125 Years of Javanese in the Western Hemisphere - Kaboel Karso

125j Javanese in the Western Hemisphere

Javanese Indentured labor

By

Kaboel Karso

Javanese Indentured Labor in Context

• USA : End of 18th century in Northern States. Dec 1865 in the whole USA

• UK: 1808 Slavetrade prohibited• UK: 1833 Abolition of slavery• SR: 1845 Immigration of Boeroes• SR: 1853 Immigration of Chinese and Portuguese• SR: 1863 Abolition of slavery• SR: 1873 Immigration of people from India• SR: 1890 Immigration of Javanese

2Javanese Diaspora Event 2015 - Kaboel Karso

Book2bPublished Nov2015

Javanese Diaspora Event 2015 - Kaboel Karso 3

Sailing Route


A face from a place


The 1st 94 JavaneseCGK - AMS AMS - PBM Amount Date Left CGK Contract start

Unknown Unknown 1 21-5-1890 9-8-1890

Pr Alexander Pr Willem II 8 21-5-1890 9-8-1890

Pr v Oranje Pr Willem II 36 4-6-1890 9-8-1890



Total 51

Queen Emma Pr Willem III 1 2-7-1890 20-9-1890



Total 43

Gen Total 94


Particularities Javanese Indentured Labors

-Immigration department calculation Cost Of Living in 1917: Nf 2.10 per week. Weekly earnings: Male Nf 2.40, Female Nf 1.68- Assimilation Policy till 1930. 1. Recognition of Christian churches.2. Assimilation of the several etnical groups. 3. Law on compulsary education- Plan of Governor Kielstra (1933-1943) to Javanize Suriname. Purpose: Small scale farming- Administrative Model according to East Indies with Desa, Lurah en Wedana. Based on Sambatan & Gotong Royong principles. Economic justified- Skilled Lurah’s. Tasks: 1. Keeping peace & order. 2. Keeping population records. 3. Maintenance of public works- 1st Wedana in Lelydorp pak Kartomodjo- Kielstra desa’s: Kampong Baroe, Tamanredjo, Koewarasan, Poerwodadi, Sidodadi and Tambaredjo


Typical Javanese products

Teklek Tampah Contong Ani ani Basket


Javanese Immigration 1890 - 1939


Summary Javanese ImmigrantsYear Type Male Female Total

1890 - 1913 IL 7,235 3,540 11,062 – 2,050

1914 – 1918 WWI IL 1,576 931 2,835 - 395

1919 - 1929 IL 9,605 7,273 17,992 – 1,652

1930 - 1931 FI 289 283 977 – 1,274

1939 Col 383 381 990 - 446

1935 - 1938 0 – 2,326

Total 19,066 12,408 32,956 – 8,143

IL = Indentured Labor. Penal sanction. Not as bad as in Deli, but still badFI = Free Immigrants (Preman)Col = Colonist with Kota Gede. Plan of Governor Kielstra to populate Suriname with 100.000 Javanese.Rem: In 1925 and 1926 the ratio F/M was even 122 and 112 (Abduction?)


Origin vs Port of DepartureProvince Total

DKI Jakarta 672

Banten 120

Jawa Barat 471

Jawa Tenga 10,888

D.I. Yogyakarta 5,083

Jawa Timor 11,916

Not Yet Traced 1,392

Unknown 342

Total 30,884

Harbour %

Jakarta – Tanjung Priyok 41

Semarang – Tanjung Emas 43

Surabaya – Tanjung Perak 16


Housing Javanese Indentured Labours


Urbanisation of Javanese


Mulih Njawa 1/2

- 22% returned to Java, despite the fact that arrival and departure of boats to Java were unpredictable. Some had to wait for 2 years. Some finally lost their hope and were forced by circumstances to stay in Suriname- Anton de Kom, responding to the emotional need of the homesick Javanese, was seen as Ratu Adil. In 1933 the rumour was that Anton de Kom had some ships coming over for the return to Java. This caused a confrontation with the police. Some Javanese died during this demonstration- KTPI (Kaum Tani Persatuan Indonesia founded in 1947) promised people who had a green card to get them home to Java. Thousands pay for the Kartu Iju, by selling all their belongings, but just 320 managed to leave- In 1949 the independence of Indonesia was recognized by The Netherlands. But most of the Javanese chose (by accident?) to get the Indonesian citizenship and thus lost the right to vote. In 1975 still 20% of the Javanese had the Indonesian citizenship 15Javanese Diaspora Event 2015 - Kaboel Karso

Mulih Njawa 2/2

- In 1947, 769 Javanese were sent back to Java for free with the boat Tabian- Proclamation of a political party the PBIS 1947 by Salikin Hardjo. The aim is to look after the interest of the Indonesian and to improve their social position- 1 May 1951, proclamation of the foundation JTA (Jajasan ke Tanah Air). Plans to repatriate to Indonesia and found a village, were presented to the Commissioner of the Republic of Indonesia on 30 October 1951. Group led by Salikin Hardjo-5 Januari 1954: The Langkoeas left Paramaribo with 1018 passengers, supervised by Johannes Kariodimedjo. These people founded Tongar- 5 Februari 1954: Arrival in Padang


Main reasons to leave

-People were homesick

- Indonesia finally became independent after beiing colonized for 350 years

- They could better live in Indonesia and help to build the country than anywhere else

