01

Creative Ability

can be Learned

(v1.0)

Gigo Learning Lab’s complete series includes 20 individual packages, as well as five school sets. The special features of Gigo’s Learning Lab are as follows:

1. Using GIGO’s “building block” construction-based curriculum, every class has a ready-to-assemble model, and includes time designed to promote individual creativity.

2. Promotes thinking outside-the-box of the traditional educational framework by learning innovation through play!

3. We are all innately good at something, so we should take into account both individual development and the ability to work as part of a team effort.

4. Course levels are designed from elementary to difficult, combining a life sciences-based curriculum with applications from daily life.

5. Experiment using Gigo’s “building blocks”, which can be used over and over again, saving both time and effort.

6. Comes with Gigo’s newly developed 3D Smart Manual, which makes learning how to intelligently assemble each model easier than ever before.

7. Learning Lab’s Cloud Platform allows systematic recording of learning progress.

We hope that kids can enthusiastically learn scientific knowledge through fun hands-on experience, developing their problem-solving abilities, as well as a positive attitude towards science. Our mission is to help children apply their newfound knowledge to daily life, furthering their innovational skills and abilities.

For any questions or inquires. please email to LL@mail.gigo.com.tw

02

Index

07. Shadow Imaging

08. Image and Vision

10. Monograph (2)

11. Focal Length of Convex Lens

Appendix: Learning Lab Packages

20. Monograph (4)

19. Application of Lenses IX

18. Application of Lenses III

17. Application of Lenses II

16. Application of Lenses I

15. Monograph (3)

14. Concave Lens Imaging

13. Focal Length of Concave Lens

12. Convex Lens Imaging

09. Interaction of Light and Shadow

04. Light Application

05. Monograph (1)

06. Light and Shadow

03. Optical Grating

02. Light Transmission

01. The Primary Color of Light

Parts List

Index

Education Philosophy 01 39

03 45

09 53

17 59

23 67

31 75

02 41

05 49

13 57

21 63

27 71

35 77

03

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

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11

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32

Long FrameShort FrameSquare FrameDual Rod11-hole Rod5-hole Rod5-hole Dual Rod-III3-hole Rod3-hole Dual RodBended RodMotor AxleCross Axle 3CMCross Axle 6CMCross Axle 7CMCross Axle 10CMRack 5CMRack 15CM20T Gear40T Gear60T Gear80T GearS Ring3V Single Output Bat tery Holder (AA Cell)EyepieceEyepiece Extension TubeObjective LensEyepiece BaseProjector Shaft AProjector Shaft BOptical RingObjective Lens BaseConvex Lens-40R

33

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46

47

48

49

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51

52

53

54

55

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62

63

64

Concave Lens-40RConvex Lens-300RConvex Lens-170RFog LensCube (Black)Cube (Blue)Cube (Red)Cube (Yellow)Cube (Green)Convex (Yellow)Convex (Red)Triangle (Yellow)Triangle (Blue)Concave (Geen)Concave (Yellow)Cross Axle FixerTwo-in-one ConverterHingeWorm Gear90 Degree Adaptor-IIAxleLoose AxleL Connecting PegS Connecting PegCrankLEDBase Grid ConnectorBase GridProjector FilmMicroscope Slide &Cover SlipPaper CardSpanner

P a r t s L i s t

04

1 2

x4

x3

3

x7

4

5

x3

8

7

x4

x3

x1

1310

11

12

x1

14

x6

x1

15

x1

5447

x1

x2 x1x2x2

48

x1

49

17

x1

18

x2 x1

19 20

x2

21

30

x2

31

x1

32

x2

33

x2

46

38 39 40 41

56

57

x1

58 59

x2 x2

60

23 24

25 26 27 28 29

x1 x1

x1 x1 x2 x6 x2

6261 64

x1

63

x1x1x1

6

x6

x6

x16

x2

9

x2

16

x1

22

x1

36 37

x1 x16 x18 x12 x18 x12 x3

34

x1

35

x2

55

x34 x13

42

43 44

x2

45 50 51 52 53

x4 x4 x4x4 x1 x2

Why can l ight form a rainbow with multiple colors?

