12360 Interior Decoration

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INTERIOR DECORATION

In todays world Interior decoration has assumed greatimportance, thereare various aspects of interiordecoration such as colour texture, pattern, lighting,heating, ventilation etc. Probably there is no departmentin a hotel more concerned with interiors and their design

and furnishings than the professional housekeeper andthe housekeeping department. Yet few housekeeperstoday are actually involved in creating the initial plan andvisual impact of a room. That in itself is a full timeoccupation requiring talent as well as special training.

The housekeeper, however, is likely to be very muchinvolved in selection of items for replacement when thecomponents of the interior becomes worn or too soiled tosave.


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COLOUR

Colours acquire three main types.(1) Primary colour(2) Secondary colour(3) Tertiary colourI Primary Colour:

Which are the very basic colours. These are red, blue, andyellow. For example sea green, sky blue and red earth.II Secondary Colour:

Are the mix of two primary colours, example, red combines withyellow to give orange, yellow and blue gives green, blue and redgives violet.III Tertiary Colour:

Are combination of one primary colour and one secondarycolour. Example red and orange gives russet.


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INTERIOR

DECORATION


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TERMS RELATED TO COLOUR

Value the lightness or darkness of a colour.

Shades darker side of a colour

Tints lighter side of the colour

Chroma the intensity of purity of a colour e.g.yellow is full colour

Hue the colour itself e.g. red, blue, green, etc.Weight this is the subjective term for lightness.


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COLOUR

There are various colour schemes, which may be followed, allrelating to the colour wheel.Monochromatic colour scheme:This colour scheme makes use of one particular colour in differentshades and tints, example, to use in different shades in a room one

could have sky blue for the ceiling, navy blue for the walls and aRoselle blue for the floor.Dichromatic colour scheme:This scheme is similar to the first except here two colours are usedin different shades and tints.3. Complementary colour scheme:

Here exactly opposite colours of the colour wheel are used(example, red would make use of the exact complement of green).One in a bright tone for small areas and The other in grayed tonesfor larger areas. They should be used with a neutral colour.


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COLOUR

4.Split Complementary colour scheme:One would pick a particular colour on the colour wheel and then usethe colours adjacent/either sides to its complement/contrast. Forexample, if yellow were picked then it would be used along with redviolet and blue violet.

Analogous colour scheme:This scheme makes use of a particular colour on the colour wheeland colour immediately adjacent/side by side to this colour. Forexample, green, yellow green and blue green.Triad colour scheme:Under this scheme three colours from the colour wheel could be

chosen but all three colours should be equi distant from each other.In other words, it uses 3 primary, 3 secondary or 3 tertiary together.Under this colour scheme one colour should dominate the other twoalways. For example, red, yellow and blue is used, and blue is thedominant colour.


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Colour can also alter theapparent size of a room :

Reds, yellows browns and darker shades are warmer. These colours when used onan end wall would shorten the apparent length of the room or if applied on the ceilingwould lessen the height of the wall.Cool colours, pale greens, blues, and other lighter shades are cooling and tnd tomake a small room look larger.Reds, oranges and yellows are warm and stimulating.Pastel shades are cooler and more restful.

Green is cool and has a soothing and pleasing effect.Pale blue is fresh and cool but dark blue can be depressing if used in large areas.Purple has richness, while brown and other darker colours give an impression ofcomfortWhite can appear hygienic and cold.Light colours reflect light while dark colours absorb light.Colours can be affected by the amount of light falling on them(curtains look darker atday & light at night when light falls on them), the type of surface(rough surfaces castsmall shadows thus appearing darker than smooth glossy ones), the surroundingcolours(strong colours may distort other colours)Black, white, greys and creams are neutral colours.


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any co ours ave a s m areffect on people.

Reds, oranges and yellows are warm andstimulating.Pastel shades are cooler and more restful.Green is cool and has a soothing, pleasingeffect.Pale blue is fresh and cool but dark blue can bedepressing if used in large areas.Purple has richness.

Browns and other dark colours give theimpression of comfort.White can appear hygienic and cold.


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PATTERN

To give height to the room.

Remove or camouflage any horizontals.

Use striped wallpaper or one with a vertical pattern.

