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Electronic Supplementary Material, Appendix 1. Ethnobiological uses of local taxa. Taxa and specific uses that were also cited in the Galt and Galt (1978) study are underlined. Citations for practices no longer in use today are denoted with “[past use]”.

Taxa & Voucher Code St Local NameEnglish

Common Name

UVc PU Local preparation and use Uis Ufl FL

FUNGIAgaricaceaeAgaricus arvensis Schaeff. W Funci di stincu;

prataioli; campagnoli

Horse mushroom

0.714 Bd Food: Cook with garlic, parsley, sometimes with potatoes; sometimes roasted or cooked with sausage

30 0 100%

Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. W Loffa; funci di cacca; funci 'i tobacco; tabaccara

Common puffball

0.357 Bd Food: Collect when young, cook 6 0 40%

Bd Household: When mature, can step on it to squish it and powder comes out (poof game)

9 0 60%

Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer

W Mazza di tamburo

Parasol mushroom

0.095 Bd Food: Breaded and fried. It grows under Quercus spp. 4 0 100%

AmanitaceaeAmanita caesarea (Scop.) Pers.

W Ovolo Caesar’s mushroom

0.071 Bd Food: Edible, but generally avoided due to easy confusion with poisonous Amanita spp.

3 0 --

Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam.

W Amanita Fly agaric 0.333 Bd Nuisance: Poisonous, avoided 14 0 100%

Amanita phalloides (Fr.) Link

W -- Death cap mushroom

0.048 Bd Nuisance avoided: Poisonous, avoided 2 0 --

BoletaceaeBoletus aereus Bull. W Porcino Queen

bolete0.762 Bd Food: Frequently eaten with risotto, parmesan and oil;

or sliced, breaded and fried. Collected in Sept.-Oct. after rain. This is a new tradition introduced about 15 years ago

27 0 84%

Food: Eaten raw, seasoned with olive oil as in a salad 5 0 16%Boletus luridusSchaeff.

W Porcino velenoso; pinarolo

Lurid bolete 0.190 Bd Food: Boil, throw out water (poisonous) and then eat 5 0 63%

Nuisance: Inside turns purple when broken, avoided 3 0 38%Boletus rhodoxanthus (Krombh.) Kallenb.

W -- Ruddy bolete

0.048 Bd Food: Boil, throw out water (poisonous) and then eat 2 0 100%

Leccinum lepidum (H. Bouchet ex Essette) Bon & Contu

W Pinarolo; porcino; porcino bianco

-- 0.286 Bd Food: Eat like a porcino, cooked with risotto or fried (some noted that it is not as tasty as the dark porcino)

12 0 100%


Common Name


CantharellaceaeCantharellus cibarius Fr. W Galletti;

finferli; gallinelle

Chanterelle 0.476 Bd Food: Cook and eat, also sometimes prepared with pasta, topped with cheese

20 0 100%

Cantharellus lutescens (Pers.) Fr.

W Finferli; chiodini

Yellow foot 0.786 Bd Food: Frequently eaten, cook and put on towel to dry and store under oil or dried or frozen or vacuum sealed for storage; or cooked with pasta; or cooked with risotto

33 0 100%

CoprinaceaeCoprinus comatus (O.F. Müll.) Pers.

W funci 'i tobacco Shaggy ink cap

0.119 Bd Food: Eaten when in the first phase of development 3 0 60%

Household: When large, squish for the “poof powder” game

2 0 40%

HydnaceaeHydnum rufescens Pers. W Vavuso Terracotta

hedgehog0.167 Bd Food: Peel top and remove the spines from under the

mushroom top, then cook and eat, or store under olive oil; sometimes prepared with sausage

7 0 100%

PhysalacriaceaeArmillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm.

W Famigliola Honey fungus

0.071 Bd Food: Cook and eat 3 0 --

RussulaceaeLactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray

W Raviolonza; raviolonzo

Saffron milk cap

0.833 Bd Food: Coat in breadcrumbs and fry; or filled with bread crumbs, cheese, and garlic and baked; or grilled; or prepared with pasta; or cut into small pieces and cooked with sausage

35 0 100%

SuillaceaeSuillus collinitus (Fr.) Kuntze

W Vavusa; vavusi Pinewood bolete mushroom

0.714 Bd Food: Remove top cuticle and tubules under top, chop up and cook with garlic and parsley, sometimes in a dish with rice and pork, sometimes in risotto

30 0 100%

PLANTAEAizoaceaeCarpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E. Br.

C Caddru Ice plant 0.333 Lg Dermatological: Leaf is cut in half to access inner gel, which is topically applied to burn wounds as a vulnerary.

1 0 7%

WP Household: Grown outdoors as an ornamental. (Was introduced to the island by military during WWII)

13 0 93%

Amaranthaceae


Common Name


Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima (L.) Thell.GEO20167

W Bietola selvatica; ggira

0.571 L Food: Boiled and eaten as vegetable; has a bitter taste 24 13 100%

Spinacia oleracea L. C Spinaci Spinach 0.167 L Food: Boiled, seasoned with olive oil and lemon juice; eaten

7 0 100%

Amaryllidaceae*Allium sativum L. C Aglio Garlic 0.238 Cl Gastrointestinal: Inserted into anus to treat intestinal

worms "vermi", esp. in children as an anti-helminthic [past use]

4 2 20%

Gastrointestinal: Cloves are strung together to make a necklace for the child to wear as an anti-helminthic [past use]

2 1 10%

Gastrointestinal: Clove is placed on the umbilical button to treat worms "vermi" as an anti-helminthic [past use]

12 6 60%

General health: Eaten raw as protection against the Spanish flu [past use]

2 1 10%

Narcissus tazetta L. W Mazzu di sposa Paperwhite 0.148 Fl Household: ornamental use in bridal bouquets 2 0 33%Household: church decorations 2 0 33%Nuisance: Odor can cause headache 2 0 33%

AnacardiaceaePistacia lentiscus L.GEO20139

W Stinca Mastic 0.643 Ysb Household: Used to provide shade cover and protect small tomato plants from the sun

2 0 7%

Household: Place inside home as insect attractant; once flies and insects have covered the branches, cover it with a bag to trap them and remove from the home.

