13 Clean Development Mechanism

8/13/2019 13 Clean Development Mechanism

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RSS Cleaner Production Unit Eco-efficient Enterprises

1st Arab CP Workshop, Amman - Jordan 4-6 / 4 / 2006

Clean DevelopmentMechanism (CDM)

1stArab CP Workshop, Amman - Jordan 4-6 / 4 / 2006

www.cp.org.jo


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The Greenhouse Gases(GHGs)

The atmospheric gases responsible for causingglobal warming and climate change.

The major GHGs are:

carbon dioxide (CO2),methane (CH4) and

nitrous oxide (N2O).

Less prevalent --but very powerful -- GHGs arehydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons(PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6).


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Greenhouse Effect: Warming theEarths Surface

Greenhouse gases (1% of the atmosphere) act like ablanket around the earth, or the glass roof of agreenhouse, they trap heat and keep the earth warmer.

Human activities are making the blanket thicker:

CO2 from burning of coal, oil, natural gas

CH4 and N2O from farming activities and change of landuse

Long-lived industrial gases that do not occur naturally.

Computers models estimate that the global averagetemp will rise 1.4 to 5.8 deg C by the year 2100.


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The Greenhouse Effect


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What is the Climate ChangeConvention?

A United Nations (UN) agreement to stabilizegreenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere, ata level that would prevent dangerous changes to

the climate.

The Convention was agreed at the UNConference on Environment and Development(UNCED) in Rio, 1992. To date, 186 countries

have ratified the convention.


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Kyoto Protocol

To put the Climate Change Convention intooperation, a protocol was outlined in Kyoto in1997. the protocol entered into force on 16 Feb.

2005. Legally binding commitments for 39 developed

countries to reduce their GHG emissions by an

average of 5.2% relative to 1990 levels. Theseemission reductions must be achieved by 2008-2012.


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Kyoto Protocol: FlexibilityMechanisms

The Kyoto Protocol defined three innovative flexibilitymechanisms to lower the overall costs of achieving itsemissions targets. These mechanisms enable Parties to

access cost-effective opportunities to reduce emissions, orto remove carbon from the atmosphere, in other countries.While the cost of limiting emissions varies considerablyfrom region to region, the effect for the atmosphere of

limiting emissions is the same, irrespective of where theaction is taken.


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Kyoto Protocol: FlexibilityMechanisms

Kyoto Protocol allows developed countries toreach their GHG reduction targets through thefollowing three Flexibility Mechanisms

including: Emissions Trading: trading of emissionallowances between developed nations

Joint Implementation: transferring emissionallowances between developed nations, linkedto specific emission reduction projects

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)


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What is Clean DevelopmentMechanism (CDM)?

CDM is the only Flexibility Mechanism that involvesdeveloping countries.

Designed to provide developed countries with flexibility

to meet GHG emission reduction targets that theyagreed to achieve under the Protocol. Developed countries may finance GHG emission

reducing (avoiding) projects undertaken in developingcountries and receive credits to help them to meet their

mandatory limits. Assist developing countries who host CDM projects to

achieve sustainable development.


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How does the CDM affectdeveloping countries?

Although developing countries have no obligations to constraintheir GHG emissions, they are able, on a voluntary basis, tocontribute to global GHG emission reductions by hosting projectsunder the CDM.

The GHG benefits of each CDM project will be measuredaccording to internationally agreed methods and quantified instandard units, known as 'Certified Emission Reductions' (CERs),expressed in tons of CO2 emission avoided.

When the Kyoto Protocol becomes fully operational, it isanticipated that these 'carbon credits' will be bought and sold in anew environmental market; they are already becoming acommodity.


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CDM ConceptAnnex B Party Jordan

Emissionswith trading

Emissionswith trading

Emissionswithouttrading

Emissionswithouttrading

Source:Dr. Jrg M. Grtter


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CDM Project Steps

The Project Proponent (PP) prepare the Project DesignDocument (PDD).

