DQS 234 - BUILDING SERVICES IIPASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMPREPARED FOR :MOHD KHAIRI BIN KURDINAMENO IDGROUP

MUHAMMAD ZULHILMI BIN ZAKARIA2013581735AAP1143C

NURUSMAN BIN ISHAK2013507671AAP1143C

MUHAMMAD AIZUDDIN BIN ZAKARIA2013AAP1143C

MUHAMMAD TASNIM BIN KAMARUDDIN2013AAP1143C

MUHAMMAD ALIFF FAHMI BIN ZULKEFLI2013377189AAP1143C

2013AAP1143C

CONTENTNo.ContentPage

1.Acknowledgment

2.Introduction

3.1.0 definition

4.2.0 characteristics

5.3.0 passive fire protection required in UBBL

6.3.1 definition

7.3.2 purpose group

8.3.3 free appliances access

9.3.4 construction used for passive fire protection

10.conclusion

11.references

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The success and final outcome of this assignment required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and we extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion of our assignment work. Whatever we have done is only due to such guidance and assistance and we would not forget to thank them. I respect and thank Mr. Mohd Khairi bin Kurdi for giving we and opportunity to do this assignment work and providing us all support and guidance which made we complete the assignment on time . We extremely grateful to her for providing such a nice support and guidance.

We are really grateful because we managed to complete this assignment within the timen given by Mr Mohd Khairi bin Kurdi. This assignment cannot be completed without the effort and co-operation from our group members. Group members Zulhilmi, Aizuddin , Tasnim , Nurusman , Fahmi and Aizat. Last but not least, we would like to express our gratitude to our friends and respondents for support and willingness to spend time with us.

INTRODUCTIONWhy do we need fire protection?The fundamental purpose of fire protection systems whether active or passive is to firstly, prevent the passage and spread of smoke and fire, from one area of the building to another, to allow for the safe escape of the building occupants. Secondly to prevent / reduce the amount of damage to the building structure, neighbouring structures and reduce the risk of collapse for the emergency services.A number of the fundamental requirements of fire protection are specified in approved document B of the Building Regulations: Means of escape Internal surface spread of flame to linings Structural integrity of the building Fire compartmentation Access and facilities for emergency servicesOther more commercial reasons for the use of fire protection systems, is to reduce the amount of damage and prevent collapse of the building. This intern can help to: Reduce the rising cost of insurance polices Protect capital investment Reduce the possible risk to the fire fighters

So what is fire protection?A buildings fire protection comes in 2 specific forms, active and passive systems:Active systems in the form of, suppression, extinguishers, sprinkler, alarm and extract ventilation.The overall aim of active systems is to extinguish the fire by: Detecting the fire early and evacuating the building Alerting emergency services at an early stage of the fire Control the movement of smoke and fire Suppress and/or starve the fire of oxygen and fuelPassive systems in the form of fire rated doors, barrier, ceilings and structural fire protection.The overall aim of passive systems is to contain the fire by: Use of fire rated partitions and doors to prevent the fire and smoke from moving from one compartment to another Delaying the collapse of the building structure Delaying the growth of the fire

1.0PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

Passive fire protection can provide an effective alternative to active systems for protecting against vessel failure. This generally consists of a coating of fire resistant insulating media applied to a vessel or steel surface. It is often used where water or other active protection media supplies are inadequate, such as in remote locations, or where there are difficulties with handling fire water run-off. Fire walls are another form of passive fire protection that are used to prevent the spread of fire and the exposure of adjacent equipment to thermal radiation. An important criterion in deciding which system is most appropriate for fire exposure protection is the likely duration of the exposure to fire as passive fire protection is only effective for short duration exposure (1-2 hours).

1.1 Choice Of Passive Fire Protection

For the protection of vessels from fire exposure there are a number of types of passive fire protection that can be applied. mortar based coating intumescent coating sublimation coating mineral fibre matting earth moundsThe protective systems based on coatings are normally sprayed onto the surface following mixing of the required components. A reinforcing glass fibre scrim or steel wire gauze is applied to prevent cracking and peeling of the coating under fire conditions and to provide additional strength to resist the impact of high pressure water jets. The fire protective coating is further protected by a weather protective top layer. The fire resistant performance of the coatings is dependent on the thickness of the coating. Fibre matting systems consist of fireproof mineral fibre matting clad with a protective galvanised steel sheet. The protective capability of the system is provided by the poor heat conductivity of the system.

Earth mounds are commonly used in the LPG industry, where vessels are either fully or partially buried in an earth mound. The presence of the earth mound effectively prevents a fire from developing around the vessel.Fire walls are sometimes employed in process and storage areas to prevent the spread of fire and protect adjacent equipment from thermal radiation. These may be an integral part of a process building or warehouse structure or may consist of a free-standing wall specifically built for the purpose. Firewalls are normally built of brick, concrete or masonry and the number and size of openings should be kept to a minimum.