Pale ceiling and light coloured carpet.

Furniture should be low.

To reduce the height of the room.

Paint the ceiling down onto the walls with a darkcolour.

The carpet should match the ceiling drawing bothtogether.

Introduce a lot of furniture.


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To increase the size of the room.

Break cluttering the wall and room with too many pictures andfurniture.Pale and cool colours give an illusion of space.Marble ceramic, chrome (silver coating like for bathroom tap coatingetc) and glass all give an illusion of space.

Wallpaper and paint can match the curtains. This adds continuity.To reduce the size of the roomBreak up the wall with pictures.Create a focal point, which attracts eyes towards and away from thevastness in the room.Use rags and Dhurries [floor mats] to break the monotony of the

floor.Large furniture may be used.

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To reduce the length of narrowlong room

Have the wall painted in darker colour than the rest of the room.Bookshelves along with wall add width.Ceiling of light colours.

Pattern:Colour is used in conjunction with pattern and adds interest to

decorative schemes.Too much pattern is disturbing to the eye and may create a busy room.Large patterns can be over powering and small patterns may be lost in alarge area.Vertical stripes make the eye look upwards and make a room higher andnarrower.Horizontal lines make a room look lower and wider.Pattern should be used with restraint. Too much is disturbing to the eye.It is possible to introduce more than one pattern in a scheme but theyshould be different in character. For example, a striped and floral pattern.One should be dominant.


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FLOORINGS

Often out last other furnishings, so most of thedecorative schemes should be planned to fit in with theexisting floor. Carpets are used to give warmth, provideinsulation, and give a luxurious feel, to have a sense of

completeness. Carpet squares and rugs tend to break upthe monotony at a cold floor and help to reduce space.Texture with floorings can vary, a very rough materialhaving [double pipe] and a very smooth material such asmarble granite.

A patterned carpet should have a design in keeping withthe size, style, function and the atmosphere of the room.Plain carpets are suitable for heavily decorated roomsand vice versa.


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WALL COVERINGS

Varies from paint, wallpaper, fabric wallcoverings, plastics, glass etc. They form thebackground for any schemes. Mirrors break up

the walls and tend to add more space to a room.Using full-length mirrors, ceramic tiles, stainedglass on walls gives a general feeling of space.Mirrors help to double the size of the room by

giving a reflection. However too much light in theroom might be a source of danger to the shortsighted.


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CURTAINS

Curtains are often the most expensive item of soft furnishing. Theyshould enhance the floor and wall coverings and complement therest of the furniture and furnishings. Besides contributing to thedcor they have a number of other uses. They insulate a roomagainst noise and cold. They are often used to cut out light duringthe day, especially in hotels where people are sleeping in the

daytime ( especially in airport hotels ). Some furnishings aredamaged by too much sunlight, and many people find sunlightuncomfortable so curtains can be used to shade a room. Netcurtains can stop a room being overlooked, especially in a built uparea. If the windows are large, curtains may become a form of anentire wall of a room. Curtain hanging in folds adds a bit of roughtexture to the rooms. They can change the features of the rooms soalso the lighting. Texture in its own way plays an important role forthe decoration of a room and all of the furnishings should be used inunion with texture. Man-made fabrics probably does not exist that isnot resistant in one way or other to something soil, abrasion, fire,water, sunlight, wrinkling, creasing, and even odours.


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WINDOWS

It is the life line to the outside world. It should alwaysbe attractive and eye-appealing. No drapery designor colour in the world can compensate for dirtywindows. The curtains / window coverings areobviously part of the dcor, but also the view fromthe window. It the view is unattractive, it can beobscured by net curtains or blinds or by dark glass,which allows light to enter but obscures the view. Ifthere is a blanket wall in front of the window, it can

be painted either white to reflect the light into theroom, or with an attractive mural. Plants or flowerpots could be hung on the blanket wall. An attractiveview from the window can be framed by curtains.


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WINDOWS

PelmetsA pelmet is a curtain heading used to hide thecurtain tracks or rods. They are made of woodor hardboard, which can be painted or papered

to match the dcor or covered in the samematerial as the curtains.

