSTANCE HOLDEN, BARBARA J. CULLITON,SCHERRAINE MACK

Researchl News: ALLEN L. HAMMOND, WILLISMD. METZ, THOMAS H. MAUGH 1I, JEAN L. MARX

Book Reviews: SYLVIA EBERHART, KATIHERINE LIV-INGS ION, ANN SELTZ-PETRASHCover Edlitor: GRAYCE FINGER

Editorial Assistants: MARGARET ALLEN, ISASBELLABOULDIN, BLAIR BURNS, ELEANORE BUTZ, MARY DORF-MAN, JUDI-lt GIVELBER, CORRINE HARRIS, NANCYHARrINAGEL, OLIVER HEATWOLE, CHRISTINE KARLIK,GINA BARI KOLATA, MARGARET LLOYD, JEAN ROCK-WOOD, PATRICIA ROWE, LEAH RYAN, JOHN SCHAUER,LOIS SCHMITT, MICHAEL SCHWARTZ, KENNETH SMITH,YA Li SWIGART

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SCIENC:E

Research Impact StatementsThere is little question that environmental impact statements should

play an important role in technology assessment and social control.Would it not also be reasonable to ask that research impact statementsbe prepared by regulatory agencies? During the last few years, theFood and Drug Administration (FDA) and, more recently, the En-vironmental Protection Agency (EPA) have assumed-either indirectlyor by actual legal mandate-in certain fields the dominant role indeciding what research could or could not be done and especially howlong it would take to bring such work to a decision point. Should theeffect of such actions on research also be evaluated? Research impactstatements could be prepared either as internal agency documents or aspart of an open dossier. My own recommendation is that these docu-ments be used primarily within the agency at first, in order to permitit to determine for itself what information and policies could be derivedfrom such statements. Even such limited use would impose upon thestaffs of regulatory agencies a mental discipline that is sometimes lack-ing in the current decision-making process. Eventually, depending onthe experience gained, the statements could become a regular feature,generally available and subject to refutation.A typical research impact statement ought to include an evaluation

(even if only a subjective one) of the research area that would be af-fected by given regulatory requirements. Major items that should betaken into consideration are the novelty of the research, the effects ofthe regulatory requirement on other areas, and, most important, a cost-benefit determination. For example, a given regulatory requirement mightachieve a relatively minor gain in safety information at the expense ofan important line of research. If so, what alternatives might provide suchsafety information without a substantial negative impact on research?What is the price in lost benefits that the public will pay through aconsideralble delay in the completion or total abandonment of a givenproject? The pharmaceutical field appears to be replete with such ex-amples, and various people have claimed that the drastic reduction inthe introduction of significant new drugs during the last decade is asso-ciated to a considerable extent with FDA-imposed requirements. If re-search impact statements had been required of the FDA during thatdecade, their review at this time and comparison with the actual researchconducted would have been very useful in confirming or rejecting suchclaims.

Research impact statements would also be useful in the field of new in-secticides. Before substantial field trials with new insecticides can beundertaken, the sponsor of such trials must receive from the EPA an"experimental permit." Refusal of such permits usually prevents furtherdevelopment and presumably is based on real or hypothetical environ-mental considerations. Would it not also be desirable for these consid-erations to be accompanied by a statement that would evaluate the po-tential damage (that is, failure to replace presently used, persistent in-secticides) if such research were not done?The impact of regulatory agencies on research is now so enormous

that they should bear some of the responsibility for prospective researchplanning-especially if the effect can be felt on a national scale. Theresearch impact statement may be a useful device in calling attentionat an early stage to the need for modification or even elimination ofcounterproductive regulatory practices.-CARL DJERASSI, Professor ofChemnistry. Stanford UniversitY, Stanford, California 94305

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