1.2 Performance And Maintenance Of Passive Fire Protection

Passive fire protection systems the operator should have supplier or manufacturer information demonstrating that the fire protective system employed meets defined performance criteria based on standard tests that replicate the fire conditions likely to be encountered in the work place. Typically the criteria will be that a protected surface will not reach a certain temperature in a defined time period during a standard test. The protective system should meet the requirements of a pool fire test such as that detailed in BS 476 'Fire tests on building materials and structures' or a jet fire test such as that described in the HSE Technology Report 'Jet Fire resistance for Passive Fire Protection Materials'.The performance of passive fire protection systems can deteriorate in time due to weathering and corrosion. Plant operational and maintenance activities may damage or remove the fire protection. Additionally the protected surface itself can corrode beneath the fire protection. Procedures should be in place to ensure that both the passive fire protective system and the protected surface are regularly inspected and repaired as appropriate.

2.0 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMSThe aim for Passive Fire Protection systems is typically demonstrated in fire testing the ability to maintain the item or the side to be protected at or below either 140 C (for walls, floors and electrical circuits required to have a fire-resistance rating) or ca. 550 C, which is considered the critical temperature for structural steel, above which it is in jeopardy of losing its strength, leading to collapse. This is based, in most countries, on the basic test standards for walls and floors, such as BS 476: Part 22: 1987, BS EN 1364-1: 1999 & BS EN 1364-2: 1999 or ASTM E119. Smaller components, such as fire dampers, fire doors, etc., follow suit in the main intentions of the basic standard for walls and floors. Fire testing involves live fire exposures upwards of 1100 C, depending on the fire-resistance rating and duration one is after. More items than just fire exposures are typically required to be tested to ensure the survivability of the system under realistic conditions.To accomplish these aims, many different types of materials are employed in the design and construction of systems. For instance, common endothermic building materials include calcium silicate board, concrete and gypsum wallboard. During fire testing of concrete floor slabs, water can be seen to boil out of a slab. Gypsum wall board typically loses all its strength during a fire. The use of endothermic materials is established and proven to be sound engineering practice. The chemically bound water inside these materials sublimes. During this process, the unexposed side cannot exceed the boiling point of water. Once the hydrates are spent, the temperature on the unexposed side of an endothermic fire barrier tends to rise rapidly. Too much water can be a problem, however. Concrete slabs that are too wet, will literally explode in a fire, which is why test laboratories insist on measuring water content of concrete and mortar in fire test specimens, before running any fire tests. PFP measures can also include intumescents and ablative materials. The point is, however, that whatever the nature of the materials, they on their own bear no rating. They must be organised into systems, which bear a rating when installed in accordance with certification listings or established catalogues, such as DIN 4102 Part 4 or the Canadian National Building Code.Passive Fire Protection measures are intended to contain a fire in the fire compartment of origin, thus limiting the spread of fire and smoke for a limited period of time, as determined the local building code and fire code. Passive fire protection measures, such as firestops, fire walls, and fire doors, are tested to determine the fire resistance rating of the final assembly, usually expressed in terms of hours of fire resistance (e.g., , , 1, 1, 2, 3, 4 hour). A certification listing provides the limitations of the rating.Contrary to active fire protection measures, Passive Fire Protection means do not typically require electric or electronic activation or a degree of motion. Exceptions to that particular rule of thumb are fire dampers (fire-resistive closures within air ducts, excluding grease ducts) and fire door closers, which must move, open and shut in order to work, as well as all intumescent products, which swell, thus move, in order to function.As the name suggests, Passive Fire Protection (PFP) remains silent in your coating system till the eventuality of a fire. There are mainly two types of PFP: intumescent fire protection and vermiculite fire protection. In vermiculite fire protection, the structural steel members are covered with vermiculite materials, mostly a very thick layer. This is a cheaper option as compared to an intumescent one, but is very crude and aesthetically unpleasant. Moreover if the environment is corrosive in nature, then the vermiculite option is not advisable, as there is the possibility of water seeping into it (because of the porous nature of vermiculite), and there it is difficult to monitor for corrosion. Intumescent fireproofing is a layer of paint which is applied along with the coating system on the structural steel members. The thickness of this intumescent coating is dependent on the steel section used. For calculation of DFT (dry film thickness) a factor called Hp/A (heated perimeter divided by cross sectional area), referred to as "section factor" and expressed in m-1, is used. Intumescent coatings are applied as an intermediate coat in a coating system (primer, intermediate, and top/finish coat). Because of the relatively low thickness of this intumescent coating (usually in the 350- to 700-micrometer range), nice finish, and anti-corrosive nature, intumescent coatings are preferred aesthetically and performance-wise.It should be noted that in the eventuality of a fire, the steel structure will eventually collapse once the steel attains the critical core temperature (around 550 degrees Celsius or 850 degrees Fahrenheit). The PFP system will only delay this by creating a layer of char between the steel and fire. Depending upon the requirement, PFP systems can provide fire ratings in excess of 120 minutes. PFP systems are highly recommended in infrastructure projects as they can save lives and property.PFP in a building can be described as a group of systems within systems. An installed firestop, for instance, is a system that is based upon a product certification listing. It forms part of a fire-resistance rated wall or floor, and this wall or floor forms part of a fire compartment which forms an integral part of the overall fire safety plan of the building. The building itself, as a whole, can also be seen as a system.