2 0 7%

Maritime: Place branches in water to dye fishing nets black

3 0 41%

Household: Grown plant is cut down and young emerging branches “tiroti” are used for basket weaving and to weave fish traps

9 0 11%

Fl; L Household: Used to decorate caskets in funerary rites 11 0 11%ApiaceaeFerula communis L.CQ-354; GEO20171

W Fella Giant fennel 0.976 St Household: The dried stem is used as a bottle or jar top “tappu” in place of cork. Reported to be very useful because cat be made to fit many sizes of bottle openings.

26 0 63%

Household: Dried stem used to make walking 3 0 7%


Common Name


stick/cane for the elderlyHousehold: Dried stem used to sharpen razor (esp. by barbers) [past use]

8 0 20%

Household: Dried stem used as gate barricade to private land

2 0 5%

Household: Dried stem used as knife case to protect against cutting oneself with knife when working grape vines "neste"

2 0 5%

Foeniculum vulgare Mill.CQ-319; GEO20205

W Finocchio selvatico; finocchio sarvaggio; finocchietto

Fennel 2.143 Fl Food: Dry in sun, crumble into a powder and use in cooking as a spice/colorant for potatoes

1 0 1%

Se Food: Ingredient in homemade cured sausages “salsiccia”

14 1 14%

Food: Used in some breads 6 0 7%Gastrointestinal: Tisane is drunk for intestinal gas pains/colic (also for babies)

16 5 42%

WP Food: When plant is young and tender (before flowering), can boil and eat as a vegetable; sometimes prepared with chickpeas or with fish and pasta; or in soups

53 15 12%

AraceaeArisarum vulgare Targ. Tozz.

W Vriccia luppa Friar’s cowl 0.429 Tu Ethnoveterinary: Pig fodder 18 0 100%

AsparagaceaeAgave americana L.CQ-370

W Zabbara American aloe

0.786 L; Lg

Dermatological: Leaf is cut in half to access inner leaf gel and applied topically to burns wounds as a vulnerary in similar manner to aloe

2 0 6%

Dermatological: Leaf is cut in half to access gel that is topically applied to hemorrhoids

3 0 9%

L Household: Fiber is made from the leaves and used in textiles

1 0 3%

Inf Household: Main stem of inflorescence cut and used as bottle tops “tappu”

3 0 9%

Household: Dried and used as gate barricade to private land

2 0 6%

Maritime: Dried and used as central mast on hand-crafted sail boats [past use]

19 0 58%


Common Name


WP Household: Ornamental for landscaping 3 0 9%Asparagus acutifolius L.CQ-335; GEO20140

W asparago selvatico; spina di surci

Wild asparagus

0.881 Sp Food: Boiled or fried and eaten; or included as “ragù” ingredient to serve over pasta; or prepared with egg as a "frittata"

25 3 59%

L Household: Prickly leaves are placed in chests or around base of trees (e.g., Almond trees) to repel mice

15 0 41%

Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn

SC cipuddrazzu; scippudazzu; cipudda sarvaggia

Squill; Sea quill

0.738 Bu Dermatological: Place under bed to treat “risibola” (erysipelas)

2 0 6%

Household: For punishing vegetable or fruit thieves from one’s garden, advise the suspected thief that the vegetables are no good to eat, then extract juice from the D. maritima bulb, spray onto the vegetables. If the fruit is stolen and eaten by the thief, they will become ill with a strong case of diarrhea due to laxative action of this juice

6 0 19%

Nuisance: liquid from bulb is poisonous to the eyes 1 0 3%WP Dermatological: Place under bed to treat “risibola”

(erysipelas)2 0 6%

Household: 2-3 bulbs are planted under fruit trees (e.g. figs, citrus) as a means of repelling insects from the fruit

21 0 68%

AsteraceaeCalendula arvensis L. W Ciuri di maio Field

marigold0.238 Fl Household: Decorative worn in the hair of girls and

women on May 1st7 0 70%

Household: Used in love game, “she loves me, loves me not”, in which petals are plucked and counted

3 0 30%

Cichorium endivia L. W Grancita Endive 0.024 L Food: Boiled and seasoned [past use] 1 0 --Cichorium intybus L. W Cicoria

sarvaggiaCommon chicory

0.167 L Food: Boiled, and then fried with olive oil and cured sausage

9 2 100%

Galactites tomentosus MoenchCQ-358

W Vocca; vocchi nivuri

Purple milk thistle

0.500 YL; Sh

Ethnoveterinary: Animal forage (when young/tender), also for cleansing urinary tract of animals

4 0 19%

Urological: eat raw when young and tender to cleanse the urinary tract

2 0 10%

WP Nuisance: Spiny plant, avoided 15 0 71%Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach

W Ciuri di maio; margarita;

Garland chrysanthem

0.476 AP Ethnoveterinary: Animal forage 1 0 5%


Common Name


miunia; li luci umFl Household: Gift to girls 1 0 5%

Household: Ornamental for home 14 0 70%Household: Used in love game, “she loves me, loves me not”, in which petals are plucked and counted

4 0 20%

Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr.