- They felt subordination and beiing discriminated

- Result: Brain Drain


Personal stories of transmigrants

1. Antonius Dasimin Senawi, born in Plantage Vreeland in 19392. Giman KartoSentono, born in Lelydorp in 19403. Haryanti Hardjo, born in Tongar4. Ngadimin Saridjo, born in Peperpot5. Ponyem, born in Lelydorp in 19256. Sakri Ngadi, born in district Saramacca in 19417. Samidi, born in Hamptoncourtpolder in 19348. Sarmuji Sarjan, born in Nickerie in 19439. Syem, born in Nickerie in 192610. Teguh Sastropawiro, born in Hamptoncourtpolder in 1937


Politics & remarkable names in the Javanese History


7 dec 1942: Speech of Her Majesty Queen Wilhelmina promised autonomy to Overseas Colonies;11 March 1943: Establishment of association "Unie Suriname", also signed by Salikin Hardjo;May 1946: Establishment of Moeslim Partij. Tje Mail (1st Javanese with Royal recognition), Ming Doelman, S.M. Hardjo, A. Nataprawira;13 april 1947: Mass meeting by "Comité Republiek Indonesia" because of Linggadjati Agreement (15 Nov 1946). Netherlands-Indonesia Union consisting of Netherlands, Suriname, Antillen and Indonesia similar to UK Commonwealth no later than 1 januari 19493 Nov 1954: Donker Law signed by Queen

-Raden Tanoedatar (Martodipoetro)-Johannes Karijodimedjo- Iding Soemita (18/8/1950 Dutch citizenship) Just 1% of the Javanese chose Dutch citizenship by 27 dec 1951

Emancipation of the Javanese

- Due to boardingschools, Javanese children had the opportunity to go to highschools in Paramaribo-More highschools available since 1980’s also because of better infrastructure. The schools are better attainable by rural Javanese- Occupation structure changed drastically. 1971 compared to 1964: The share of intellectual & administrative profession doubled for men. For women it even quadruppled. Agriculture, farming and fishery became just a secondary source of income- Nowadays the education level is almost the same as the rest of Surinam. Note: The women are doing much better though


Census/Growth Javanese population in Suriname

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

1890 1910 1930 1940 1950 1964 1971 1980 2004 201221Javanese Diaspora Event 2015 - Kaboel Karso

Javanese densityCountry Acreage *

1000 Km2Inhabitants * 1 Million

Inhabitants per Km2

Javanese * 1000

Javanese per Km2

Suriname 160 0.5 3.4 74 0.5

Netherlands 40 17.0 425.0 27 0.7

Java 130 120.0 923.0 80,000 615.0


Javanese in The Netherlands-Arrival: around 1975 because of the independence of Suriname and fear to be predominated by the creoles

-Between 1972 and 1975 almost 75,000 (abt 20%) Surinamese chose for safety and certainty and left for The Netherlands

-1994 research by Erasmus university. 7% of the Surinamese population in Holland is Javanese

-According to Statistical Bureau (CBS) on 1 Januari 2015 there are 348,500 Dutch citizen with a Surinamese background of which 7% are Javanese

-The Javanese community in The Netherlands has a higher Employment rate compared to the other Suriname originated people

- Prof Steven Samijo


Javanese in The Netherlands - Geography

Minder dan 1

1 tot 2

2 tot 3

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4 en meer

Per 1 000 van de bevolking


Javanese in Diaspora NL (JiD-NL) 1/2


Javanese in Diaspora NL (JiD-NL) 2/2

• Working towards organisation as legal entity• Empower descendants by exposing rolemodels• Promote Community to Community Cooperation• Organise activities to help enhance the Gotong

Royong concept• Provide platform for indepth discussion on

socially relevant issues• Focus not only on culture, but also on Economy,

Diaspora policy, education, Tourism


Yayasan Setiga Jawa ing Flevoland


2015 - Anniversary


Cookbook


Projects & Highlights- Fundraising for victims of Tsunami Aceh- Fundraising for Seaquake Yogyakarta, project ABY. 22 Suriname Javanese organizations participated. We occupied the KBRI in Den Haag- Fundraising for orphanages in Suriname- Fundraising for inhabitants of the interior in Suriname because of flood- Yearly production of the Javanese Calendar incl part of Pawukon and Pranata Mangsa. Also incl National hollidays of Indonesia, Suriname and The Netherlands- Acting as public diplomats on several occasion- Connect the Suriname embassy with the KBRI- Recognition by MENLU by Minister Wirayuda as being part of the Indonesian descendents- Maintaining relationship with KBRI and Suriname embassy- Representative of the Suriname Javanese community in The Netherlands on several occasions at meetings with Indonesian Ministers and ex vice presidents Jusuf Kalla and Try Sutrisno- Representative of the Suriname Javanese community in The Netherlands at the dinner with Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X


Serat Atur Panuwun


Project: Sumber Air Nglarangan


Project: School Karanganyar


SESEP & School Projecthttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipHDvfl7e1c

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipHDvfl7e1c

Visit of Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono in 2005


Room of President Soekarno in Moscow at KBRI


Question: Difference

-In Indonesia competition is very tough. Javanese here are more determined- Javanese in The Netherlands seems to have better opportunities than in Suriname- Javanese has basic value which is extra ordinary in the west: Rasa- Javanese has high moral values which has no western equivalent. i.e Gotong Royong transcends the word ‘Teamwork’


Robert Bosari 1/2


Robert Bosari 2/2


125 Years of Javanese in the Western Hemisphere - Kaboel Karso

Education

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