12A SN Template - Sparta.docx - 12 Ancient...

HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights

“Building on Strength”

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STUDENT NOTEBOOK

YEAR 12 ANCIENT HISTORYSpartan Society to the Battle of Leuctra 371BC

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CONTENTS

1. The geographical setting1.1 The geographical setting, natural features and resources of ancient Sparta

Summary of HTA:1.2 Significant sites: Sparta

Summary of HTA:2. Social structure and political organisation

2.1 The issue of Lycurgus (the Great Rhetra)Summary of HTA:

2.2 Roles and privileges of the two kingsSummary of HTA:

2.3 Government: ephorate, gerousia, ekklesiaSummary of HTA:

2.4 Social structure: Spartiates, perioeci, ‘inferiors’, helotsSummary of HTA:

2.5 Role of the Spartan armySummary of HTA:

2.6 Control of the helots: the military, syssitia, krypteiaSummary of HTA:

2.7 Artisans, helotsSummary of HTA:

2.8 Educational system: agogeSummary of HTA:

2.9 Role and status of women: land ownership, inheritance, educationSummary of HTA:

3. The Economy3.1 Land ownership

Summary of HTA:3.2 Technology: weapons, armour, pottery

Summary of HTA:3.3 Economic roles of the periokoi (‘dwellers around’) and helots

Summary of HTA:3.4 Economic exchange: use of iron bars, trade

Summary of HTA:

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4. Religion, death and burial4.1 Gods and goddesses: Artemis Orthia, Poseidon, Apollo

Summary of HTA:4.2 Myths and legends: Lycurgus and the Dioscuri

Summary of HTA:4.3 Festivals: Hyakinthia, Gymnopaedia, Karneia

Summary of HTA:4.4 Religious roles of the kings

Summary of HTA:4.5 Funerary customs and rituals

Summary of HTA:5. Cultural life

5.1 Art: sculpture, painted vases, bone and ivory carvingSummary of HTA:

5.2 Architecture: Amyklaion, Menelaion, the Sanctuary of Artemis OrthiaSummary of HTA:

5.3 Writing and literature: Alcman and TyrtaeusSummary of HTA:

5.4 Greek writers’ views of Sparta: Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Aristotle, Pausanias, Plutarch

Summary of HTA:6. Everyday life

6.1 Daily life and leisure activitiesSummary of HTA:

6.2 Food and clothingSummary of HTA:

6.3 Marriage customsSummary of HTA:

6.4 OccupationsSummary of HTA:

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1. The geographical setting

1.1 The geographical setting, natural features and resources of ancient Sparta

Thursday, July 26

Reading:

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● ‘The Spartans.pdf’ - p.74-77

Tasks:1. Take notes under the same subheadings given in the text from p. 74-77.2. Complete Activities 1 & 2 on p. 76 (Activity 2 asks you to use coloured sheets of cardboard.

Complete the same activity on your laptops using different coloured fonts).3. Complete Activities 1, 2 & 3 on p. 77.

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Friday, July 27

POWERPOINT NOTES:

INTRO

● The Spartans were unique in the ancient world.● For reasons partly unknown, they developed a society almost completely geared for war.● Very few primary sources from Sparta have survived. Our view of Spartan society is formed

from ancient writers not totally devoid of bias.● Ancient writers were divided in their views on Sparta.● Much of what is known is disputed and remains the subject of debate.

MYTHS

● It was a society based on equals.● All things were owned and shared in common, so that society was not divided into rich and

poor.● They were uncultured and illiterate.● All the changes that took place in their society were due to a lawgiver called Lykourgos.● They were an unbeatable fighting force.● Theirs was a perfect, well-ordered society, free from civil strife.● Spartan men were thought to be homosexual because they spent a significant amount of time

in the barracks with other men. ORIGINS

● The origins of the Spartan people are lost in ancient myths and conjecture.● The Mycenaean civilisation existed around surrounding areas of the Peloponnese, however

their civilisation is said to have collapsed c.1200-1100 BC.● Writings from Pausanias, an ancient Greek writer (2nd century AD), and the better known

Homer (8th century BC), tell of Spartans that pre-date 1000 BC. Homer in particular mentions Spartans taking part in the Trojan War, c.1194-1184 BC.