W Margarita Corn marigold

0.024 Fl Household: Gift to girls 1 0 100%

Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.

W Margarita Ox-eye daisy

0.119 Fl Household: Ornamental for home 4 0 80%

Household: Gift to girls 1 0 20%*Matricaria aurea (Loefl.) Sch. Bip.

W Cala di tramonta; camomilla selvatica

Golden mayweed

0.048 Fl General health: Tisane is drunk 4 2 100%

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.

W Vocca Milk thistle 0.500 YL; Sh

Ethnoveterinary: Animal forage 2 0 10%

Inf Food: Eat the heart of the inflorescence (much like an artichoke)

8 0 38%

WP Nuisance: Spiny, painful contact 11 0 52%

*Sonchus oleraceus L.GEO20165

W Cardedda Common sowthistle

0.310 YL; Sh

Food: Blanche and season with oil, vinegar, salt; or season with oil, lemon, salt

8 8 63%

Food: Eaten raw 3 3 23%

Food: Eaten in salad with onion and radish, served with roasted pork

1 1 8%

Gastrointestinal: Eaten raw to treat heartburn/acid stomach; esp. useful when working in the fields and have this problem

1 1 8%

Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg.CQ-360

W Cicoria Dandelion 0.548 L Food: Blanched, and then fried in olive oil and sometimes cured sausage “salsiccia”, tomato with garlic and eaten; or boiled and seasoned with olive oil and lemon juice

22 13 96%

Urological: Decoction, drunk as a diuretic 1 0 4%

Boraginaceae

Borago officinalis L. W Bburrania; borragine

Borage 0.929 L Food: Boiled and eaten in soups, sometimes with beans; typically seasoned with olive oil and lemon juice

36 3 92%

Urological: Boiled and eaten in soups, considered 3 2 8%


Common Name


"cleansing" to the body and diureticBrassicaceae

*Brassica oleracea L. W Cavolo selvatico

Wild cabbage

0.048 L Food: Cooked as vegetable 2 2 --

*Brassica rapa L. C Cime di rapa Broccoli rabe

0.048 AP Food: Blanched, and then fried in olive oil with cured sausage “salsiccia”, garlic and tomato

2 2 --

Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC.GEO20159

W Razza White wall-rocket

0.143 L Ethnoveterinary: Forage 5 0 83%

YL Food: Boiled, and then fried with tomato, cured sausage “salsiccia” and lard

1 1 17%

Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv.

W Erba bianca Sweet alyssum

0.071 AP Ethnoveterinary: Forage 3 0 100%

Matthiola incana R. Br. var. pulchella

W Balchu Hoary stock 0.095 Fl Household: Decorative 4 0 100%

Cactaceae

Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.CQ-355

SC Ficurinnia Prickly pear 2.429 Pa Dermatological: Slice vertically to reveal fleshy inside, place onto burn wounds; or extract inner leaf juice and apply topically to burns

10 2 10%

Ethnoveterinary: Chop up and feed to cattle, goats, pigs as fodder in dry period when there is little grass to eat; some say better for animals than grass

10 0 10%

Household: To capture small bird “pettirosso”, dig a small hole in ground, cut a square in center of paddle, use slices of Arundo donax stems to create a window, use additional pieces of A. donax and a worm to set a trap for capturing small birds to eat "pettirosso". This was a gendered practice by boys. Now illegal to catch these birds. [past use]

15 0 15%

Household: To provide shade and a wind barrier for young plants that would not survive the harsh sun, make a partial horizontal cut into the paddle, turn on side to use as a sun shade and wind barrier for small plants (esp. tomatoes and eggplants)

7 0 7%

Household: To provide extra protection to seedlings, cut a hole in the paddle for seedling to grow through. Then take another paddle with a horizontal slice as described above and prop against paddle on ground

2 0 2%


Common Name


(to provide sun shade and wind barrier protection)Musculoskeletal: Slice the paddle vertically to reveal fleshy inside, place onto fire or grill (skin-side down) to heat. When warm, place the fleshy side (with warm inner gel) on bruises or wounds (e.g. those suffered after a fall)

2 0 2%

Fr Ethnoveterinary: First fruiting “bastardune” cut off spines and give to pigs as fodder

5 0 5%

Food: Eaten raw (peel skin and eat flesh inside). To prepare these favored fruits "bastardune", the first fruiting is knocked off the plant in June (before San Giovanni, June 24) and left on the ground to rot or fed to pigs. At the time of the grape harvest in September, a sweeter, larger fruit emerges and is eaten. The timing of when the first fruits are knocked off is often staggered in June so that the fruits mature at different times in September. These fruits can be larger than a man's fist

25 0 25%

Fl Gastrointestinal: Tisane, drunk to treat stomachache, esp. for colic in babies

7 1 7%

General health: Tisane, drunk as refreshing beverage 2 1 2%

Urological: Tisane, drunk to treat kidney stones and urinary tract infections

16 5 16%

Respiratory: Tisane, made together with Laurus nobilis leaves, drunk to treat cold symptoms; also inhale the steam from the drink prior to drinking