2.0PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION REQUIRED IN UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAW (UBBL) 1984

2.1Definition The Uniform Building By Law (UBBL) 1984 requires all buildings to have minimum structural integrity based on its usage. Elements of construction can only be effective as fire breaks if they have the necessary degree of fire resistance. The three criteria of fire resistance:a. Insulationb. Integrityc. Stability Good building design with fire safety measures:a. Provide adequate fire appliances, fire hydrants & other facilities to assist fire & rescue personnelb. Provide adequate fixed installation, where appropriate, for quick & effective detection & extinguishment of firesc. Designing & installing building services so that they do no assist the spread of fire, smoke or toxic fumesd. Designing & providing adequate and safe escape routes for the occupants of the buildinge. Selecting materials for the construction which will not promote the rapid spread of fire or generate dangerous smokef. Subdividing buildings into compartments of reasonable sizes by means of fire resisting walls & floors, providing fire stops to protect openings between floors & compartmentsg. Designing & constructing the exterior of a building so that fire is unlikely to spread to it from another burning building.

2.2Purpose Group

Where a building contains usage falling under different purpose groups and each is contained within compartment, by-law 215 of the UBBL 1984 allows the height of each part of the building housing a different purpose group, if they are vertically separated, to be considered separately for compliance with Schedule 6, 7, 9 in the UBBL 1984

2.3Fire Appliance Access

Vehicular access to the exterior of a buildingis needed to enable high reach appliances to be used & to enable pumping appliances to supply water & equipment for fire fighting & rescue activities Access requirement increase with building size & height

The table in By-law 140 (above) shows the proportion of the building perimeter that must be accessible to fire fighting appliances.

One-sixth

One-half

Three-fourth

Island site2.3.1Hydrants

Away from obstructions such as street furniture, phone booths, etc Not less than 2m from adjacent buildings & overhangs Between 0.61m to 2.4m from Fire Appliance Access Away from risks vehicular Not more than 90m apart from each other (in new buildings adjacent to existing developments, a new hydrant or hydrants will have to be provided if there is no hydrant within 45m radius of the new building)

2.4CONSTRUCTION USED FOR PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION2.4.1Fire Rated DoorA fire door is a type of door or movable barrier used as part of a passive fire protection system within buildings to prevent the spread of fire or smoke between separate sections. It is usually the only means of allowing people to pass through a fire-resistant wallFire doors are designed to withstand fire, heat and smoke for a period of 20-minutes to 3 hours. Fire Doors are required to:-Be Self Closing: fire doors should have a door closure that pulls doors completely shut after the door has been opened-Have Positive latching: a positive latch locks a door in place so it can swing open.

Important of Fire Rated Door Provides an effective barrier for the passage of fire and/or smoke Provide safe egress and increase protection for first responders Also serves for safety, security, accessibility, control, privacy & isolation Can also serve as environmental weather seal for heat, cold, moisture, dust and debris

2.4.2Fire BarrierPassive fire protection products prevent the passage of fire, smoke and hot gases. Prevent the spread of fire, smoke and hot gases through a building by containing it in the compartment of origin.Maintain the integrity of escape routes from a building. Reduce loss or damage to property from the effect of fire and smoke. Maintain pressure differential between compartments and ventilation channels.Fire Barriers are probably one of the most critical and often overlooked areas of Fire protection. There are many forms of fire barriers some are the elements of the building itself such as the walls, floors, ceilings, etc., others may be nonstructural enclosures or partitions. Any barrier is only as good as its weakest link and it is critical that barriers are effective particularly during the evacuation phase of a fire.There are many different requirements for Fire Barriers, with a variety of failure criterion. The effectiveness of a barrier can make the difference between a small localized fire to full scale disaster. The principal functions of a fire barrier are to prevent or reduce the spread of fire and or smoke spread. Fire barriers are often found on primary escape routes and are vital for the safe evacuation of a building or structure.It is particularly important to consider the implications on fire barriers during building or plant modifications. It is not unknown for entire fire walls to have been totally negated by the apparently slight modification of, a shop frontage in a shopping mall, or even airport. Sometimes with tragically fatal consequences.