● Historic Sparta, however, is believed to have emerged around the 9th century BC. GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING The geographical setting, natural features and resources of ancient Sparta

● Spartans were referred to in historical texts by a number of names:

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● Spartans – derived from the city-state of Sparta.● Lakonians – from Sparta’s location on the plains of Lakonia.● Lakedaemonians – Lakedaemon referred to the broader political unit of Sparta and the areas it

controlled.● Peloponnesians – Sparta was situated in the large peninsula of southern Greece, known as

the Peloponnese.● Dorians – the word ‘Dorian’ was often used to describe the Spartans on the basis of their

cultural/political characteristics.● Set on one of the most fertile plains in Greece - good for growing crops and grazing horses.● Consisted of five villages and large rural area, unlike typical Greek city-states which comprised

of a single city.● Four of Sparta’s villages were situated on the Eurotas River, which provided Sparta’s water

supply.● Bordered by three mountain ranges:● Taygetus mountains in the West.● Parnon mountains in the East.● Arcadian mountains in the North.● These mountains formed a natural barrier for Sparta, both protecting and isolating it from the

rest of Greece.● Climate was cold in winter (snow on Taygetus mountains) and hot in summer.● Rainfall was light but adequate.● Main harbour was Gytheion.● Invading Dorian tribes took control of the land and made the native peasants into helots –

state-owned serfs who had to work the land.● Around 750 BC, they expanded and took the lands of the neighbouring Messenia. Messenians

were also made into helots.● Laconia and Messenia were then joined and known as Lacedaemon.● Natural resources of Laconia and Messenia included:● Iron and lead.● Crops – barley and wheat● Fruit orchards – figs, olives, grapes (for wine)● Plains to graze sheep and goats, which provided milk, cheese, skins, wool, hair and fat.● Pigs and hens.● Animals hunted for food and sport.● Bees to provide honey and wax.● Timber and stone from mountains.● Shellfish and fish from Gytheion (shellfish also provided dye for the textile industry).

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Summary of HTA:

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1.2 Significant sites: Sparta

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Q: List the main features of the Temple of Athena Chalkioikos that are described by Pausanias in Source 4.18.A:

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Q: List the ‘interesting things’ at Amyclae that Pausanias describes in Source 4.19.A:

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Q: Explain how the archaeologists were able to date the different levels of deposits at the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia.A:

Q: Why is it ‘contrary to the rules of excavation to dig a deposit from the side instead of from above’?A:

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The following is an extract from http://www.civilisation.org.uk/greece/artemis%20orthia.htm:

Sparta - The Shrine of Artemis OrthiaA crucial story in the study of ancient Sparta is formed by the finds from the temple of Artemis Orthia. Orthia was a local goddess in the Southern Peloponnese -- there is also a temple to Orthia at Messene — but she was later assimilated with the better known goddess Artemis. The temple began very early, perhaps as early as the ninth century BC, but became famous or perhaps notorious as the scene of one of the Spartan initiation ceremonies in which boys and young men were flogged until they bled. Indeed according to later traditions, the goddess demanded blood, and young men had to be flogged until the blood flowed.

In the Roman period, this became a very popular spectator sport to see boys and young men being flogged in this way, and in the third century AD, the temple was enclosed by a theatre where spectators could watch the floggings. The building of the theatre seating had the fortunate by-product in that earlier remains were preserved under the later seating and early in the 20th century the site was excavated by the British School at Athens with remarkable results, revealing that in the early period, that is the eighth to sixth centuries BC, the artistic standards of the offerings made at the temple were very high indeed — as fine as anything found anywhere else in Greece at that time.Here we see the temple in the centre and the altar in front of it where the floggings took place, at the bottom right corner. On the left are the foundations of the seats of the theatrical arrangements of the Roman period.

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The shrine of Artemis Orthia (click on picture for enlargement)

This stitched-together panoramic photo (below) gives a good impression of the arrangements, with the temple to the right and the altar, where presumably the floggings took place, in the centre, with the seating arrangements around. The site looks somewhat bare because when we were there in 2008 and took these photos it was in process of being re-displayed. The site lies in an out of the way part of the modern town, on the other side of the town from the Acropolis where the Roman theatre and the archaeological park are situated. Sadly the site had been somewhat neglected and gypsies moved in, but now the gypsies have been removed and the site is being restored with the help of a grant from the EU and restoration work was in progress which is why the site looks so barren.But modern Sparta can be seen in the middle distance with Taygetus beyond. The river Eurotas lies just behind the photographer.

