12.4 Campo

Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità

Exposure to PAHs in subjects living in the vicinity of a solid waste incinerator

Laura Campoa, Silvia Fustinonia, Laura Erspamera, Andrea Ranzib, Giulia Gattic, Petra Elisabeth Bechtoldc, Carlo Alberto Goldonic, Pier Alberto Bertazzia, Paolo Lauriolab

aDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; bEnvironmental Health Reference Centre, Regional Agency for

Environmental Prevention of Emilia-Romagna, Modena, Italy; cDepartment of Public Health, Local Health Unit, Modena, Italy

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itàIntroduction• Some studies have suggested associations between solid waste

incinerator (SWI) emissions and health effects, particularlyadverse impacts on reproduction and cancer.

• Epidemiological evidences are weak (lack of exposureinformation, use of surrogate measurements, and difficulty incontrolling for potential confounding factors).

• Concern over the sustainability of the process of solid wastemanagement by incineration, and putative health effects, hasgrown, especially for the general populations living in proximityto these plants.

ISBM 2013, Manchester, 9th-11th September 2013 1/19

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• The European Directive 2000/76/EC of the EuropeanParliament and the Council on the Incineration of Wasteenforces preventive measures to prevent or reducenegative effects to the environment, as well as to humanhealth which might arise from incineration and co-incineration of waste.

• In order to meet the enforceable requirements of theseregulations, SWI technology has evolved over time,particularly in terms of emissions control.

ISBM 2013, Manchester, 9th-11th September 2013 2/19

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itàIntroduction

• Both inorganic and organic chemicals have been identifiedin SWI emissions, among which polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons (PAHs).

• Several PAHs have been classified as carcinogenic tohumans (IARC) and exposure to PAHs has been associatedwith negative reproductive, neurodevelopmental, andcardiovascular effects.

3/19ISBM 2013, Manchester, 9th-11th September 2013

PMCO

CO2SOx

NOxdioxins

furansVOC

PAHs

metals

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itàAim of the study

To investigate PAH exposure in subjects living near aSWI by biological monitoring.


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Methods. The study

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The study was conducted between May and June 2010, in Modena (Italy), a medium-sized town (180,000 residents) located in Emilia-Romagna region.

ISBM 2013, Manchester, 9th-11th September 2013

This study is part of the “Moniter Study” (http://www.arpa.emr.it/moniter/) aimed to study the impact of the eight SWI present in this region on the health of the resident population.

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Methods. Subjects

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Subjects Number Age Male (%) BMI kg/cm2 Smokers (%)

Exposed 65 48.2±6.2 44.6 25.4±4.1 23.1

Unexposed 103 48.1±6.8 44.7 25.6±4.6 22.3

General population subjects

• Exposed: living and working within 4 km from the incinerator

• Unexposed: living and working outside this area, within a 15 km distance from the incinerator


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Methods. Subjects

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For each subject:

Questionnaire on personal and professional characteristics,residential history, health status and life-style (smoking, diet)

Smoking habit characterization (urinary cotinine analysis)

Quantification of 10 urinary PAHs (U-PAHs)

Quantification of urinary BTEX and SPMAQuantification of blood Pb, Cd, and Hg; serum Cu and Zn; urinaryPb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Ni


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Methods. Environmental exposure variables

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In addition to the binary classification (exposed vs. unexposed), two other exposure variables were used:

1. the distance of each subject’s residence from the incinerator (linear distance from each individual geo-referenced location of residences to the SWI)

2. the average personal exposure to SWI particulate matter (PM, ng/m3) calculated by simulation models taking in account the concentration values provided by fall-out pollution maps for a period of 30 days prior to the sampling datePM = 8/24 PMwork+ 16/24 PMresidence


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Methods. U-PAH quantification