2 1 1%

Caprifoliaceae

Lonicera implexa Aiton W Carrubedda Evergreen honeysuckle

0.310 AP Ethnoveterinary: Forage for goats 12 0 92%

WP Nuisance: Poisonous, avoided 1 0 8%

Caryophyllaceae

Silene nocturna L. W Ciaschiteddu Mediterranean catchfly

0.119 AP Ethnoveterinary: Animal forage 5 0 100%

Convolvulaceae

Convolvulus arvensis L.CQ-344; GEO20155

W Libileba Field bindweed

0.643 AP Ethnoveterinary: Fodder (goats, cows); invasive, found throughout fields; esp. useful during dry

27 0 100%


Common Name


summer when no other fresh forage is available; animals produce more milk when eat this

Cupressaceae

Cupressus sempervirens L. C Cipero; pioppu Mediterranean cypress

0.214 WP Household: Ornamental tree for landscaping 9 0 75%

Household: Planted as a wind-breaker to protect crops 3 0 25%DennstaedtiaceaePteridium aquilinum (L.) KuhnGEO20145

W Felce; fericiccia

Bracken 0.833 Fro Ethnoveterinary: Forage (esp. goats and cows); grows on rock walls

2 0 6%

Household: Lay on ground after planting seeds to keep the ground moist (esp. for new plantings of tomatoes and eggplants)

13 0 37%

Household: Cover green (immature) tomatoes with these leaves to protect from harsh sun

20 0 57%

EricaceaeArbutus unedo L.CQ-330; GEO20226

W Mbriacula Strawberry tree

1.048 Fr Food: Eaten raw; it is a very sweet treat, but do not too many as this can result in stomachache/diarrhea and sensation of drunkenness or euphoria; collected in forest during time of olive harvest (November)

32 0 73%

Food: Made into marmalades 2 0 5%Wo Household: Strong wood used in crafting handles for

various agricultural tools6 0 14%

Household: Wood used to make "a codera" for donkeys

2 0 5%

Maritime: Boat building for "scarmo della barca" 2 0 5%Erica arborea L. W Scappuscina;

impiccichinaTree heath 0.500 Br Household: Branches (with leaves) used as a fire

starter for wood stoves; esp. useful in winter; has a natural oil that is flammable [past use]

15 0 71%

Ro Household: Pipes made from roots for smoking tobacco [past use]

4 0 19%

Wo Household: Place in pile of animal manure for one year to harden/treat the wood to make it more durable for use in agricultural tool making

2 0 10%

EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbia dendroides L.CQ-365

W Tassu; tassu di bosco

Tree spurge 0.905 La Maritime: Used as pescicide by fisherman. There were two means of use 1) close off canal and pound leaves with rock, scoop up fish with basket; or 2)

18 0 47%


Common Name


weave the milky branches into traditional fish traps for open sea fishing. The job of collecting tassu branches and weaving them into the wooden nets was often done by children (10-12 year olds). [past use]Maritime: Crush leaves until latex emerges, add to water and soak fishing nets in this. [past use]

1 0 3%

Nuisance: Poisonous latex, esp. damaging to eyes 19 0 50%Euphorbia helioscopia L. W Tassu Sun spurge 0.095 La Nuisance: Poisonous latex 4 0 100%Euphorbia segetalis L. W Tassu; tassu di

pratiCorn spurge 0.190 La Maritime: Pescicide: close off canal and pound leaves

with rock, scoop up fish with basket [past use]2 0 25%

Nuisance: Poisonous latex, esp. causes contact dermatitis

6 0 75%

Euphorbia terracina L. W Tassu Geraldton carnation spurge

0.071 La Nuisance: Poisonous latex 3 0 --

FabaceaeCalycotome villosa LinkCQ-361

W Zziga Spiny broom

0.738 Wo Household: Smooth wood used in a device for mules to carry heavy loads downhill "codera"; preferred because a strong wood and does not irritate the mule or ass' skin [past use]

11 0 35%

Household: Used in fencing to pen animals in (cows, rabbits, chickens) or to keep animals out of garden

11 0 35%

Maritime: Used in boat building "scarmo della barca" 2 0 6%Fl Household: Flowers picked and used as decorative for

home1 0 3%

WP Nuisance: Spiny plant 6 0 19%Lathyrus aphaca L. W Grampuccio

manzoGrass pea 0.095 AP Ethnoveterinary: Forage 2 0 50%

Fr Food: Eaten when dried 2 0 50%Lotus corniculatus L. W Nifele giallo;

GrampuccioBird's foot trefoil

0.143 AP Ethnoveterinary: Forage 6 0 100%

Lupinus angustifolius L. W Trimusi Narrow leafed lupin

0.095 AP Dermatological: Dry and grind, topically apply to hemorrhoids

1 0 25%

AP Ethnoveterinary: forage 3 0 75%Spartium junceum L. W Ginestra Spanish

broom0.143 L Household: used to tie the grape vine's ("a tarrato")

young stems to a cane post (Arundo donax) in "spagliera" [past use]

3 0 50%

AP Household: Decorative as a floral bouquet 3 0 50%Trifolium repens L. W Nifele bianchi White 0.167 AP Ethnoveterinary: dried and used as animal fodder 6 0 86%


Common Name


clover (rabbits, pigs, goats, cattle). Not good to eat when green; it gives the animals gas.

