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Typical Pressure Applications

How to calibrate a P / I Transmitter

With a built-in hand pump, pre-cision measurement of bothpressure and current, and a 24volt loop supply, the Fluke 718Pressure Calibrator is a complete,self-contained tool for the cali-bration of P/I transmitters. Tocalibrate a 3-15 psi / 4-20 mAtransmitter using a Fluke 71830G Pressure Calibrator:

1. Depressurize the transmitter,and then plumb the transmit-ter to the 1/8 inch NPT pres-sure port of the 718. Connectthe test leads per the figurebelow.

2. Turn the calibrator on. (If you

need to power the transmitter,hold down the UNITS keywhile turning on the calibrator.)

6. Press the HOLD key, andrecord the psi and mA read-ings. Press the HOLD key to

resume reading.7. Calculate and record the error,

using: Error = ([ (i-4)/16] [(P-3)/12]) * 100 where Erroris in % of span, i is your mea-sured current in mA and P isyour measured pressure in psi

8. Repeat steps 5 through 7 atmid-range, around 9 psi, tocheck linearity at mid-span.

9. Repeat steps 5 through 7, nowat 15 psi, for a check at 100 %of span.

If your calculated errors arewithin tolerance, the transmitterhas passed your As-found test,and you are done. If necessary,perform your zero and span ad-justments, then repeat steps 5through 9 for an As-left test.Depressurize the line, and dis-connect the 718.

Measuring less than 9 inches inlength and weighing just over twopounds, the rugged 718 is easy tocarry into the field. The 718 is of-fered in both 30 psi and 100 psimodels. Media compatibility is dryair and non-corrosive gasses. Abuilt-in pump generates pressure orvacuum. Min, Max, and Hold func-tions are available. The 718 can also

COM

mA

30VMAX0-30

psi0-20

6kPa

RANGE

90psi620kPa

MAX

S I G N A L

T E S T

+

Red

Black718

PRESSU

RE

CALIBR

ATOR

HOLD

UNITS

ZERO

DAMP

MIN

CLR

MAX

HOLD

LOOP

POWER

BAROMETR

ICADJ.

2 Fluke Corporation Pressure Calibration

3. Press the UNITS key until PSIshows in the display.

4. With the 718s bleed valveopen to atmosphere, press theZERO key. Close the bleedvalve. Set the pressure /vacuum valve to +, for posi-tive pressure.

5. Use the hand pump to applyroughly 3 psi to the transmit-ter. Partial pump strokes willapply small increments ofpressure. Use the fine-adjustknob to get reasonably closeto 3.00 psi.

measure pressure using any of the29 Fluke 700Pxx Pressure Modules,

to cover applications up to 10,000psi. The 718 comes complete withprotective holster, test leads, testclips, Users Manual, and two 9-voltbatteries (installed).

Pressure mA

Model Range Resolution Accuracy Range Resolution Accuracy

Fluke 718 30G -12 to 30 psi 0.001 psi 0.05 % FS 0 - 24 mA 0.001 mA 0.025 % + 1 count

Fluke 718 100G -12 to 100 psi 0.01 psi 0.05 % FS 0 - 24 mA 0.001 mA 0.025 % + 1 count

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Pressure Calibration Fluke Corporation 3

ourcing pressureo calibrate an instrument with pressure input, pressure fromn external source (such as a hand-held pump) is applied.rompts on the 740 Series Calibrator display indicate wheno increase or decrease the input pressure, and when thepecified test points are achieved. Here, a Fluke 741B Docu-

menting Process Calibrator is shown.

Measuring pressureo measure pressure, the appropriate pressure module for theressure to be tested is attached to the calibrator. The mea-ured pressure can be displayed in a variety of engineering

nits. Here, a Fluke 725 Multifunction Calibrator is shown.

P to I device calibrationhe P to I device is used to convert pneumatic analog loopontrol signals of 3 psi to 15 psi to electrical loop analogontrol signals of 4 mA to 20 mA. Here, a Fluke 717 Pressure

alibrator is used.

Differential measurementsDifferential pressure modules are useful in a widevariety of applications, e.g., measuring the fluidlevel in a tank or calibrating a differential pressuretransmitter. A Fluke 744 Documenting ProcessCalibrator is shown.