Parts List

In ancient times, people believed that white was the purest color while white light was a monochromatic light that could not be decomposed. In 1558 A.D. Giambattista della Porta conducted an experiment that made seven colors appear when sunlight passed through glass. He explained that colors formed gradually when white light passes through glass of different thickness and light would remain naturally white. Although this concept was wrong, it provided Sir Isaac Newton a chance to review it.

In 1666 A.D., Newton drilled a hole on the wall of a dark room to let sunlight enter a prism and emit colorful light. The experiment didn’t prove anything except that past experiments were correct.

Newton realized that it would be interesting to mix colors and turn them into white light, but no one attempted to perform such experiment. And so, Newton

conducted his own experiment by letting different colors of light enter another inverted prism which recombined into original white light. The experiment proved that white l ight is composed of many colors.

Newton’s dispersion experiment using a prism divided white light into seven main

colors; namely, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and purple. We can conduct an inverse experiment by

drawing seven colors on a circular cardboard and inserting a rotation axis in the middle of the board, which create a spinning top. We can observe the rotation of the seven colors which turn white despite the cardboard’s light weight and the top’s fast rotation.

The Primary Color of Light01

Daily

Application

x1 x1

x1 x1

x2 x2 x2

x1

4

5

14

17

18

21

9 55

01

03

02

04

BrainstormingS e s s i o n

05 06

Whipp ing

Top

1 2 3自我

評量

組裝完成 實驗完成 創作完成

1 2 3

ModelAssembled

ExperimentComplete

Model Creation

Experiment

Time

ArtAttack

Evaluation

Spin the top quickly and see if you can make the color card on the top turn white.

C h a n g e t h e t o p ’s c o l o r c a r d i n t o di f ferent colors and see the results after rotation.

05

09

07

11

06

10

08

12

07 08

Why can we see different colors of light in our life?

Parts List

After supper, Tony went to the living room and lifted the curtains on the window. He noticed that the window glass looked like a mirror at night and so he asked his Grandpa Rudolph about it.

Grandpa Rudolph answered that no medium was completely transparent to light during transmission except vacuum. Some amounts of light are reflected while others are absorbed by the

medium when light passes through it, and the rest is refracted out.

When looking outside through a window during the day, indoor light is partly reflected, but light emitted from the outside is relatively strong, thus it is not easy to see a reflection when indoors. Similarly, when looking out the window at night, the window glass usually appears like a mirror.

Geometrical optics is a science that explores the transmission of light in a medium and

object imaging rule based on rectilinear transmission of light. A geometrical line showing the direction of light

transmission is used to represent light. One part of light is reflected and the other one is refracted when there is an interface of two different media during transmission. Light is reflected according to a specific direction when emitted on a smooth surface to create a clear image. For example, when irradiating a fog filter using light, light which passes through a fog filter with parallel light would illuminate to different directions due to the uneven surface, making the image dim.

02

Daily

Application

Light Transmission

Note: Please prepare some cellophane.

x2

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x1

1 2 6

56

58

5 55

23

01

03

02

04

09

S e s s i o n

10

BrainstormingA d v e n t u r e

of Light

1 2 3

ModelAssembled

ExperimentComplete

Model Creation

Experiment

Time

ArtAttack

Evaluation

Please obser ve the color of l ight af ter passing through different media.

How many different colors of light can you get by matching three colors of cellophane?

05

09

07

11

06

10

08

12

11 12

What di f ferent t ypes of codes have you seen?

Parts List

After Tony f inished his dinner, Grandpa Rudolph took out two transparent plastic boards and drew several black thin strips evenly. Grandpa Rudolph gave one strip to Tony and asked him what it was. Tony answered it was an optical grating.

Grandpa asked Tony to overlap the strip in his hand with the one on the table, and to keep the small angled strips and move the optical grating in his hand from left to right. Tony did them and found that light indeed passed through a seam and formed a bright spot in the suture of the black strips. With the staggered position of two optical gratings, a dark region formed due to a mutual blocking of

light; thus, interlaced bright and dark regions passed from the bottom to the top. According to Grandpa Rudolph, this phenomenon is called the Moiré fringe.