Fr Nuisance: Sticks to animal fur 1 0 14%FagaceaeCastanea sativa Mill.CQ-371

P Castagno European Chestnut

0.571 Fr Food: Make bread from flour of fruits [imported, new tradition]

1 0 4%

SC Food: Eat and roast fruit (only 4-5 trees on island) 23 0 96%Quercus ilex L.CQ-331; GEO20228

W Balluto (tree); ghianda (fruit)

Evergreen oak

2.548 Fr Ethnoveterinary: Goat fodder [past use] 1 0 1%

Ethnoveterinary: Pig fodder 34 0 32%Ethnoveterinary: Cattle fodder [past use] 6 0 6%Food: Use fruits to make coffee (in war time) [past use]

2 0 2%

Household: Use as a spinning top “zizzula” toy for children (1/3 matchstick or toothpick is stuck on top)

23 0 21%

WP Household: Environmental indicator of where to find and forage wild edible mushrooms

3 0 3%

Wo Household: Used to make "mazzuolo" – a construction instrument used to beat "tufo" material in home roof construction for traditional homes “dammusi”. As an additional level of preparation, sometimes the wood was left in animal dung for a year to reinforce it and prevent insect decay; or fire treated by exposing it to fire in short intervals (without burning it) [past use]

11 0 10%

Household: Used to make charcoal [past use] 5 0 5%Household: Used to make handles “marruggio” for agricultural tools, such as a hoe “zappa”. The wood may also be fire treated to strengthen the wood (see above) [past use]

17 0 16%

Household: Firewood 1 0 1%Maritime: Used in boat construction [past use] 4 0 4%

GeraniaceaeGeranium rotundifolium L. W Marvetta Roundleaf

geranium0.024 WP Household: Has an intense odor; used as mosquito

repellent1 0 --

LamiaceaeLavandula stoechas L.CQ-353; GEO20168

W Lavanda French lavender

0.286 Fl Household: Pleasant odor, placed with linens and clothing to keep them fresh

11 0 92%


Common Name


Musculoskeletal & Neurological: Odor has relaxant effect

1 1 8%

*Origanum spp. C Origano Oregano 0.048 L Food: Seasoning, used in cooking 2 2 --Rosmarinus officinalis L.CQ-347; GEO20160

W Rosmarino Rosemary 0.929 L Food: Used in seasoning of meats and potatoes; especially for roasts

39 7 100%

*Salvia officinalis L. C Salvia Sage 0.119 L Food: Seasoning, used in cooking 4 4 80%Gastrointestinal: Tisane, drunk as digestive aid 1 1 20%

*Laurus nobilis L. C Lauro; addavuro

Bay laurel 0.214 L Food: Seasoning, used in cooking 2 2 22%

Gastrointestinal: Tisane, drunk to calm upset stomach and nausea; also served with lemon slice (Citrus limon)

4 4 44%

General health: Tisane, drunk as a healthy beverage 3 3 33%MalvaceaeMalva arborea L.CQ-326; GEO20219

SC Marva Tree mallow 1.857 L Dermatological: Topically applied to furuncles as suppurative

1 0 1%

Ethnoveterinary: Decoction, give 1 liter to cattle to drink to relieve digestion troubles (this was also mixed with olive oil and administered in same way)

1 0 1%

Se Food: Peel off seed coat and suck on them as a snack, esp. for children; this is called "panuzzo di marva"

15 1 19%

Fl Gastrointestinal: "ciuri di marva": flowers are dried, stored and kept for use in tisane, for stomachache, and to relieve constipation (mild laxative)

42 17 54%

Gastrointestinal: Flowers are dried and mixed with two leaves of Laurus nobilis and Aloysia citriodora and some Citrus limon fruit peel (lemon rind); prepared as tisane for digestive aid

5 5 6%

Gastrointestinal: Flowers are dried, stored and kept for use in tisane; used to treat colic in babies

2 1 3%

Gastrointestinal: Flower infusion is mixed with olive oil and applied as rectal enema for treating constipation

2 0 3%

General health: Flowers are dried, stored and kept for use in tisane; serves as a panacea and refreshing beverage for general digestive health; sometimes lemon juice (Citrus limon) is added

8 6 10%

Oral health: Tisane is used to treat inflamed gingiva 2 2 3%


Common Name


Malva nicaeensis All. W Marvune Bull mallow 0.071 Fl Gastrointestinal: Similar use to Malva arborea ("marva") for constipation; a few noted that this wild species is better than the M. arborea (semi-cultivated version) - but M. arborea is more frequently used

3 0 --

Malva sylvestris L.CQ-345; GEO20156

W Marvetta; marva sarvaggia

Common mallow

0.167 Se Food: Eaten as “panuzzo di marva” described above for Malva arborea [past use]

2 0 295

Fl Gastrointestinal: Similar use to Malva arborea ("marva") for constipation; a few noted that this wild species is better than the M. arborea (semi-cultivated version) - but M. arborea is more frequently used

5 0 71%

Moraceae*Ficus carica L.CQ-368

C Fichi; ficu Fig tree 0.143 La Dermatological: Topically applied to skin that has a plant thorn or splinter embedded (helps in removal of the thorn or spine)

3 3 50%

Fr Food: Dried and eaten in winter 1 1 17%Otolaryngological & Respiratory: Decoction drunk as an anti-tussive

2 2 33%

MyrtaceaeMyrtus communis L.CQ-340; GEO20147

W Marcita; mirto; mirtillo

European myrtle

1.190 Fr Food: Can be eaten raw, but is highly astringent to the mouth

7 0 14%

Food: Used to make marmalades 4 0 8%Food: Add to grappa or white wine for flavoring (soak in the alcohol)

23 0 46%

Le Food: Seasoning for roasting meat or fish 4 1 8%Maritime: Crush and add to water for soaking and dying fishing nets

1 0 2%

Ysb Household: Used in traditional basket weaving; see Phillyrea media

11 0 22%

Oleaceae*Olea europaea L.GEO20150

C Ulivu Olive tree 0.071 Ysb Household: Used in traditional basket weaving; see Phillyrea media