I to P device calibrationThe I to P device is used to convert 4 mA to 20 mAelectrical analog loop control to pneumatic analogloop control, generally 3 psi to 15 psi. Here, atypical configuration for using a pressure modulewith a 740 Series DPC is demonstrated.

IsolationValve

PressureModule

V mA

LOOP

100%

25%

25%

RECALL

C/F

MEAS

SOURCE

STORESETUP

TC RTD

V mA

PROCESS CALIBRATOR

MULTIFUNCTION

725

0%

HandPump

PressureModule

741BDOCUMENTING PROCESS CALIBRATOR

ZERO

U NI TS D AMP

MIN CLR

MAX HOLD

LOOPPOWER

BAROMETRIC ADJ.

COM

mA

30VMAX

100psi689kPa

RANGE

200psi1378kPaMAX

717100G PRESSURECALIBRATOR

Hand Pump

+

Pressure Module

Red

Black

MEAS

SOURCE SETUPmA

V V

HzTC

RTD

7 8 9

4 5 6

1 2 3

0 .

CLEAR(ZERO)

VRTD

mA mA

RTD

V

743BDOCUMENTINGPROCESS CALIBRATOR

ENTER

RANGE

SOURCE 300VMAX30V

MAX30VMAX

30VMAX

MEASCAT

TC

+

PressureModule

Red

Black

HL

DifferentialModule

+IsolationValve

MEAS

SOURCE SETUPmA

V V

HzTC

RTD

7 8 9

4 5 6

1 2 3

0 .

CLEAR(ZERO)

ENTER

HART

DOCUMENTING PROCESS CALIBRATOR744

VRTD

mA mA

RTD

V

SOURCE 300VMAX30V

110mAMAX

30VMAX

30VMAX

MEASCAT

TC

Pressure switch calibratorVerify the setpoint and deadband of pressureswitches using the 740 Series DocumentingProcess Calibrators.

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A complete family of pressuremodulesA family of 29 pressure modules

covers the most common pres-sure calibrations from 0-1 H2O

(0-.25 kPa) to 0-10,000 psi(0-70,000 kPa).

Gage pressure modules haveone pressure fitting and measurethe process pressure with re-spect to atmospheric pressure.Differential pressure moduleshave two pressure fittings andmeasure the difference betweenthe applied pressure on the highfitting versus the low fitting.Each module is clearly labeledfor range, overpressure specifica-

tion, and media compatibility. Ametric adapter is included withall but the P29 through P31 highpressure modules.

Quick and easy measurementsFluke 700 Series pressure mod-ules are easy to operate. To mea-sure pressure, the technicianplumbs the pressure module to apressure source, and connectsthe pressure module cable to thecalibrator. Pressure is applied,measured by the pressure mod-ule, and displayed digitally onthe calibrator. At the touch of abutton, the pressure may bedisplayed in up to 11 differentengineering units. When usedwith the 701, 702, 741, 743 or744 Documenting Process Cali-brators, pressure readings can bedate/time stamped and storedelectronically for later retrieval.This saves time, eliminateserrors, and supports compliancewith quality standards andregulations.

Pressure module performanceFluke 700 Series pressure mod-ules are highly accurate, with

total specifications that applyfrom 0 % to 100 % of full spanand from 0 C to 50 C (32 F to122 F)a feature that sets themapart from other pressure calibra-tors. Many ranges have totaluncertainties of 0.05 % of fullscale and reference uncertaintiesof 0.025 % of scale (see Table,page 5).

This performance is possiblethrough the innovative applica-tion of mathematics and micro-processor power. Fluke pressuremodules have silicon piezo-

resistor sensors which consist ofa resistive bridge fabricated in asilicon diaphragm. Pressure ap-plied to the diaphragm causes achange in the balance of thebridge which is proportional tothe applied pressure. The bridgebalance change is not linear andis very sensitive to temperature.However, since these effects arequite stable with time andthrough repetitive changes ofcondition, the sensors can bevery accurate in measuring pres-sure provided they are carefullycharacterized.

During manufacture, Flukepressure modules are character-ized by reading temperature andpressure at more than 100 points.A least-squares regression isused to calculate the coefficientsof a polynomial expression forpressure. The coefficients, uniqueto that pressure module, arestored in the modules memory.