A general product barcode consists of parallel black and white lines of different

widths. This is for information purposes. The light code mentioned here is not a product code. It is a bright and

dark matching game of light, which is different from physical grating used in the interference phenomenon. It can also be applied to metrological grating, This transmission-type metrological grating draws lines with equal intervals on a long strip or round disk material. It utilizes light transmission to conduct displacement measurement. For instance, an optical mechanical mouse having a round disk grating inside, can rotate with the movement of a mouse so as to measure its displacement.

03

Daily

Application

Optical Grating

x3

x2 x16

x13x1

x3 x1 x2x3 x1

x1x4x3

x17 x1 x10x1

2

3

5

54

47

38

39

40 56

58

23

6

37

55

42

44

01

03

02

04

BrainstormingS e s s i o n

13 14

Light Code

1 2 3自我

評量

組裝完成 實驗完成 創作完成

1 2 3

ModelAssembled

ExperimentComplete

Model Creation

Experiment

Time

ArtAttack

Evaluation

Observe whether the red brick bar can block the image effectively after turning of f the light source.

Can you show the numbers by utilizing the cooperation of model and light?

05

09

07

11

06

10

08

12

15 16

How do you communicate with others in daily life?

Parts List

A warship had lost its way and while searching for directions, the captain suddenly saw a flashing light in front of him. In order to avoid collision, he commanded his crew to send a light signal to the other party using Morse code and surprisingly, the latter responded with the same signal.

Then the captain sent a message, "This is the captain, please change your course." Since he was a high ranking officer, he hoped that the other party would give way but instead, it responded, "This is the coastguard, please divert your course". As the warship got closer, the captain got really angry and threatened the other party which

then responded with a light signal and message, "This is a lighthouse, please divert your course." And with that, the captain had no choice but to change his course immediately.

M o r s e c o d e i s t h e m o s t b a s i c cryptographic technology in the world. It

is composed of characters, figures and symbols with short and long tones as well as a flashing light in

different rhythms. Given the simplicity of Morse code, people use it during the war or in case of emergencies. For instance, people can send distress signals or SOS using Morse code during marine disasters. With the development of modern computer technologies, the navy, shore and ship personnel should be familiar with Morse code even if it is not commonly used. A warship can send signals to a consort when it needs to keep its radio mute when performing a task.

04

Daily

Application

Light Application

3

4

5

13

11

48

1859

60x1

x1

x1

x1

x1

x2x4

x2

x3

x1

x2

x2

x7x1

56

58

23

55

01

03

02

04

BrainstormingS e s s i o n

17 18

Morse Code

1 2 3

ModelAssembled

ExperimentComplete

Model Creation

Experiment

Time

ArtAttack

Evaluation

Work with your partners and use the Morse code meter and let the other party guess your code.

Design a set of simple signal codes.

05

09

07

11

06

10

08

12

19 20

1

01. Whipping Top

03. Light Code

02. Adventure of Light

04. Morse Code

Use the theory and model that you have learned to design a set of flashing lights that are capable of changing colors.

05

21 22

S e s s i o n

Monograph

ModelReview

1

2

3

ModelDesign

ModelCreation

Winner!

DesignConcept

My Artwork

Evaluation

When can we see our shadow?

Parts List

Ancient people were familiar with light and shadow that appeared on Earth but they were unfamiliar with those found on the moon.

In 1609 A.C., Galileo Galilei placed a mirror at two ends of a long pipe to create a telescope that faced the sky. At the beginning, Galileo made a telescope with about 3 times magnification. With continuous improvement, he made a telescope with 20 times magnification, providing him an enlarged observation area to view stars that were magnified 400 times. This enabled him to discover many extraordinary astronomical phenomena.

Galileo observed light and shadow on the moon. According to him, the moon did not illuminate and the surface was uneven. Thus, he identified round shapes where boundaries were high and extruded as annular mountains and

named flat and dark regions as the sea. Although Harrington described the oldest moon surface, Galileo was able to present the true appearance of the moon through the appearance of light and shadow, which significantly changed the image of the moon in people's minds.