2. BlindsBlinds are used where it is difficult to hang

curtains or to hide a view. These reduce heatloss in winter and keeps rooms cooler insummer, while still allowing diffused light intothe room.


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FURNITURE

Should perform the following functions.It is functional and ergonomically designed. [It means any person of any height/weight can use it]height of the door roof.It blends in with the rest of the decoration.It does not lose space in a small room.Wood used in furniture has a warm appearance and is regarded as neutral. Timber looksexpensive and if used has to be cleaned appropriately. Loose covers may be used using hooksand eyes, zips, touch and close fasteners to attach them. Furniture should be used in conjunction

with the wall coverings and should have an appeal to create the required atmosphere. Furnitureused in conjunction with artificial lights help to enhance that particular feature.Furniture covers a wide range of items which are in constant use therefore it should retain itsoverall appearance. Furniture choosing should depend on the following needs:

Practical design and appropriate size. Comfortable to use. Sturdy to with stand considerable wear and tear. Easy to clean and maintain Pricing should be within the budget of the establishment.

Furniture once purchased should fit for its purpose and meet the requirements of theguest, housekeeper and the management.

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ere ore t e o ow ng po nts mustbe kept in mind when considering to

buy furniture :The type of guest staying and the standards of accommodation, this specifies thetype of hotel, the furniture is chosen for and its star rating.Atmosphere to be achieved, e.g. modern or olden day theme so as to give thecorrect degree of comfort.Shape and size of the articles in relation to the human body(this is called scienceof ergonomics which means the study of people in relation to their workenvironment) e.g. shelves are more serviceable than drawers in a bedroom, built-

in furniture can save floor space.Durability of an article/furniture as it is likely to be handled by a large no. of people.Versatility and movablity e.g. furniture should be movable type in case of twin ordouble bedroom type so as to be let out for small functions like luncheons,exhibitions, conferences and then set back to normal later.Ease of cleaning, e.g. heavy furniture could have castors, shelves instead ofdrawers, drawers with wipe easy surfaces rather than lined , etc.

Standardization all furniture bought could be of standard measurements so as tobe moved from room to room as and when required.


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CANE, WICKER AND BAMBOO

These are the names given to the items of furniture made from thickgrasses ( bamboo ), palms ( cane ), and willow shoots ( wicker ).They have similar characteristics to timber products but aregenerally woven or plaited into chairs, tables, baskets, etc. They areeasily damaged if they are not used or stored carefully. Regularcleaning is necessary to avoid a building of inaccessible dust, dirt

and grease. Cleaning involves brushing or vacuum cleaning eachday and wiping approximately once a week with a solution of warmwater and washing soda or a solution made up of 5ml borax and50ml of water. Both methods should be followed by rinsing in a coldsaline solution ( 15gm of salt in 1 litre of water ) to help stiffen thestrands. It should be allowed to dry naturally and over wetting shouldtherefore be avoided. Oil or wax polishes may be applied, if desired,to those which are varnished or painted gloss. Polish should not beused on items used with food.


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LIGHTING

DAYLIGHTOnly about 10% of normal daylight enters a room. In spite of this it is brighter thanartificial light. Colours look different in daylight and in artificial light. Daylight varies inintensity and colour throughout the day. Most building need additional artificial lighteven during the hours of daylight.Advantages of daylight light :It costs nothing except the cost of providing windows.

It is natural.Because it varies according to the time of the day, it is soothing and kinder to thehuman eye, and possibly cause less fatigue than a constant uniform artificial light.Disadvantages of daylight :

a) The variation in the strength of daylight can change the mood or atmosphereof the environment.

b) Brilliant sunshine fades some colours and rots some materials.

c) The heat from the sun rays can cause discomfort.d) Daylight varies with the aspect of the windows and furnishings should be

selected accordingly.


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Light levels are measured in lumens and lux.The amount of light given out by a light source ismeasured in lumens, but some of this light islost, as it becomes absorbed by mist, dirty

fittings, coloured shades, dark colouredfurnishings, and distance. All these factors meanthat the amount of usable light which reachesthe working surface is often very different fromthat which leaves the light source. Therefore a

lumen is a unit for measuring the quantity of lightemitted at the source, and lux is the measure ofrequirement for a fire certificate.