3 3 --

Phillyrea angustifolia L. W Filerea; prugno di bosco; chitema

False olive 0.143 Oil Dermatological: Used for moisturizing hair, especially treating frayed hair tips (dead ends)

3 2 50%

Household: Used as lamp fuel 1 0 17%Fr Food: Eaten raw 1 0 17%Br Household: Branches (with leaves) used as a fire

starter for wood stoves1 0 17%


Common Name


Phillyrea media L. W Chitema Green olive tree

0.048 Ysb Household: Used in basket weaving of "panaro" (basket with handle for collecting fruits), "canistru" (basket without handle for collecting capers, mushrooms, grapes), "cuffino" (2 handled basket for harvesting grapes), and "cuffa" (basket carried by donkey). These baskets are often made together with Arundo donax stems. First the bundles of "terrotti" (P. media branches) are dried, then when ready to use in basket making, they are soaked in water to make them more pliable.

2 0 --

OxalidaceaeOxalis pes-caprae L. W Amaro e duci;

agro e duciBermuda buttercup

0.452 St Food: Suck on the stem for a sour/sweet snack (esp. as children - but also adults); useful for treating dry mouth and thirst

19 0 100%

PapaveraceaeFumaria capreolata L. W Prezzemolo

selvatico; petrosinu sarvaggiu

White ramping fumitory

0.143 AP Nuisance: Poisonous to animals that forage on this; can even kill rabbits

5 0 83%

Nuisance: Poisonous to horses, can make them urinate blood

1 0 17%

Papaver rhoeas L.CQ-367; GEO20176

W Papavero; papparina

Corn poppy 0.643 AP Ethnoveterinary: Fodder for pigs, goats, chickens, cattle

17 0 63%

Fr Musculoskeletal & Neurological: Infusion, sedative [past use]

10 0 37%

Papaver somniferum L. W Papavero; papparina

Opium poppy

0.167 Fr Musculoskeletal & Neurological: smoke pods as relaxant

1 0 14%

Nuisance: Illegal drug, don’t use 6 0 86%PinaceaePinus halepensis Mill. W Pino; pino

marittimo; deda; zzapini

Aleppo pine 0.381 Co Household: Fire starter for wood stoves [past use] 11 0 69%

WP Household: Environmental indicator of where to find and forage wild edible mushrooms

1 0 6%

Wo Household: Used to make a construction tool "mazzuolo, mazzuole(pl)" used to beat "tufo" material in roof construction for a traditional home “dammuso”

4 0 25%

Pinus pinaster subsp. hamiltonii (Ten.) Villar

W Pineta; zappina maza

Maritime pine

0.262 Co Food: Pine nuts “pinoli” are eaten 3 0 27%


Common Name


CQ-349; GEO20163Household: Fire starter for wood stoves [past use] 4 0 36%

Wo Household: Home construction material 1 0 9%Maritime: Boat construction material 3 0 27%

PlantaginaceaeAntirrhinum tortuosum Bosc ex Vent.CQ-341; GEO20149

W Suca miele; sucameli; bocca di leone

Greater snapdragon

0.357 Fl Food: Suck on flower nectar as sweet snack (esp. children)

14 0 93%

Household: Given as decorative gift to wife 1 0 7%Poaceae*Ampelodesmos mauritanicus (Poir.) T. Durand & SchinzCQ-363; GEO20175

W Ddisa Mauritania grass

0.190 St Household: Used to make window shades "cannizzi" 8 8 100%

*Arundo donax L.CQ-357; GEO20174

W Canna Giant reed 0.143 St Household: Used to make window shades "cannizzi" 3 3 50%

Household: Used in traditional basket weaving; canes are split into four long strips and used in basket weaving of "panaro" (basket with handle for collecting fruits), "canistru" (basket without handle for collecting capers, mushrooms, grapes), "cuffino" (2 handled basket for harvesting grapes), and "cuffa" (basket carried by donkey); these baskets are often made together with Phillyrea media stems

3 3 50%

Avena barbata Pott ex LinkCQ-327

W Carfiru; carfaro; vena

Slender wild oat

0.857 AP Ethnoveterinary: Livestock fodder 17 0 47%

Fr Dermatological: Infusion given to babies to drink when feverish or have skin inflammations

1 0 3%

Household: Children’s game; stick each other with the fruits

6 0 17%

Household: Love game: throw fruits at girl to see how many stick on her (this is how many children you'll have)

2 0 6%

Household: Used to make a trap for capturing small lizards

4 0 11%

Nuisance: Sticks/pokes you 4 0 11%Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.CQ-366

W Piedi di gallina;

Bermuda grass

1.024 AP Ethnoveterinary: Animal fodder 7 0 16%


Common Name


gramigna; rramigna

Ro Ethnoveterinary: Decoction (1 liter) is given to livestock to drink to treat urinary tract problems; acts as a diuretic

5 2 12%

Urological: Mixed with the flowers of Opuntia ficus-indica, made into a decoction and drunk as a diuretic

1 0 2%

Urological: Decoction, drunk as a diuretic and to treat kidney stones; one glass is drunk per night until problem resolved

28 8 65%

WP Nuisance 1 0 2%L Otolaryngological & Respiratory: Decoction drunk to

treat cold symptoms1 1 2%

Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) StapfCQ-328; GEO20222

W Limmuti; libbate; limedde

Common thatching grass

0.405 AP Ethnoveterinary: Animal fodder esp. for rabbits; goats will eat in summer when not many other fresh options (not generally preferred as goat forage)