06

Daily

Application

Light and Shadow

If light encounters an opaque obstacle during transmission, what forms behind the obstacle? A shadow forms behind

the object because light always travels in a straight line through different homogeneous media when illuminating an opaque object. Have

you seen an eclipse? The biggest shadow seen all over the world is an eclipse, because sunlight is blocked by the earth and the shadow of the earth blocks the moon.

18

59

60

x1

x1

x2

x3x1

x1x3

x2

x3

x1x1

x3

x1

x1

x2

x2

x8

56

5823

55

1

4

5 8

7

54

416 9

53

01

03

02

04

BrainstormingS e s s i o n

23 24

Shadow

Generator

1 2 3自我

評量

組裝完成 實驗完成 創作完成

1 2 3

ModelAssembled

ExperimentComplete

Model Creation

Experiment

Time

ArtAttack

Evaluation

Please observe the relationship of shadow image when objects and the light source are in different positions.

Can you calculate the height of the l ight source according to the relationship between the object’s height and shadow length?

05

09

07

11

06

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08

12

25 26

Shadow play was one of the ancient forms of entertainment and folk activity when media such as movie and television were not yet popular. It is considered an intangible cultural heritage.

Shadow play is also called shadow puppetry or light shadow. It is a form of storytelling which utilizes light to show animal silhouettes or shadow puppets made of cardboard projected on a white screen.

The early shadow play figures were made of rough cattle hide with no color. Later ones were made of parchment carved with various figures and colored using a transparent material according to the appearance of

the characters in the story. Shadow figures are control led behind a screen dur ing a per formance. There are music and songs in the shadow play which is considered a dramatic form of art in many countries all over the world.

How can we guess the original shape of an object based on its shadow?

Parts List

x1 x8

x1

x1

59

60x2

x1

x2

x2

58

53

x1

23

2

19 40

20

01

03

02

04

BrainstormingS e s s i o n

27 28

07

Daily

Application

Shadow Imaging

When the sun sets, we can easily observe that our shadow becomes longer

and its shape becomes deformed. Although there is a single color in shadow transformation, the change in

appearance is very interesting. Despite being dark, the shadow’s visual image changes with the environment. For example, the shape and size of a shadow would be different when the angle of light is different. The size of a shadow would also be different depending on the distance between the object and the light source.

Shadow

Transformer

1 2 3自我

評量

組裝完成 實驗完成 創作完成

1 2 3

ModelAssembled

ExperimentComplete

Model Creation

Experiment

Time

ArtAttack

Evaluation

Turn the model 90 degrees 4 t imes and record the model’s shadow. Try to draw the shape of the model.

Can you distinguish the shape of the two models if their shadows are shown together?

05

09

07

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06

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08

12

29 30

At the end of the 19th century, British photographer Eadweard J. Muybridge from California, USA successfully captured every movement in a horse race. He was able to take photos of running objects using multiple cameras, and produced continuous images outside a glass disk, then displayed them on animal experiment glasses that he invented.

The projector was capable of displaying a moving image and could control the rotation of a glass disk. The lamp could project individual peripheral images continuously and quickly on the screen during rotation. The images appear to be moving. This was considered the earliest modern film.

We always watch car toons; do you know the theory behind the creation of animation?

Parts List

08

Daily

Application

Image and Vision

A horse race lamp is called a trotting horse lamp. A lobed wheel is installed inside

a paper-made festive lantern with human and horse figures drawn on the lantern. A candle or lamp

is lit under the lobed wheel where hot air rises and causes cross-ventilation which enables the lobed wheel as well as the image

of the lantern to rotate. Even though the figure of the lantern did not reach real visual effect, its concept kept on changing. At the beginning of the 19th century, the thaumatrope was invented. It was considered an improvement to the horse race lamp. The device was an open-type roller with figures drawn inside and a hollow area with the same interval. It presented dynamic images as they rotate when the roller is rotated manually.

