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PRESENTED BY: PRATEEK BANDHU (12627)YOGESH KUMAR (12628)
YAJAN CHAUDHARY (12629)KANISHKA (12630)
DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND ROLE OF
MEDICAL PREPAREDENESS
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(W.H.O.): “An occurrence of a severity and magnitude that normally results in death, injuries and property damage that cannot be managed through the routine procedure and resources of government.”FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency): “ A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either nature or man made that causes human suffering and creates human needs that victims cannot alleviate without assistance.”
DEFINITION OF DISASTER
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Definition of Disaster Nursing
Disaster Nursing can be defined as the adaptation of professional nursing skills in
recognizing and meeting the nursing physical and emotional needs resulting from a disaster.
The overall goal of disaster nursing is to achieve the best possible level of health for the
people and the community involved in the disaster.
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‘DISASTER’ alphabetically means
D - DestructionsI - IncidentsS - SufferingsA - Administrative, Financial Failures.S - SentimentsT - TragediesE - Eruption of Communicable diseases.R - Research programme and its implementation
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PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER NURSING Prevent the disaster
Primary preventionSecondary preventionTertiary prevention
Minimize casualties Prevent further casualties Rescue the victims First aid Evacuate Medical care Reconstruction
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Death of 3 million people
Economic loss increased due to
disaster like flood
In Indian scenario,
34million people affected per
year and 5116 death per year.
In US, economic loss is 400
million dollar and 3 million people died.
THE GLOBAL SCENARIO
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EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DISASTER
AGENT
HOSTENVIRONMENT
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Primary Agents
Secondar
y Agents
AGENTS OF
DISASTER
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POLICIES RELATED TO EMERGENCY/DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1. “First come, first treated” principle will not be followed during emergencies.
2. Triage protocol3. ABCDE care is provided
AirwayBreathingCirculationDisability limitationExposure / environmental control
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4. Trauma team and trauma code5. Management of cardiopulmonary arrest6. Emergency medicine records7. Chain of command in the team and system8. Alternative chains and flexibility standards9. Procedures involving medico-legal issues10. Disaster preparedness11. Disaster drills12. Infection control measures13. Quality management of disaster services
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE/PHASESPreparednes
s
Response
Recovery
Prevention
Disaster
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DISASTER PREPAREDNESS Personal preparedness Professional preparedness Community preparedness
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT TEAM Medical Superintendent Additional Medical Superintendent Nursing superintendent Chief medical officer (Casualty) HOD’d of all the dept.s Blood bank incharge Security officers Dietician Transport officer Sanitary personnel
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EQUIPMENTS Resuscitation equipment Disposable needles, syringes & gloves Dressing & suturing materials and splints Oxygen delivery devices Suction catheter and machine ECG monitors, defibrillators and ventilators Cut down sets, tracheostomy sets and lumbar
puncture sets Linens and blankets
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GUIDELINES/ELEMENTS OF DISASTER PLANS Chain of authority Lines of communication Routes & modes of transport Mobilization Warning Evacuation Rescue & recovery Triage Treatment Support of victims and families Care of dead bodies Disaster worker rehabilitation
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TRIAGE PROTOCOL/SYSTEM
Red: High priority for treatment & transfer
Yellow: Medium Priority
Green: Ambulatory patients
Black: Dead or Moribund patients
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RESOURCES FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Administrative system Policies, procedures and protocols Physical facilities Components & equipments Emergency/Disaster medical systems Staffing and training Resources for disaster drills Effective evaluation system
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COORDINATION & INVOLVEMENT OF VARIOUS GOVT. AND NON-GOVT. ORGANIZATION India
National disaster management authority of India
Emergency Management and research Institute Worldwide
International association of emergency managers
Red cross/red crescent United Nations World bank European union International recovery platform
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ROLE OF MEDICAL PREPAREDENESS Assess the community Diagnose community disaster threats Community disaster planning Implement disaster plans Shelter management plans Evaluate the effectiveness of disaster
plans
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LEGAL ASPECTS OF DISASTER NURSING Licensure Good Samaritan
law Good rapport Standard care Standing order Written consent
for operation and procedures
Correct identity Drug
maintenance Self discharge of
the patient Documentation Protection of
patient property Reporting
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IMPACT ON HEALTH AND AFTER EFFECTS Social reaction Communicable diseases
Population displacements
Climatic exposure
Food & Nutrition
Water supply & sanitation
Mental health Damage to the health infrastructure
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POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD)
PTSD is a severe anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to any event that results in psychological trauma.