Each module has its ownmicroprocessor, allowing it to runthe measurement circuitry and to

communicate digitally with acalibrator. When connected to the

calibrator, the modules coeffi-cients are uploaded from thepressure module to the calibrator.Then, as pressure measurementsare made, raw sensor values for

pressure and temperature aredigitally loaded to the calibrator,where the raw sensor values andcoefficients are manipulated toderive and display the pressurereading. This innovative tech-nique provides several benefits:

1. Digital communication elimi-nates errors due to poorconnections and electricalinterference.

2. The modules are inherentlytemperature-compensatedfrom 0 C to 50 C (32 F to

122 F).3. The modules are fully inter-

changeable because allmeasurements are completedin the pressure module itselfand then communicated to thecalibrator in digitized form.Modules are calibrated inde-pendently of the calibrator,and can be used with any 700Series calibrator. Each modulehas its own serial number tofacilitate traceability.

Sensor protection in

isolated modulesMany of these modules (seeTable) incorporate a stainlesssteel diaphragm to isolate thesensor. With these modules, anymedium that is compatible withstainless steel can be used onthe high side of the module.

Rugged constructionA urethane overmolding protectsagainst shock if a module is acci-dentally dropped and also sealsagainst dirt, dust, and moisture.Pressure connections are 1/4

NPT. A BSP/ISO adapter is alsoprovided on all but the P29, P30and P31.

Convenient setupA one-meter cable between thepressure module and calibratorreduces the length of connectingtubing to the pressure source.The remote pressure head alsoprovides an extra margin ofsafety and convenience by re-moving the calibrator and opera-tor from the pressure source.


Pressure Modules

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Pressure module specifications (all specifications in % of full span. Specifications reflect a confidence interval of 95 %.)

Pressure Performance


Summary calibrator specifications: (one year, 18 C to 28 C)

Function Range Resolution Accuracy Notes

Measure Pressure1 -12 to 30 psi 0.001 psi 0.05 % full scale Gasses/liquids3(non(internal sensor) (-83 to 207 kPa) corrosive) Zero, Min,Over pressure 3xFS Max, Hold, Damp

Measure Pressure1 -12 to 100 psi 0.01 psi 0.05 % full scale Gasses/liquids3(non(internal sensor) (-83 to 690 kPa) (0.1 kPa) corrosive) Zero, Min,Over pressure 2xFS Max, Hold, Damp

Measure Pressure1 29 Pressure Modules, To 0.0001 psi, per To 0.025 % of full span, Media compatibility per(with Pressure Modules) 1 in. H

2O / 0.25 kPa Pressure Module per Pressure Module Pressure Module specs2

Over pressureper pressure to specs2 specs2 Zero, Min, Max, Hold,module specs2 10,000 psi / 69 MPa Damp

Source pressure -12 psig to full scale N/A N/A Pressure or vacuum,built-in pump overpressure protected

at 180 10 psi

Measure mA 0 to 24 mA 0.001 mA 0.025 % reading + 1 count Measure mA 0 to 24 mA 0.001 mA 0.020 % reading + 2 count

Measure mA 0 to 24 mA 0.001 mA 0.010 % reading + 0.015 %

of full scale

Loop power supply 24 V dc N/A + 10 %Supported Pressure Units on 701 and 702 include: psi, kPa, bar, inches Hg, mm Hg, inches H

2O (@ 4 C), and feet H

2O (@4C) Supported Pressure Units on 741, 743, and 744 include all of the

above, plus kg/cm2, inches H2O (@ 60F), mm H

2O (@ 4 C). Supported Pressure Units on 717, 718, and 725 include psi, kPa, bar, mbar, kg/cm2, inches Hg, mm Hg, inches H

2O (@ 4C), inches

H2O (@ 20 C), cm H

2O (@ 4C), and cm H

2O (@ 20C).

For Pressure Module specifications, see table below.

Gasses only for 718.

1 Total uncertainty, oneyear for temperaturerange 0 C to +50 C.Total uncertainty, 1.0 %of full span for temp-erature range -10 C to0C.For P00 module only,compensatedtemperature range is15 C to 35 C.