60

x1x1

x2

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x2 x18 x12 x2

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557

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47

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BrainstormingS e s s i o n

31 32

Trotting

Horse Lamp

1 2 3自我

評量

組裝完成 實驗完成 創作完成

1 2 3

ModelAssembled

ExperimentComplete

Model Creation

Experiment

Time

ArtAttack

Evaluation

Attach the cellophane on the trotting horse lamp and compare the images.

Try to create an interest ing story in relation to the trotting horse lamp.

05

09

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06

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33 34

How is f i lm presented on the screen?

Parts List

The term "film" which was coined by Thomas Alva Edison was a new form of art. However, Edison had limitations as far as the concept of film is concerned. It was the French Lumiere Brothers who improved the concept and produced real films.

Their projector was equipped with a 35mm perforated film with traction mechanism and blocking intermittent rotary motion mechanism that closely matched. Light illuminated from a blocking mechanism like a propeller blade that uses a shutter to lighten an image and perform synchronous rotation as it utilized intermittent movement of the traction mechanism, keeping it stationary when the film is lit. On the other hand, the film is immediately advanced forward when it is dark.

The f ilm image is vivid and in line with visual perception. The retina of the eyes lingers for about 1/10 second, and clear dynamic images appear on the screen.

09

Daily

Application

Interaction of Light and Shadow

Inspired by Muybridge's invention, Edison assigned his most brilliant personnel

Willian Kennedy Laurie Dickson to develop the kinetograph. The kinetograph projector has an

incandescent bulb that illuminates using a rotation shutter located underneath the film. It allows viewers to watch the film

inside the machine. It is used for personal viewing unlike the usual movies that most people watch. The manual projector can make images dim due to the rolling motion similar to a conveyer belt.

x2 x1 x2 x1 x1

x1 x1 x6 x2

x34 x1

x4

56

58

23

55

x2 x1 x1x6x6x1

x4

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x2

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BrainstormingS e s s i o n

35 36

Projector

1 2 3自我

評量

組裝完成 實驗完成 創作完成

1 2 3

ModelAssembled

ExperimentComplete

Model Creation

Experiment

Time

ArtAttack

Evaluation

Use an empty projector f i lm and draw a series of interesting f igures that you will present.

If the projector ’s angle of projection needs to be changed, how do you modify the design?

05

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37 38

06. Shadow Generator

08. Trotting Horse Lamp

07. Shadow Transformer

09. Projector

Please use the theory and model that you’ve learned to design a horse race lamp that is capable of changing the shape of the shadow and movement.

102

S e s s i o n

Monograph

ModelReview

1

2

3

ModelDesign

ModelCreation

Winner!

DesignConcept

My Artwork

Evaluation

39 40

Where can we see objects that use convex lens?

Parts List

In class, the teacher talked about the ignition experiment using a convex lens. A convex lens is placed under the sun and directly on top of a newspaper. The distance between the lens and the newspaper is adjusted to create a bright spot on the paper which would eventually ignite and burn. The distance between the bright point and the centre of the lens is called a focal length.

Tony knows that a convex lens can be used to collect light and thermal energy from the sun, which could cause combustible materials to reach ignition point. But he wasn’t sure if the lens becomes hot

when it collects light. And so Tony did his own experiment on a weekend. He held the lens and found that it was not hot because o n l y t h e d i r e c t i o n o f l ight transmission was changed to gather light from one point.

3

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60

x1

x2

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x1

x2

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x2

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54

6

35

01

03

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BrainstormingS e s s i o n

41 42

11

Daily

Application

Focal Length of Convex Lens

When light enters from one medium to another one, it is deflected and does not

spread along its original direction. For glass-type materials like a convex lens, light is deflected

because of the lens’ curve and convex centre with thin edge. The direction of deflection is towards the thinner edge. The common convex lens is round and thin at the edge and thick at the centre, thus light gathers towards the centre to form a focal point which is the bright spot we see and identify as the focus. This is the theory behind light collection using a magnifying lens.

Collecting

Lens

1 2 3自我

評量

組裝完成 實驗完成 創作完成

1 2 3

ModelAssembled

ExperimentComplete

Model Creation

Experiment

Time

ArtAttack

Evaluation

Identify and record two focal lengths of the convex lens.