The PDD is validated by a Designated Operational Entity(DOE)

The project should be approved by a DesignatedNational Authority (DNA)

Monitoring is done by PP

Certification/Verification is done by DOE

Issuance of Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) bythe Executive Board (EB) of United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)


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CDM Methodologies

A new Baseline and/ or Monitoring Methodologyshall be submitted by the DOE to the EB forreview, prior to a validation and submission forregistration of a project activity.

The previously approved methodology by the EBare made publicly available along with anyrelevant guidance. Using approved

methodologies the DOEs may proceed with thevalidation of the CDM project activity and submitPDD for registration.


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Sustainable Development

The project must comply with nationalcriteria for sustainable developmentincluding

Environmental impact apart from GHG Social impact

Economic impact

DNA is in charge of checking according tonational criteria


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Registration of the CDM project

activity

Registration is the formal acceptance bythe EB of a validated project (by DOE) asa CDM project activity. Registration is theprerequisite for the verification,

certification and issuance of CERs relatedto that project activity.


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Monitoring

Follow the methodology with a pre-establishedprotocol

The protocol determines what to measure, how,

in which frequency, where and how to recorddata

Monitoring of certain parameters of thebaseline, project and leakage

QA/QC system must be described

Annual monitoring report, external verificationby DOE, EB approval


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Certification/ Verification of the CDMproject activity

Verification is the periodic independent reviewand determination by the DOE of the monitoredreductions in anthropogenic emissions bysources of greenhouse gases that haveoccurred as a result of a registered CDM projectactivity during the verification period.Certification is the written assurance by the DOE

that, during a specified time period, a projectactivity achieved the reductions in anthropogenicemissions by sources of greenhouse gases asverified


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CDM Project Steps


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Baseline

Describes emissions in absenceof the project

You have to identify first thebaseline

You have to follow an approved

methodology The baseline is not what you have

currently


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Additionality

Concept: you have to prove that the project isnot the baseline i.e. that the emissions reduced

by the project are additional to those that wouldhave ocurred in absence of the CDM


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Leakage

Concept: Emisions outside the system,originated and attributable to the projectand measurable

Depends much upon the system borders

Examples:

Transport of fuelsLand-use change with biofuel plantations


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Current status of CDM (March/Jan, 06)

Registered CDM project activities:(146)/(73)

Request for registration ofprojectactivities: (45)/(65)

Approved large scale baseline and

monitoring methodologies: (25)/(25) Approved small scale baseline and

monitoring methodologies: (19)/(15)


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Distribution of Registered CDMProjects by Scale


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Distribution of CDM RegisteredProjects by Scope


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Types of CDM Projects

Energy, Industry, Transport, Landfills,Agroprojects, Land-Use & Land-Use Change

Full sized and small-scale projects

CO2 and other gases (CH4, N2O, freones)


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Industrial Projects

Most popular categories are:

Co-generation with bagasse

Projects using biomass

Methane capture of oxidation ponds

Fuel switch to gas

Heat recovery

N20 or HFC projects


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Examples of Registered CDM Projects

Energy Effeciency through Installation of Modified CO2Removal System in Amonia Plant, India, 24449 tCO2/yr

Tetouan Wind Farm Project for Lafarge Cement PlantMorocco,; reduction of 28651 tCO2 /yr

Landfill Gas Extraction and Utilization at the Matuail LandfillSite , Dhaka, Bangladesh; reduction of 80000 tCO2 /yr

Essaouira Windpower project in Morocco with around 160000

tCO2eq reduced per year


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Examples of Registered CDM Projects

Project for GHG emission reduction by thermal oxidation ofHFC23, India, reduction of 3000000 tCO2 /yr

Vikram Cement India: Usage of alternative fuels in theproduction of cement; reduction of 30000 tCO2/yr

Mondi Business Paper: use of waste wood for heatproduction; reduction of 120000tCO2/yr

3.5MW Rice Husk Based Cogeneration Project at NaharSpinning Mills Ltd, Mexico, reduction of 22267 tCO2/yr


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Thank you for your

kind attention

13 Clean Development Mechanism

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