2 Dry indicates dry airor non-corrosive gas ascompatible media.316 SS indicates mediacompatible with Type316 Stainless Steel.C276 indicates mediacompatible withHastelloy C276.

Use of pressure zero is

required prior tomeasurement or source.Maximum overpressurespecification includescommon mode pressure.Modules are rated.Metric adapter(s):1/4 NPT female to maleBSP/I SO 1/4-19, taperedthread, included with allmodules except P29,P30, and P31. EffectiveOctober 1996, allmodules include a NISTtraceable certificate andtest data.

Reference High2 Low2 Max over-Range/ Range (approx)/ uncertainty Stability Temperature Total1 side side Fitting pressure

Model Resolution Resolution (23 3 C) (1 year) (0 to 50 C) uncertainty media media material (x nominal)

Differential

FLUKE-700P00 1 in. H2O/0.001 0.25 kPa/0.0002 0.300 0.025 0.025 0.350 Dry Dry 316 SS 30x

FLUKE-700P01 10 in. H2O/0.01 2.5 kPa/0.002 0.200 0.050 0.050 0.300 Dry Dry 316 SS 3xFLUKE-700P02 1 psi/0.0001 6900 Pa/0.7 0.150 0.070 0.080 0.300 Dry Dry 316 SS 3xFLUKE-700P22 1 psi/0.0001 6900 Pa/0.7 0.100 0.020 0.030 0.150 316 SS Dry 316 SS 3xFLUKE-700P03 5 psi/0.0001 34 kPa/0.001 0.050 0.020 0.030 0.100 Dry Dry 316 SS 3xFLUKE-700P23 5 psi/0.0001 34 kPa/0.001 0.025 0.010 0.015 0.050 316 SS Dry 316 SS 3xFLUKE-700P04 15 psi/0.001 103 kPa/0.01 0.025 0.010 0.015 0.050 Dry Dry 316 SS 3xFLUKE-700P24 15 psi/0.001 103 kPa/0.01 0.025 0.010 0.015 0.050 316 SS Dry 316 SS 3x

Gage

FLUKE-700P05 30 psi/0.001 207 kPa/0.01 0.025 0.010 0.015 0.050 316 SS N/A 316 SS 3xFLUKE-700P06 100 psi/0.01 690 kPa/0.07 0.025 0.010 0.015 0.050 316 SS N/A 316 SS 3xFLUKE-700P27 300 psi / 0.01 2070 kPa / 0.1 0.025 0.010 0.015 0.050 316 SS N/A 316 SS 3xFLUKE-700P07 500 psi/0.01 3400 kPa/0.1 0.025 0.010 0.015 0.050 316 SS N/A 316 SS 3xFLUKE-700P08 1000 psi/0.1 6900 kPa/0.7 0.025 0.010 0.015 0.050 316 SS N/A 316 SS 3xFLUKE-700P09 1500 psi/0.1 10 MPa/0.001 0.025 0.010 0.015 0.050 316 SS N/A 316 SS 2x

Absolute (not compatible with Fluke 701 or 702)

FLUKE-700PA3 5 psi/0.0001 34 kPa/0.001 0.050 0.010 0.010 0.070 316 SS N/A 316 SS 3x

FLUKE-700PA4 15 psi/0.001 103 kPa/0.01 0.050 0.010 0.010 0.070 316 SS N/A 316 SS 3xFLUKE-700PA5 30 psi/0.001 207 kPa/0.01 0.050 0.010 0.010 0.070 316 SS N/A 316 SS 3xFLUKE-700PA6 100 psi/0.01 690 kPa/0.07 0.050 0.010 0.010 0.070 316 SS N/A 316 SS 3x

Vacuum (not compatible with Fluke 701 or 702)

FLUKE-700PV3 -5 psi/0.0001 -34 kPa/0.001 0.040 0.015 0.015 0.070 316 SS Dry 316 SS 3xFLUKE-700PV4 -15 psi/0.001 -103 kPa/0.01 0.040 0.015 0.015 0.070 316 SS Dry 316 SS 3x