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The effect of lighting on interiordecoration are :

Dark colour absorb light.

Light colours reflect light .

It can reveal features of construction.

Create impression of space.Conceal space by areas in shadows.

High light pictures, statues, floral decorations,etc.

Gives background to furnishings.

It can dramatize colour and texture.


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management, light fittingsshould be :

well positioned.

emit light in the direction required and theright quantity of light should be emitted.

pleasant to look at whether lit or unlit.

well made, durable, mechanically sound andelectrically safe.

not prone to over heating. easily cleanable.


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There are 4 types of lighting ;

Direct

Indirect

Defused

Semi indirect lighting

General lighting

Reflected lighting

Spot lighting

Directional lighting


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Direct lighting does not require any shade. It issuitable for giving complete illumination. The light isthrown on to the ceilings and walls from where it isreflected.

In Direct has a partial shade. Diffused lighting breaks up the light when passed

through glass. Semi indirect has some light passing through a

diffusing bowl and some is a mix of 2 and 3, givingnot a very bright feature to the room. Examples oflighting include tube lights, compact fluorescentbulbs, wall shades, lampshades, bed lights, nightlights, angle posed lamps, down lighters and uplighters.


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Methods of lightings :

Architectural lighting cove, cornice, soffit,luminous, spot lighting

Non-Architectural lighting ceiling and wallfixtures, portable lamps


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Various areas require differenttypes of lightings :

Cornice lighting - a cornice is installed at the ceiling and directs thelight downwards only. It can give a dramatic effect on drapery, wallcoverings and pictures also emphasizing on ceiling height.Valance lighting a horizontal fluorescent tube is placed behind avalance board casting upward light which reflects off the ceiling and thendown that shines on the drapery, thus producing both direct (downwardlight) and indirect (up ward light) lighting.Cove lighting it consists of placing a continuous series of fluorescenttubes in a grove or trough placed on one or more walls of a room about12 inches from the ceiling. This enables the light to be thrown on theceiling and then in the room.Soffit lighting this refers to the underside panel of a built in lightsource.

Entrance halls should be bright and be able to attract the attention of theguests especially at the lobby and reception desk. Therefore chandeliersand cornice lighting would be suitable in which the light is reflected fromthe ceiling.Luminous or recessed , used primarily for kitchens, utility areas andbathrooms.


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Mirrors on the ceiling reflect light and gives an impression of greaterheight..Various F&B outlets will cater to a definite clientele and therefore the type& intensity of lighting will vary. E.g. a cafeteria requires a quick turnovertherefore their should be high degree of illumination especially at the foodcounter and tables fluorescent lamps, pendent fittings or panel lightsmay be used. In a restaurant subdued lighting is more usual, throughtable lamps or candles may also be used. Higher general lighting can beused for public functions in banquet halls and luncheons etc.Staircases should be will lit to prevent accidents therefore lights shouldbe set into the stair itself or along the wall. Two-way switches should beused as it can be operated from 2 places.Guest rooms and bedrooms do not require general lighting but there

should be adequate light in different parts of a room like a bed side lamp,dressing table light , corridor/passage lights, etc. two-way switches canbe used so as to work from door and bed.Bathrooms should have vapor proof fittings, the position of the lightby the mirror should be such that the face is lit adequately. Theswitches should be preferably outside wall of the bathroom area


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ENERGY SAVING

Space heating accounts for 45% of total energy spent inan establishment, half of which is lost by transmissionthrough walls, windows, roof, flooring of the building,etc.Therefore energy may be saved by taking precautions

like :Using thick curtains/drape curtains.Using well fitted carpets as they produce extra warmthand insulation.Close fitting doors and windows in the guest rooms andentrance lobbies.Sealing the edges of the windows.Putting reflective materials behind the radiators.


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Use of thermostats on radiators.

Controlling the temperature of domestic hotwater, i.e. 40-45oC for bathrooms and 60oC forkitchens.

Encouraging the use of showers.

Use of spray taps in cloakrooms as less water isused than in the case of normal flow taps.

Good maintenance of taps, heating and dishwashing equipments so that no wastage ofenergy takes place.

12360 Interior Decoration

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