17 0 100%

Oryza sativa L. P Riso Rice 0.119 Fr Gastrointestinal: Cooked and eaten to treat diarrhea 3 3 60%Gastrointestinal: Cooked and rice water is given to children to treat diarrhea

2 2 40%

PolypodiaceaePolypodium vulgare L. W Felce; acitiva Common

polypody0.262 Fro Ethnoveterinary: Forage for goats and cattle 6 0 55%

Household: Used in Christmas nativity scene decorations

4 0 36%

Musculoskeletal & Neurological: Wrap arthritic or rheumatic joints with the frond; wear for 2 days to help pains to pass

1 0 9%

PortulacaceaePortulaca oleracea L. W Burdulaca;

bbudulacaCommon purslane

0.667 L Ethnoveterinary: Pig fodder 3 0 11%

Food: Eat raw in salads, sometimes with tomatoes and onions; has a strong taste - use just a bit in salad; grows wild near cultivated fields of tomatoes and eggplants; dress salad of this plant with oil and vinegar; appears with the first rains

25 0 89%

RhamnaceaeRhamnus alaternus L. W Carrubedda Italian

buckthorn0.048 L;St Ethnoveterinary: Goat fodder 1 0 --

Fr Household: Used as earrings/play jewelry by children 1 0 --


Common Name


RosaceaeRubus ulmifolius Schott.CQ-318; GEO20021

W More; mmaredde (fruit); mareddre (fruit); spina (whole plant)

Elmleaf blackberry

1.429 L Dermatological: Topically applied as suppurative to mature boils/furuncles

2 2 3%

Fr Food: Eaten raw (sweet and tastes good) 30 0 50%Food: Used to make marmalades 24 0 40%Food: Used to make liquors 4 0 7%

Rutaceae*Citrus limon (L.) OsbeckCQ-373; GEO20178

C Limone Lemon tree 0.429 Fr Food: Milk boiled with sea water and lemon juice to make ricotta; ricotta was filtered and set in hand-woven wood chests [past use]

3 3 16%

Gastrointestinal: Juice mixed with water, drunk to treat diarrhea

6 6 32%

Gastrointestinal: Rind used to make tisane, drunk to treat diarrhea

3 3 16%

Gastrointestinal: Rind used to make "canarino" tea, named after a yellow bird, is drunk to aid in digestion, esp. after large meal

2 2 11%

General health: Juice is mixed with water or milk, drunk as a healthy beverage

1 1 5%

General health: Decoction of rind is drunk as a healthy beverage

2 2 11%

Otolaryngological & Respiratory: Juice is mixed with water and used as a gargle to treat sore throat

1 1 5%

*Citrus sp. C Aranci antichi -- 0.024 Fr General health: Old variety of oranges (very bitter), eaten as health food (considered better for the health than newer sweet varieties) [past use]

1 1 --

Ruta chalepensis L.CQ-324; GEO20190

W Aruta; ruta Fringed rue 0.500 L Dermatological: Lance pustulent wounds or abscesses and pack with leaves to treat infection

3 0 14%

Dermatological: For scrapes and bruises, topically apply olive oil and then R. chalapensis leaves on top

2 0 10%

Br Food: Steep in grappa to impart flavor to the alcohol [past use]

8 0 38%

WP General health: There is a local saying “a ruta ogni male astuta” suggesting use as a panacea [past use; no information on specific applications was noted]

6 0 29%


Common Name


Fbr Musculoskeletal & Neurological: Heat in olive oil, topically apply resulting oleolite to treat rheumatisms

2 0 10%

ScrophulariaceaeVerbascum undulatum Lam.

W Lingua di vuoi Wavy leaf mullein

0.048 Inf Household: Cut the inflorescence and use as a rake after the grain harvest

2 0 100%

SmilacaceaeSmilax aspera L.CQ-343; GEO20152

W Ciachiciuca Rough bindweed

0.357 Fr Household: Used as play-jewelry as children (girls) 3 0 20%

Household: Ornamentation for typical Pantescan costume (women)

2 0 13%

Household: Juice used as red ink 3 0 20%WP Nuisance: Invasive; pokes you 7 0 47%

Solanaceae*Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.

C Pomodoro Tomato 0.119 Fr Dermatological: Cut in half, and then the inside is applied to the skin (esp. for furuncles/abscesses) as a suppurative

5 5 100%

Nicotiana glauca GrahamCQ-323; GEO20213

W Tabacchina; sucameli; arbolo di scinà; scinnana; campanello

Tree tobacco

0.619 L Dermatological: Clean the leaf, crush and apply topically to furuncle/pustulent infection, tie on with bandage as a suppurative

5 3 19%

Dermatological: Used to treat abscess: lance the abscess and pack with the crushed leaves

2 0 8%

Dermatological: Place leaves in a wet, hot cloth and use as a compress to mature furuncles and abscesses (suppurative action)

2 0 8%

Fl Food: Suck on flower nectar as sweet snack; esp. children

17 0 65%

Solanum nigrum L.CQ-356; GEO20172

W Erba fitente; pumaroru sarvaggiu

European black nightshade

0.143 Fr Household: Juice used as ink [past use] 1 0 17%

WP Nuisance: Pest plant, invasive 5 0 83%*Solanum tuberosum L. P Patata Potato 0.048 Tu Dermatological: Slice of potato is topically applied to

fresh burn wounds2 2 --

ThymelaeaceaeDaphne gnidium L.CQ-348

W Mastro giovanni; timilea; mastrugiuvanni

Flax-leaved daphne

1.262 Ba Dermatological: Wrap around cuts as hemostatic; also has vulnerary properties to limit scarring

28 14 53%


Common Name


Household: Used to tie things, such as grape vines and for binding grafts on fruit trees