Dual

FLUKE-700PD2 1 psi/0.0001 6900 Pa/0.7 0.150 0.025 0.025 0.200 316 SS Dry 316 SS 3xFLUKE-700PD3 5 psi/0.0001 34 kPa/0.001 0.040 0.015 0.015 0.070 316 SS Dry 316 SS 3xFLUKE-700PD4 15 psi/0.001 103 kPa/0.01 0.025 0.010 0.015 0.050 316 SS Dry 316 SS 3xFLUKE-700PD5 -15/30 psi/0.001 -100/207 kPa/0.01 0.025 0.010 0.015 0.050 316 SS N/A 316 SS 3xFLUKE-700PD6 -15/100 psi/0.01 -100/690 kPa/0.07 0.025 0.010 0.015 0.050 316 SS N/A 316 SS 3xFLUKE-700PD7 -15/200 psi/0.01 -100/1380 kPa/0.1 0.040 0.015 0.015 0.070 316 SS N/A 316 SS 3x

High

FLUKE-700P29 3000 psi/0.1 20.7 M Pa/0.001 0.050 0.010 0.020 0.080 C276 N/A C276 2x

FLUKE-700P30 5000 psi/0.1 34 M Pa/0.001 0.050 0.010 0.020 0.080 C276 N/A C276 2xFLUKE-700P31 10000 psi/1 69 M Pa/0.007 0.050 0.010 0.020 0.080 C276 N/A C276 1.5x

71730G

717100G

71830G

718100G

725

741B

743B

744

5520A

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Fluke 700PTPPneumatic Test Pump

For use with:Fluke 700 SeriesPressure Modules and the Fluke710 Series Pressure Calibrators.

Description:The Fluke 700PTPis a handheld pressure pumpdesigned to generate eithervacuum to -11.6 psi/-0.8 bar orpressure to 360 psi/25 bar.

The Fluke 700PTP has two pres-sure ports:

3/8-BSP (ISO228) femaleparallel thread fitting for thereference gauge or pressuremodule

1/8-BSP (ISO228) femaleparallel thread fitting for theunit under test

Application: The Fluke 700PTPfeatures an integral pressureadjustment vernier which variesthe pressurized volume by2.0 cc over approximately eleventurns of the vernier knob. Thepressure variation achievablewith the vernier will depend onthe nominal pressure and totalpressurized volume, but with aminimum volume and maximumpressure, the vernier provided360 20 psi adjustment range.With a minimum volume and no

pressure applied, the vernier canalso be used to provide a 0 to70 H2O range. Larger volumeswill provide a smaller range ofadjustment, but greater resolu-tion. The length of the strokecan be adjusted to limit themaximum output pressure. Maxi-mum output pressure is adjust-able from 2.5 psi to 360 psi.


Pressure Accessories

Fluke 700HTPHydraulic Test Pump

For use with:Fluke 700 SeriesPressure Modules and the Fluke710 Series Pressure Calibrators.

Description:The Fluke 700HTPis designed to generate pres-sures up to 10,000 psi/700 bar.The Fluke 700HTP has two pres-sure ports:

3/8-BSP (ISO228) femaleparallel thread fitting for thereference gauge or pressuremodule

1/8-BSP (ISO228) female par-allel thread fitting for the unitunder test

Note:The user must provide a hose withappropriate end fittings from this port tothe unit under test.

Application: This pump canprovide up to 10,000 psi usingdistilled water or mineral-basedhydraulic oil. The pump is oper-ated by pumping several strokesto prime the system, thenswitching to high pressure modewhen the resistanceincreases. An integral pressureadjustment vernier knob variesthe pressurized volume by0.6 cc. The pressure variationachievable with the vernier willdepend on the nominal pressure

and total pressurized volume,but with a minimum volume, thevernier provided 150-3,000 psi(at 150 psi nominal) and 3,000-10,000 psi (at 3,000 psi nomi-nal) adjustment ranges. With aminimum volume andno pressure applied, the verniercan also be used to provide a0 to 1.7 psi range. Largervolumes will provide a smallerrange of adjustment, but greaterresolution.

Fluke 700LTPLow-Pressure Test Pump

Description:The Fluke 700LTPis a hand operated pressurepump designed to generate ei-ther vacuum to -12 psi / -.85 baror pressures to 20 psi / 2000mbar. The Fluke 700LTP has two

pressure ports with push fit con-nectors. These push fit connec-tors, one for the reference portfor connection to a Fluke 700series pressure module and oneto connect to a unit under test,connect to the supplied testhoses. These test hoses are ter-minated with 1/4-BSP (ISO228)female parallel thread fittingsthat can be adapted using thefittings included.