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Measurement of 10 PAHs (from naphthalene to chrysene) in thepresence of 7 deuterated analogues as internal standards bySPME-GC-MS

within-run precision: <20%between-run precision: <20%accuracy: 91-120%LOQ: 0.5-5.4 ng/L

GC - MS

SPME

Sampling Analysis

[Campo et al., Anal Bioanal Chem (2011)]


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Exposed vs. Unexposed

Unexposed Exposed

Unexposed Exposed

5.5

2.9 Dis

tanc

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m)

PM (

ng/m

3 )

PM (

ng/m

3 )

0.871.02

10/19

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Results 2. Presence of U-PAHs in samples

• U-PAHs above the LOQ in 6% (Acy) to 100% (Nap and Phe) of samples

• Nap, Flu, Phe, Ant and Pyr detected in more than 50% of samples

11/19

• Ace, Ant, BaA and Chr weremore frequently detected inexposed subjects (p<0.05)


0

10

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100

% s

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LOQ

Nap Acy Ace Flu Phe Ant Pyr Flt BaA Chr

Exposed

Unexposed

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Results 3. Relative abundance

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Nap Acy Ace Flu Phe Ant Pyr Flt BaA Chr

exposed

unexposed

3-ring PAHs ≈ 16% 4-ring PAHs ≈ 3%


Nap Flu Phe Ant Pyr

Median levels (ng/L) 36.7 1.46 6.0 <0.5 1.1

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Unexposed Exposed

Pyr

1.31.7

Unexposed Exposed

Ant

<0.5

0.8

Unexposed Exposed

9.57.2

Phe

Ratio exposed/Unexposed:• Phe: 1.15• Ant: 1.81• Pyr: 1.27

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Results 5. Multivariate linear regression analysis

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Nap Flu Phe Ant Pyr

Exposed vs. unexposed (ref.) -0.16* ns ns 0.38** ns

Distance from SWI ns -0.24** -0.13** -0.18** -0.12**

PM exposure ns 0.11** 0.04* ns ns

**= p<0.05>; *= p<0.1; ns= not significant

Models were corrected for smoking, diet, and traffic exposure


• Dependent variables: U-PAHs

• Independent variables: different exposure indices

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Results 6. Effect of distance from SWI


Flu Phe Ant

Pyr

The exposure to selected PAHs, measuredby biological monitoring, is higher forsubjects living closer to the SWI.

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Results 7. Effect of PM exposure


Flu Phe

The exposure to selected PAHs, measured by biologicalmonitoring, is higher for subjects exposed to higher levels of PMemissions from the SWI

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itàConclusion 1. Quantification of U-PAHs

• Nap (IARC 2B) has been found in all study subjects, whileBaA and Chr (IARC 2B) were found in 20% of exposedsubjects.

• Phe, Ant, and Pyr were higher in exposed subjects.

• Ace, Ant, BaA and Chr were at a measureable levels in ahigher percentage of exposed subjects.


The simultaneous quantification of severalU-PAHs gives the possibility to obtain boththe urinary excretion profiles and theassessment of exposure to specificcompounds.

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itàConclusions 2. Exposure to SWI emissions


• Our results strongly suggest that SWI is a significant sourceof PAHs to the study population.

• In previous studies, exposure to PAHs from SWI, measuredby 1-hydroxypyrene, did not result significant.

• The measurement of U-PAHs permitted to highlight PAHexposure from SWI for the first time.

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itàOn-going research


• “Biomonitoring of the general population living near amodern waste incinerator: a pilot study in Modena, Italy”(Ranzi et al.), submitted to Environment International.

• On-going study: recruited 500 subjects living near the sameSWI and samples collected.

Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità

Exposure to PAHs in subjects living in the vicinity of a solid waste incinerator

Laura Campoa, Silvia Fustinonia, Laura Erspamera, Andrea Ranzib, Giulia Gattic, Petra Elisabeth Bechtoldc, Carlo Alberto Goldonic, Pier Alberto Bertazzia, Paolo Lauriolab

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