Can you heat up an object by collecting light using a convex lens?

05

09

07

11

06

10

08

12

43 44

How can you read a book if the text size is very small?

Parts List

Tony placed a lens close to the newspaper to read the text. He gradually increased the distance between the lens and the newspaper. He found that the text was slowly magnified at first, and then it became distorted and blurred. And when he slightly pulled away, instead of seeing the image better, the image became smaller. So he asked his Grandpa Rudolph why the magnifying lens was called as such when it actually reduces the image of the object.

Granpa Rudolph answered Tony’s question carefully. He said that the mystery of the magnifying lens would be uncovered if he could verify that the enlarged object could be seen through a magnifying lens. The

magnifying funct ion of a lens is just a partial function. A magnifying lens is called as such because elderly people place the lens ad jacent to the newspaper to magnify characters so they can see them clearly.

12

Daily

Application

Convex Lens Imaging

The lens used for magnifying real objects is called a magnifying lens. You can view

enlarged objects through a lens by creating some distance between the magnifying lens and the object. A

magnifying lens is mainly used for enlarging objects. It can be used for correcting presbyopia and hyperopia. An object forms an image

behind the retina when people look at nearby objects. Thus, by wearing lenses with the appropriate focal length, the image of nearby objects would form behind the retina. However, a magnifying lens cannot magnify the visual angle. For example, the four corners of a paper would remain at right angles no matter how much they are magnified.

x1

9

x1

x1

x1

x1

x2

x1

x13

x7

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55

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x1x1

x2

x2

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x3

1

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32

57

6

x1

35

60

x1

13

11

54

19

51

01

03

02

04

BrainstormingS e s s i o n

45 46

Magnifier

1 2 3自我

評量

組裝完成 實驗完成 創作完成

1 2 3

ModelAssembled

ExperimentComplete

Model Creation

Experiment

Time

ArtAttack

Evaluation

How many times can a magnif ier enlarge the text size?

If two magnifiers are used, will there be a greater degree of magnification?

05

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07

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06

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08

12

47 48

Where can we use concave lens in daily life?

Tony thought that it would be very easy to measure the focal length of a convex lens with the help of the sunlight but it would be difficult to measure the focal length of a concave lens because the focal length of a concave lens couldn’t actually collect light. Would it be possible to measure the focal length using sunlight?

Tony found some materials through the Internet and used these in his experiment. He took a black round paper smaller than a concave lens and pasted it on the concave lens. He enabled the central point of the round paper to coincide with that of the concave lens. Moreover, he drew a circle with a radius two times greater than that of the round paper which was in turn placed on a yellow paper. The concave lens is illuminated by sunlight and the distance between the lens and the yellow

paper is adjusted to make the black round shadow correspond to the circle on the yellow paper. Hence, the distance between the lens and the ye l l ow p a p e r wa s t h e focal length of the concave lens.

Parts List

13

Daily

Application

Focal Length of Concave Lens

The lens with a thicker edge but thin center is called a concave lens. The straight line that

passes through the centers of the two curves is called the optical axis of a lens. Light irradiates into the

lens through the optical axis. A straight angle does not deflect. Light is dispersed because an oblique angle deflects and makes incident

light bounce after light parallel to the optical axis irradiates and passes through a concave lens. If deflected light is collected clockwise in front of a concave lens and the extension line can still gather light at one point on the optical axis, the point is called the focus of a lens. It is also called a virtual focus because it is not the convergent point of actual light. The distance between the focus and the centre of a lens is called a focal length. The astigmatoscope is called as such because its concave lens makes parallel light disperse outward.

3

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5 59

60

x1

x2

x2

x3

x1

x2

x2

x6x1

56

58

23

x1

x2

7

9

x1

x2

x1

54

6

33

01

03

02

04

BrainstormingS e s s i o n

49 50

Astigmatoscope

1 2 3自我

評量

組裝完成 實驗完成 創作完成

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Identify and record the focal length of a concave lens.