Application:The Fluke 700LTPis primarily intended for lowpressure applications. It featuresa fine adjust vernier with .00145/ PSI resolution at low pressures.The pressure variation achiev-able with the vernier will de-pend on the nominal pressureand total pressurized volume, butwith minimum volume and maxi-mum pressure the vernier pro-vides 30 psi 6 psi. The adjust-able pressure relief valvefeatures a slow-bleed capabilitythat allows the user to slowlyrelease pressure at a controlledrate to achieve a desired pressure.

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Fluke 700HTH HydraulicTest Hose

Description:The Fluke 700HTHhydraulic test hose is a 10,000psi, 700 bar working pressureest hose that features stainlessteel and nylon construction. The

hose uses self-sealing fittings

with easy finger tight connec-ions. The hose has very lowolumetric expansion and a neg-igible pressure drop at ratedpressures.

Application:The Fluke 700HTHllows connection to a calibra-ion unit under test from a Fluke00HTP hydraulic test pump in

use with the Fluke 700 seriespressure modules. The 700HTHs compatible with water andnon-corrosive oil.

Fluke 700ILF In-line Filter

For use with:Fluke 717 and 718ressure Calibrators to help iso-ate the calibrator from liquidontamination.

Description:Use to isolate cali-brator from contact with liquids.nput is 1/8 NPT female. Outputs 1/8 NPT male.

Application:The Fluke 700ILFan be used to isolate the cali-

brator from incidental contactwith fluids present in the gasmedium being measured. Par-icularly useful with the 718 cali-

brator to help keep moisture orils from contaminating the on-

board pump. The 1/8 NPT malehreaded output threads directly

nto the 717 and 718 calibrators.

Maximum pressure is 100 psi.Burst pressure is 375 psi. Maxi-mum flow is 10 SCFM and filtra-tion to 1 micron.

Fluke 700PRVPressure Relief Valve Kit

For use with:Fluke 700HTPHydraulic Test Pump.

Description:The Fluke 700PRVconsists of two relief valves(1360 and 5450 psi) to be usedwith the 700HTP Hydraulic TestPump. These relief valves willprotect the most commonly usedFluke pressure modules fromdamage due to accidentalover-pressurization. 1/4 BSP

male parallel thread to fitFluke 700HTP.

Application: Repeatability 10 % of nominal setting.Multi-turn adjustment screw toset preload on internal discsprings.

Fluke 700PMPPressure Pump

For use with:Fluke 700 SeriesPressure Modules and the Fluke710 Series Pressure Calibrators.Description:The Fluke 700PMPis a hand-operated pressurepump to provide pressures up to150 psi/1000 kPa. Output fittingis 1/8 FNPT.

Application: Linear strokeof 1.6 (4 cm). Multi-turn vernierfor fine adjustment of pressure.

Fluke 700 PCK Calibration KitThe Fluke 700PCK Pressure Calibration Kitmakes it possible to calibrate your pressuremodules at your facility using your own preci-sion pressure standards. The kit consists of apower supply, an interface adapter, appropri-ate cables, and Fluke 700PC Pressure ModuleCalibration software. When installed on yourPC, the Windows-based software easilysteps you through an as-found verification, acalibration adjustment, and an as-left verifi-cation. Calibration data is captured for importto your database. A 386 or better PC, runningWindows 3.1, or later is required, along witha precision pressure standard with an uncer-tainty of less than 1/4that of the pressuremodule being verified.

12345678

PressureCalibrator

InterfaceUnit

PC Serial Port

Line Power

PressureModule

Note:With a Fluke 700PCK and any Fluke Pressure Module, a Fluke5520A Calibrator becomes a precision pressure standard.

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PSIpounds per square inch(same as psig).

PSIApounds per square inch

absolute.PSIDpounds per square inchdifferential.

PSIGpounds per square inchgage (same as psi).