Symptoms: Flashbacks and nightmares
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DIAGNOSIS OF PTSD History of exposure to a traumatic event Persistent re-experiencing Persistence avoidance and emotional numbing Persistent symptoms of increased arousal not
present before Duration of symptoms for more than 1 month Significant impairement
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MANAGEMENT OF PTSD Provide sense of safety Calm the patient Improve self efficacy of the patient Make social connectedness Give hope
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Host factors
1. Age
2. Immunization status
3. Degree of mobility
4. Emotional stability
Environmental factors
1. Physical Factors
2. Chemical Factors
3. Biological Factors
4. Social Factors
5. Psychological Factors
Factors affecting disaster
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Preimpact phase
Impact
Phase
Post impact phase
Rehabilitati
on
Phases of Disaster
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Disaster Response
Disaster Preparedness
Disaster Mitigation
three fundamental aspects of disaster management
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Disaster Impact
Mitigation
Preparedness
Reconstruction
Rehabilitation
Response
Risk reduction phase before a
disaster
Recovery phase after a disaster
DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
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DISASTER IMPACT AND RESPONSE
Search, rescue and first aid
Field care
Triage
Tagging
Identification of dead
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The type and quantity of humanitarian relief supplies are usually determined by two main factors : (1) the type of disaster, since distinct events have different effects on the population(2) the type and quantity of supplies available locally.
There are four principal components in managing humanitarian supplies: (a) acquisition of supplies (b) transportation(c) Storage (d) distribution.
Relief phase
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Overcrowding and poor sanitation
Population displacement
Disruption and the contamination of water supply, damage to sewerage system and power systems
Disruption of routine control programmes
Ecological changes
Displacement of domestic and wild animals
Provision of emergency food, water and shelter
EPIDEMIOLOGIC SURVEILLANCE AND DISEASE CONTROL
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VACCINATION
NUTRITION
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Rehabilitation
Water supply
Food safety
Basic sanitation and persona
l hygiene
Vector control
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DISASTER MITIGATION IN HEALTH SECTOR
Emergency prevention and mitigation involves measures designed either to
prevent hazards from causing emergency or to lessen the likely effects of
emergencies.
These measures include :-Flood Mitigation WorksAppropriate Land-use PlanningImproved Building Codes Reduction Or Protection Of Vulnerable Population And Structures.
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Disaster preparedness
Emergency preparedness is “a programme of long term
development activities whose goals are to strengthen the overall
capacity and capability of a country to manage efficiently all types of emergency. It should bring about an orderly transition from relief through recovery, and back to
sustained development”.
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The reasons of community preparedness are:-(a) Members of the community have the most to lose from being vulnerable to disasters and the most to gain from an effective and appropriate emergency preparedness programme(b) Those who first respond to an emergency come from within the community. When transport and communications are disrupted, an external emergency response may not arrive for days
(c) Resources is most easily pooled at the community level and every community possesses capabilities. Failure to exploit these capabilities is poor resource management
(d) Sustained development is best achieved by allowing emergency-affected communities to design, manage, and implement internal and external assistance programme.
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Policy development The policy development is “the formal statement of a course of action”. Policy is strategic in nature and performs the following functions:a. establish long - term goals;b. assign responsibilities for achieving goals;c. establish recommended work practice; and d. determine criteria for decision making.
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PERSONAL PROTECTION IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF EMERGENCIES
A number of measures must be observed by all persons in all types of emergency:- Do not use the telephone, except to call for help, so as to leave telephone lines free for the organization of response.- Listen to the messages broadcast by radio and the various media so as to be informed of development.- Carry out the official instructions given over the radio or by loudspeaker.- Keep a family emergency kit ready. In all the different types of emergency, it is better:- To be prepared than to get hurt;- To get information so as to get organized;- To wait rather than act too hastily.
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INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES PROVIDING
HEALTH HUMANITARIAN
ASSISTANCE
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Community measures in Disaster
Community Participation
Mock trails/training
Mass awareness
Education
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a. Setting up the first aid postb. Causality evaluation
c. Basic hygiene and sanitationd. Safety measures
e. Maintenance of food and water supply f. Maintenance of law and order.
g. Provision of sheltersh. Rescue streaming
i. Significance of traffic control and communicationj. Use of fire services
k. Hazards of radiation and preventive measuresl. Prevention of future disasters.
m. Grant in aid n. Rehabilitation
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ROLE OF NURSE ADMINISTRATOR IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Preserving Open Lines of Communication
Ensuring Quality Patient Care
Providing Current Education
Influencing Policy and Financial Decisions
Providing Security for Staff, Patients, and Families
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THANK YOU.