Use the features of a concave lens to design a tool capable of reducing the glare of hard light

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What other func t ions do eye glasses for short-sighted control have?

Parts List

Tony joined a field trip organized by the school. Upon seeing a scenic spot, he was reminded of the new things he has learned about optics and wanted to check how much he knows and understands about image formation using a concave lens.

Image formation by a concave lens is simpler than using a convex lens since a concave lens can only generate a magnified and erect vir tual image. In order to test this optical phenomenon, Tony borrowed a pair of eyeglasses from a person with short-sighted. He did not wear them but only

held the glasses in his hand. He tried to observe his surroundings through the glasses and found that the image he saw within the glass frame appeared small whether he he ld t h e eye g l a s s e s near or far from his face.

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Application Many people are afflicted with myopia due

to excessive use of 3C products (i.e. viewing the screen for long periods) and bad reading habits that

put a strain on the eyes. Some of the causes of myopia are long-term viewing of objects that are in close proximity and

spasm of accommodation, which cause the eyeball to elongate and the retina to move backward in order to let remote images appear in front of the retina after the eyeball begins to focus. This makes the image in the retina look blurred. The traditional correction method in treating myopia is to wear concave lens to reduce the focusing ability of the eyeball. This principle promotes the wearing of eye glasses designed for people with myopia. This type of eye glasses helps disperse light towards the retina to support eye focusing. People who have myopia can still see objects clearly despite eye twitching after wearing glasses.

Concave Lens Imaging

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Glasses for

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Compare the dif ference of images when the lens are changed.

Add a sunshade to the g lasses for short-sighted.

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11. Collecting Lens

13. Astigmatoscope

12. Magnifier

14. Glasses for short-sighted

Use the theory and model that you’ve learned to design a pair of glasses with magnif icat ion and is capable of correcting short-sighted.

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People today tend to simpli f y words or sentences. Can you give examples of such cases?

Parts List

After visiting the observatory, Tony asked his Grandpa Rudolph about the telescope. Tony wondered about optical theory in relation to the telescope which was described by Galileo in his book, Sidereus Nuncius. The theory did not agree with the concept of modern geometrical optics so why then would Galileo try to improve other people’s inventions?

Grandpa Rudolph agreed that Galileo was wrong in his optical analysis of the telescope. At that time, concave and convex lenses could observe and magnify remote objects but with no significant effect. The lenses need to be improved but how can they be modified?

Galileo needed to guess the lens first. He selected to modify the concave lens. No one knew where his inspiration came from probably because people used concave lenses to correct myopia and the telescope also had

a similar defect. Thus, Galileo dared to make an assumption and carefully conducted his experiment by to make a deep concave lens to create a visible telescopic effect with a curvature that matches as well as a partially convex and deep concave lens.

Application of Lenses I16

Daily

Application It is not easy to distinguish a convex

lens from a concave lens without careful observat ion. Guess ing the lens through

observation is an easy way to get an answer. For example, a lens whose centre is thick and edge is thin is a

convex lens; otherwise, it is a concave lens. Additionally, a convex lens can collect light, while a concave lens can disperse light.

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How to differentiate the diopter of the lens

Design a mechanism which can change more than three different lens.

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How many types of 3D display techniques?

Parts List

We can see three dimensional images because of the eyeballs’ binocular disparity and mobile parallax. The discussion is mainly about binocular disparity.

There is a horizontal distance of 6 to 7 cm between the left and right eyes of a human being. This allows both eyes to receive different images from different angles when watching an object and deliver these images to the brain at the same time. The brain then combines the different images to form a three-dimensional one.

The theory is easy to test. Fox example, put an object in front of the nose. Place red and blue backgrounds on the left and right

sides, then look at the object with the right eye closed and the left eye open, and vice versa. Then, open both eyes at the same time and you will see three completely different images.

Application of Lenses II17

Daily

Application Our brain’s binocular disparity automatically

generates 3D effects. The development of different technologies such as glasses-worn type

and the naked eye-type enable people to see 3D images while watching 2D images. The glasses–worn type technology,

i.e. 3D technology is introduced here. With the different technologies, 3D glasses are classified into color filter glasses, polarized light glasses, and liquid crystal shutter glasses. Regardless of the kind of glasses, all these allow both eyes to receive different images. Therefore, if binocular disparity of static images is placed in the glasses in advance, wearing them would enable people to see 3D images.