2.4.3Fire Stopper Fire Stop Strip is made from high density Rockwool stone wool and is permanently held in place by compression without the need for adhesive or intumescent mastic. It prevents the passage of flame and smoke through the void being fire stopped. For gaps greater than 100mm above masonry walls and partitions use AIM Partition Head Barrier. Up to 4 hours fire rating No mastics or sealants required Reduces flanking transmission of sound by 9dB Non-combustible to EN15301-1 and classified A1 Complies with performance requirements of Class O of the Building Regulations Ozone depletion potential of zero, no CFCs or HCFCs used in manufactureSpecification : Lengths: 1200m Voids: 10 - 100mm(For voids 100mm to 600mm use AIM Partition Head Barrier)

2.4.4Partition Fire BarrierAlso known as fire rated partitions, fire partitions are freestanding walls or structures within a building that have the specific purpose of retarding the progress of a fire. While not the same as a fire barrier, a properly constructed fire partition can provide valuable time that increases the chances of evacuating the space before anyone is injured. In many jurisdictions, local building codes include specific criteria that a fire partition must meet in order to be included in a building design.One of the major differences between a fire partition and a fire barrier is that the barrier is typically more stable than the partition. A barrier will normally extend through ceilings and floors, effectively creating another wall that the fire must work through before reaching the next section of the building. In contrast, a fire partition does not extend through a ceiling or floor and is not connected to the roof. In some cases, a partition may not even touch the ceiling within a given chamber, a factor that also tends to decrease the overall stability of the structure.It is important to note that a fire partition is usually not expected to completely stop a fire from spreading. The idea is to slow down the progress of the fire so that anyone in the burning structure has a small amount of additional time to escape. The presence of the partition also means that the overall damage to the building is minimized, assuming that the fire is brought under control before the protective construction is breached.Most jurisdictions that allow the inclusion of a fire partition in a new building design will require that the construction meet specific safety requirements that are found in local building codes. Those requirements may be specific in terms of the types of building materials used to construct the partition, as well as the thickness of the safety device and how it is anchored to the flooring. The idea is to make sure the materials do in fact aid in slowing down the progress of a fire, and that the partition is stable enough to avoid weakening the overall soundness of the structure.There is some difference of opinion when it comes to determining if a fire partition is more effective than a fire barrier. Supporters tend to claim the partition offers protection that is at least as effective as the barrier, but will cost less to construct. Detractors note that the decrease in stability associated with a fire partition is not really worth the difference in construction costs, and could mean the loss of a few valuable seconds of time in the event that a fire does break out.

CONCLUSIONOver time, an increased understanding of the many factors that contribute to the risk of fire has led to positive developments in the fire protection of commercial structures. Improvements in public fire protection systems and services, as well as increased use of private active or passive systems through fire-protection and loss-control engineering, has meant an overall decrease in the cost of fire. A discussion of the factors affecting insurance premium rate demonstrates that, although building construction type is one factor used, there are many other equally important considerations when determining a property's level, fire risk, and hence its insurance premium. A similar level of fire safety can be achieved by various means. The sum effect of all fire safety factors should be weighed, and a variety of active and passivefire-protection measures can be assessed and market factors considered, optimizing both fire safetyand overall costfor a commercialbuilding. Wood construction has benefited from all that has been learned regarding good design and appropriate active and passive fire-protection measures. The evolution of methods of construction has resulted in an enhanced level of fire protection, as reflected in the presented fire-loss statistics. Those statistics show that wood-frame construction can result in low fire-loss costs and that presence of sprinklers can further reduce that low cost by almost half. Consequently, well-designed wood construction is a costeffective means of protecting commercial endeavors from theriskof fire loss.

Preventing fire losses has always been more important to the insured than to the insurer. Although a particular fire loss may not be statistically significant to an insurance company, to the owner involved such a loss is not only a direct financial issue but it also impacts many other important business aspects, such as employee moral, access to suppliers and the economic health of the community. important business aspects, such as employee moral, access to suppliers and the economic health of the community.

REFERENCEShttp://www.nullifire.com/passive_fire_protection/whatis.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_fire_protectionhttp://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/5851/title/the-basics-of-passive-fire-protection.aspxJohn Knight , W.P. Jones , (2004) Building Services Pocket Book (Newnes Pocket Book), Routledge 2nd Edition (3 July 2004)Fred Hall , Roger Greeno (2009) Building Services Handbook (illustrated), Butterworth-Heinnenman

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