1 1 4%

Br Household: Used to weave baskets "cuffino di tartise" for collecting and carrying rocks used in construction of wind barrier walls used in Pantescan gardens and vineyards

5 0 9%

Br; L

Ethnoveterinary: Leafy branches are put into dog pens to get rid of fleas; Some stated that the fleas run away, others said fleas are killed

18 7 34%

UrticaceaeParietaria judaica L.CQ-325; GEO20216

W Erva di ventu Pellitory of the wall

1.310 AP Dermatological: Decoction is used as a topical wash for skin inflammations

1 0 2%

Dermatological: Decoction is used in hair washes to strengthen hair

2 2 4%

Ethnoveterinary: Chicken fodder 18 0 33%Ethnoveterinary: Decoction, give 1 liter to livestock (cow, horse, donkey) to drink to relieve digestive troubles (as a laxative). This is also mixed with olive oil and administered in same way.

6 0 11%

Household: Use to scrub plates and glassware to clean dishes, then rinse with water [past use]

21 0 38%

Nuisance: Causes allergies for some people 5 0 9%L Dermatological: Crush up leaves, apply topically as a

poultice to scrapes1 1 2%

Dermatological: Topically apply as a hemostatic 1 1 2%Urtica dioica L.CQ-372

W Ortica; curichi; furricu

Stinging nettle

0.833 AP Dermatological: Decoction is used in hair washes to strengthen hair

2 0 6%

Ethnoveterinary: Decoction, give 1 liter to livestock (cow, horse, donkey) to drink to relieve digestive troubles (as a laxative).

2 0 6%

Ethnoveterinary: Chicken fodder 3 0 9%Food: Cook with risotto and eat 3 0 9%Urological: Decoction, drink as a diuretic 3 0 9%Musculoskeletal & Neurological: Boiled and wrapped in cloth as a cataplasm, topically applied to bruises or injured areas (e.g., from a fall)

1 0 3%

Nuisance: Irritant, causes painful dermatitis upon contact

12 0 34%

L Dermatological: Smash up fresh leaves, use resulting 1 1 3%


Common Name


juice to wash hair (hair strengthener)Food: Cooked in soups 1 0 3%Food: Boiled and eaten as vegetable 2 0 6%Musculoskeletal & Neurological: Fresh leaves rubbed onto arthritic/rheumatic areas to relieve pain

5 1 14%

Verbenaceae*Aloysia citriodora PaláuCQ-374; GEO20179

C Citronella Lemon verbena

0.405 L Gastrointestinal: Tisane, digestive aid 10 10 59%

Gastrointestinal: Combined with Laurus nobilis leaves, used to make tisane drunk as a digestive aid

2 2 12%

Gastrointestinal: Mixed with Laurus nobilis (leaves), Citrus limon (rind), Foeniculum vulgare (seeds) - made into decoction, strained and drunk as digestive aid

3 3 18%

Urological: Mixed with Laurus nobilis (leaves), Foeniculum vulgare (seeds), Citrus limon (fruit rind), Malva arborea (flowers), Opuntia ficus-indica (flowers) and made into decoction, strained and drunk to treat urinary tract infections

2 2 12%

Vitaceae*Vitis vinifera var. zibibbo C Zibibbo Zibibbo

grape0.095 Fr Food: Marmalades, includes grape skin 1 1 25%

Food: Reduction of the must “miele di uva” is used as a sweetener (like honey)

2 2 50%

Otolaryngological & Respiratory: Eat a bunch of grapes in the morning on an empty stomach to treat tuberculosis

1 1 25%

ZygophyllaceaeTribulus terrestris L. W Vasapedi Devil’s

weed0.810 AP Ethnoveterinary: Animal forage 1 0 3%

Fr Nuisance: Spiny fruits are painful if stepped on; can poke holes in shoes and bicycle tires

33 0 97%

Taxa and Voucher Code: Not all of the species listed in this table were included in the photo booklet for the visual cue interviews. Those taxa that were not included in the photo booklet, but were spontaneously cited by the informant are marked by a “*” preceding the name of the taxa.

St: Status. C: cultivated; SC: semi-cultivated; W: wild; P: purchased

Local Name: “--“ indicates that no local name was cited.

UV: Use-value Index. This index measures the relative importance of each species based on its reported use by informants.

PU: Parts Used. AP: Aerial parts. Ba: Bark. Bd: Basidiome. Br: Branches. Cl: Clove. Co: Cones. Fbr: Flowering branch. Fl: Flowers. Fr: Fruits. Fro: Fronds. Inflorescence: Inf. L: leaves. La: latex. Lg: leaf gel. Oil: Oil. Pa: Paddle. Ro: Roots. Se: Seeds. Sh: Shoots. Sp: Sprout. St: Stem. Tu: Tubers. Wo: wood. WP: whole plant. YL: young leaves. Ysb: Young stems and branches.

Local preparation and use: Those uses that were also cited in the 1978 Galt and Galt Economic Botany paper are underlined. Note that this applies only to the botanical taxa as uses of fungi were not documented in the original paper.

Uis: Total number of use citation reports by informants, representing data gathered from all collection methods (free-listing, visual cue booklet, and semi-structured interview).

Ufl: Total number of use citation reports by informants garnered by free-listing techniques, prior to introduction of the visual cue booklet and semi-structured interview.

FL: Fidelity Level %. This measure is useful for highlighting the central role of each taxa. Any taxa with ≤3 total use citations is excluded from this analysis due to limitations of this tool, and is denoted with --.

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