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Make a 3D image. Aattach red and blue cellophane on the glasses respectively and see if you can see 3D effects accordingly.

Do you know other 3D imaging methods and principles? How do you design glasses with the corresponding functions?

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What ob jec ts do we need to observe by using a microscope?

Parts List

This is not the f irst microscope in the world, but it is the most famous one given its proprietor Robert Hooke, who utilized the microscope to observe cells and discuss Hooke's Law (Springs).

Hooke improved and designed a composite m i c r o sc o p e c o mp o se d o f t wo c o nvex lenses. He further utilized the microscope to c onduc t a se r ies obser vat ions and experiments. He wrote the results in his book Microbial Diagram. He drew a f lea and a microscopic wor ld under a mic roscope that people had never seen before.

Application of Lenses III

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Application An optical microscope is a tool that uses optical lens to magnify images. It

basically amplifies the incident light of an object through two convex lenses from ocular and objective

lenses. But image formation by a convex lens does not have significant effect. The object needs to be placed near the focus of

the convex lens for magnification, or it can be placed at a distance of about one or two times of the focal length to obtain a magnified inverted image. Therefore, in lens application and design, placing an object at a distance of about one or two times the focal length of the first objective lens can form a magnified and inverted image behind the convex lens. Placing the other convex lens in position and leaving the focus of the second lens behind the real image, i.e. the ocular lens, enables visual magnification, which is the imaging theory behind the microscope.

Microscope

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Please draw a picture which you observe under a microscope.

Adjust the microscope according to different magnifications.

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What kind of tools or methods c a n w e u s e t o s e e d i s t a n t objects?

Hold a lens with both hands. Place a concave lens in front of your eyes and a convex lens in front of the concave lens, then observe a distant object and move the concave and convex lenses until the image becomes clear. This is the principle behind the Galileo telescope, which has a simple structure and image, but its disadvantages include a narrow view and a low degree of magnification. The Galileo telescope is composed of a concave lens as its ocular lens and a convex lens as its objective lens, wherein the second focus of the objective lens coincides with the first focus of the ocular lens. It illuminates near the second focus when parallel light irradiating from a distant object enters the objective lens given the light path of the concave lens. The distance between the objective lens and the second focus is the focal length of the concave lens. Thus, the

light passing through the concave lens forms infinite images. A rigid virtual image is viewed through the ocular lens, and the magnification is the quotient of the focal length of the objective lens which divides the focus of the ocular lens.

Parts List

Application of Lenses IX

Daily

Application This is not the f i rst astronomical

telescope in the world, but it is the most famous one because Galileo created it. With

the improvement of Galileo’s technology, the gate of modern astronomy was opened. The combination of lenses

is called a refracting telescope, which utilizes the convex lens of the objective lens and ocular lens as two basic elements. When the ocular lens is concave, it is called a Galileo telescope. When the ocular lens is convex, it is called a Keplerian telescope.

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19 Telescope

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Find out how long you can observe through a telescope.

Change your telescope to a binocular telescope.

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16. Guessing the Lens

18. Microscope

17. 3D Glasses

19. Telescope

Please use the theory and model that you’ve learned to design a lens with more than two functions.

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77 7877 78

Learning Lab- Individual Packages Learning Lab- School Packages

30 mins/ session; 30 sessions/ package

50 mins/ session; 20 sessions/ package

40 mins/ session; 20 sessions/ package

#1230 Wonderful World1

#1249 Construction Set20

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17 #1247 S4A Interactive Bricks

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#1243 Optical Devices14

Scientific Experiment

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120 sessions in total

Target: age 10+ (Jr. & Sr. High School)

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80 sessions in total

Target: age 7+ (Elementary School)

40 mins/ session;

100 sessions in total

Target: age 7+

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40 sessions in total

Target: age 7+ (Elementary School)

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100 sessions in total

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