Square root extractoraninstrument or software programthat takes the square root ofinput and puts the result on itsoutput. Square root extraction isneeded to linearize many flowsignals. Example: orifice plates,venturis, target flow meters, andpitot tubes all require the

transmitters output signal to belinearized. Mag flow meters,turbine flow meters, Dopplerflow meters, and vortex shed-ding flow meters dont requiresquare root extraction.

Static pressurethe zero-veloc-ity pressure at any arbitrarypoint within a system.

Wet/dry differentiala differ-ential pressure transducer ortransmitter that uses a metaldiaphragm at the wet port wherefluids can be applied, and nodiaphragm at the dry port. Thedry port exposes the sensor ma-terial to the medium, so onlyclean dry gas can be applied tothis port.

Wetted partsthe diaphragmand pressure port material thatcomes in direct contact with themedium (gas, liquid).

Gage pressurethe pressurerelative to atmospheric pressure.Gage pressure = absolute pres-sure minus one atmosphere.

Gage pressure transducera transducer that measures pres-sure relative to atmosphericpressure.

Ideal Gas LawcombiningBoyles Law and Charles Law,results in the Ideal Gas Law:PV=nRT, where nR is constantfor a particular gas analogous tothe number of molecules and therelative size of the molecule.

I/P (I to P)a current to pres-sure transmitter. A common in-

strument in modern industrialplants. A typical large paper millor refinery could have 5,000 I/Psin use.

Line pressurethe maximumpressure in the pressure vesselor pipe for differential pressuremeasurement.

Orifice platea very low costand common primary sensingelement (PSE) for measuringflow. It must be used in conjunc-tion with a d/p cell. It creates aventuri and a resulting P is

developed across the platewhose square root is propor-tional to flow.

P/I (P to I)a pressure to cur-rent transducer.

Pneumatic relayrefers to apneumatic instrument that per-forms a function to its input andprovides the result on its output(Example: square root extractor,adder, etc.).

Absolute pressureabsolutepressure measurements arereferenced to zero pressure,(a perfect vacuum.)

Absolute pressuretransducera transducer thathas an internal referencechamber sealed at or close tozero pressure (full vacuum)when exposed to atmospherea reading of approximately14.7 psi results.

Boyles Lawthe volume of agas is inversely proportional tothe pressure of the gas at con-stant temperature: V=1/P.

Charles Lawessentially states

for a fixed volume of gas, if thetemperature is raised, the pres-sure will increase. P = Constantx T.

Common mode pressuretheunderlying common pressure(or static pressure) within a sys-tem from which a differentialmeasurement is being made.

D/P: Differential pressure,(pronounced DP)other namesused to mean the same thing ared/p cell, d/p transmitter and !Ptransmitter (where !is delta or

differential). This is the mostcommon type of transmitter usedin most process industries. It canbe used to measure level, flow,pressure, differential pressure,and density or specific gravity.With some modifications, it canmeasure such things as tempera-ture and oxygen purity. The d/ptransmitter can be pneumatic,electromechanical, or solid state.It can also be a smart transmitter.A typical large process plant canhave hundreds or thousands ofd/p transmitters in service.

Pressure Terminology

Fluke CorporationPO Box 9090, Everett, WA USA 98206

Fluke Europe B.V.PO Box 1186, 5602 BDEindhoven, The Netherlands

For more information call:U.S.A. (800) 443-5853 orFax (425) 446-5116Europe/M-East/Africa (31 40) 2 675 200 orFax (31 40) 2 675 222Canada (800)-36-FLUKE orFax (905) 890-6866Other countries +1 (425) 446-5500 orFax +1 (425) 446-5116Web access: http://www.fluke.com

2003 Fluke Corporation. All rights reserved.Printed in U.S.A. 1/2003 1281620 A-ENG-N Rev C

Printed on recycled paper.

Fluke. Keeping your world

up and running.

CERT

IFIED TOMEETIS

O90

01

"QUALITY

MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM

ISO 9001Process tools technical and application notes can be obtainedfrom www.fluke.com/processtoolsor by FlukeFax in theUnited States at 1-800-FLUKEFAX .

Understanding Specifications for Process Calibrators (#8024) Transmitter Calibration (#8507) HART Transmitter Calibration (#8508) Limit Switches (#8503) Custom Units and User Entered Values (#8502) Temperature Calibration (#8509) Loop Calibration and Maintenance (#3031)

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