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Some of the finds from the excavation are now in the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge which received them as their share of the finds of the excavations at a time when it was customary to divide up the finds between the host country and the country that carried out the excavations. The small lead figurines shown here over-sized, are crude and mass-produced, but give some idea of the liveliness of artistic work at Sparta in the seventh and sixth centuries BC.

Figurines from the shrine of Artemis Orthia: human and divine figures

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More Figurines: note the animals in the centre

Many other objects were found among the votive deposits .Left is one of the terracotta masksRight are some of the hairpins, brooches and othe domestic ornaments

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The following is an extract from http://www.civilisation.org.uk/greece/mycenaean%20sparta.htm:

Where is Mycenaean Sparta? In the Homeric poems, Sparta plays a major role. It was the home of Helen, the wife of the King Menelaus and it was the rape of Helen that caused the Trojan War. But where was the site of Mycenaean Sparta?

In modern and indeed classical Sparta itself, there are no traces of Mycenaean material. However there is an important Mycenaean site known as the Menelaion which lies some distance outside Sparta on the other side of the river on the eastern side, the opposite side to Mount Taygetus. Indeed most of the dramatic photos of Sparta with Taygetus in the background are taken from the Menelaion. The most dramatic part of the Menelaion is a rectangular foundation that was a heroon, that is a shrine to a hero, in this case Menelaus, the King of Sparta. It was originally constructed in the eighth century BC that is probably five centuries after the presumed date of the Trojan War. Numerous lead placards have been found there, many of them dedicated to Menelaus which gives proof of what it was. In its present form it is a rebuild of the fifth century BC, constructed of fine ashlar masonry. Recently a number of trees have been planted around it, but the photos show well in the position of Taygetus in the background.

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And here below is a picture taken from the top of the Menelaion looking out over the fertile valley in which Sparta lies. Modern Sparta is off to the right: this is looking southwards. Across the bottom right is the River Eurotas, still full with water, but covered with greenery.

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View over the fertile valley of the River Eurotas

However behind the Menelaion is the Mycenaean palace seen below.

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This is sometimes called a Mycenaean house, because it is rather smaller than the typical Mycenaean

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Palace. Excavations have revealed the three separate phases the first in the 15th century BC and the third and last in the 13th century BC, that is slightly earlier than the majority of the Mycenaean palaces. But this is surely the place where the hero lived: is this the place that launched a thousand ships?

Plan of the Mycenaean building. The earlier building (in black) was replaced by the larger building shown hatched. Drawn by D Smythe.

Summary of HTA:

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2. Social structure and political organisation

2.1 The issue of Lycurgus (the Great Rhetra)

Summary of HTA:

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2.2 Roles and privileges of the two kings

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2.3 Government: ephorate, gerousia, ekklesia

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2.4 Social structure: Spartiates, perioeci, ‘inferiors’, helots

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2.5 Role of the Spartan army

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2.6 Control of the helots: the military, syssitia, krypteia

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2.7 Artisans, helots

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2.8 Educational system: agoge

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2.9 Role and status of women: land ownership, inheritance, education

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3. The Economy

3.1 Land ownership

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3.2 Technology: weapons, armour, pottery

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3.3 Economic roles of the periokoi (‘dwellers around’) and helots

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3.4 Economic exchange: use of iron bars, trade

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4. Religion, death and burial

4.1 Gods and goddesses: Artemis Orthia, Poseidon, Apollo

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4.2 Myths and legends: Lycurgus and the Dioscuri

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4.3 Festivals: Hyakinthia, Gymnopaedia, Karneia

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4.4 Religious roles of the kings

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4.5 Funerary customs and rituals

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5. Cultural life

5.1 Art: sculpture, painted vases, bone and ivory carving

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5.2 Architecture: Amyklaion, Menelaion, the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia

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5.3 Writing and literature: Alcman and Tyrtaeus

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5.4 Greek writers’ views of Sparta: Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Aristotle, Pausanias, Plutarch

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6. Everyday life

6.1 Daily life and leisure activities

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6.2 Food and clothing

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6.3 Marriage customs

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6.4 Occupations

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