12,000 Years of Native American History Bob Shamy.
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Transcript of 12,000 Years of Native American History Bob Shamy.
![Page 1: 12,000 Years of Native American History Bob Shamy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649c7f5503460f94935c01/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
12,000 Years of Native American History
Bob Shamy
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Part 1: Using Anthropology as the Scientific Basis for the Study of Culture
Part 2:
New Jersey History – 12000 BP to
European Contact
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What is Anthropology?
Physical Anthropology
• Primatology
The study of primates.
• Paleoanthropology
The study of human evolution
• Human Variation Studies: The study of the physical differences in humans.
Cultural Anthropology
A.K.A. Ethnology
• Ethnography
A.K.A. Participant Observation
• Linguistics
• Archaeology
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What is Culture?
The Culture Concept: Culture is understood as the learned body of
knowledge, beliefs, and customs that people use to organize their natural
and social environments.
Material Traits
• Tools
• Clothing
• Housing
• ETC.
Non-Material Traits
• Attitudes
• Behaviors
• Beliefs
• ETC.
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Culture: No overall consensus as to its meaning…over 300 definitions.
• An Autonomous Population Unit• Distinct Cultural Characteristics• Shared Traditions
Problems:
• Cannot Define Cultural Boundaries
• Cultures are Not Closed and Self-Contained
• Cultures are in Constant Contact and Change
• Cultures are Provisional and Transitory
• Many are Extinct
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Culture is a Survival Mechanism
•An infinite variation in cultural expression, but each meets a certain need – Food, Shelter, Resolve Conflict, Solace, etc.•A blueprint of our customs and ideas for living. •It is packaged and delivered by symbols. •It is pervasive - we are often unaware but it surrounds and envelops us. •Items and ideas meld together and make sense.
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Fine ArtsStorytelling
Subsistence PatternDancing-Games-Cooking-DressObservable Material Elements
May Include Behavioral Characteristics,i.e. Religion, Handshakes, etc.
Surface Culture
Deep CultureConception of Beauty – Ideals of Governing – Patterns of Raising ChildrenNotions of Modesty – Cosmology – Relationship to Animals
Patterns of Superior/Subordinate Relations – Courtship Practices Conception of Justice – Incentives to Work – Notions of Leadership
Tempo of Work – Patterns of Group Decision MakingConception of Status Mobility (Class, Caste, etc.) – Eye Behavior
Roles in Relation to Status by Age, Sex, Class, Occupation, Kinship, etc.Conversational Patterns in Various Social Contexts – Conception of Past and Future
Nature of Friendship – Conception of Self – Preference for Competition or CooperationPatterns of Handling Emotions
AND MUCH, MUCH MORE…
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Cultural Anthropology-Ethnology
Ethnography-Participant Observation
• Social Organization
• Subsistence Pattern
• Economic Pattern
• Political Organization
• Religion
• ETC.
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Do these concepts inherently reinforce bias when we teach
history?
PRIMITIVE
UNDEVELOPED/DEVELOPED
RACE
ETHNOCENTRISM/CULTURAL BIAS
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Who Were the Indians of New Jersey?
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How do we know where a glacier stops?
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Ice sheet on Ellsmere Island, Canada
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From Tundra: Semi-frozen Sub Arctic Plain
To: Deciduous Forests
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Changing Flora and Fauna Over Time
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The Shoreline 18,000 Years Ago
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New Jersey During the Late Pleistocene Epoch Circa
15,000-10,000 BP
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Glacial Age Fauna
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Hypothetical Eastern Woodland Local Sequence in Archaeology
12000 BP
8000 BP
2000 BP
Paleo Indian Period
Archaic Period
Woodland Period
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This point was named by Ripley P. Bullen and Edward M. Dolan (1959:77) for Alachua
County, Florida.
PREFORM: Broad and triangular, having convex sides and a straight to slightly convex basal edge.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A thick medium to large point with a nearly straight to
contracting stem and a straight to slightly concave basal edge. The blade is
broad and triangular and may have straight to slightly convex edges.
Shoulders ace broad and angular. The juncture between stem and blade is
usually well rounded.
AGE AND CULTURE: This type begins in late Middle Archaic and continues into the
Late Archaic period. Dates suggested range from 5000 B.C. to 2000 B.C.
DISTRIBUTION: The type is found from Florida to southern Georgia.
COMMENTS: This type has been divided into four variants. The earliest, the Putnam
point, has a contracting stem with a rounded base. The other three points, the
Alachua (Figui-e A), the Levy (Figure B), and the Marion (Figure 0, seem to be variants of the same point. Their major difference is a minor variation in the
stem, which ranges from nearly straight to contracting and has a straight
to slightly concave or convex basal edge.
Bullen, Ripley P. and Edward M. Dolan 1959 The Johnson Lake Site, Marion County, Florida. The Florida
Anthropologi st 12(4).
ALACHUA
Artifact Typology
An Alachua Point
Range 5000-2000 BP
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An Archaeological Local Sequence
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The Evolution of Projectile Point Typology
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Woodland Period
Archaic Hunters and Gatherers
Circa 2000 BP
Circa 1000 BP
Cultivating Grasses, Bow and Arrow
Raising Corn, Beans and Squash
An Archaeological Local Sequence in NJ
Circa 3000 BP Pottery
Circa 8000 BP
Paleo Indians Nomadic Herd Hunters
Circa 12000 BP
Semi Nomadic
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Paleo
Indians
And
Mega
Fauna
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PALEO INDIAN TOOL KIT
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Paleo Indian Projectile Points
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Woodland Period
Archaic Hunters and Gatherers
Circa 2000 BP
Circa 1000 BP
Cultivating Grasses, Bow and Arrow
Raising Corn, Beans and Squash
An Archaeological Local Sequence in NJ
Circa 3000 BP Pottery
Circa 8000 BP
Paleo Indians
Circa 12000 BP
Semi Nomadic
Nomadic Herd Hunters
Seasonal Campgrounds
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ARCHAIC PERIOD POINTS
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The Style and Diversity of Projectile Points and Tool Kits Expands With Each Period
Tools became varied and include more ground, polished and bone tools. They developed grooved axes, pestles, etc. Fishing becomes more important and net sinkers and fish hooks appear.
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Woodland Period
Archaic Hunters and Gatherers
Circa 2000 BP
Circa 1000 BP
Cultivating Grasses, Bow and Arrow
Raising Corn, Beans and Squash
An Archaeological Local Sequence in NJ
Circa 3000 BP Pottery
Circa 8000 BP
Paleo Indians
Circa 12000 BP
Semi Nomadic
Nomadic Herd Hunters
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A Mississippian Monolithic AxL: 13"
Spiro MoundsLe Flore Co., OK
Under 10 have been found nationwide.
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Great Serpent Mound Ohio
Burial and Ceremonial Mounds
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Locations of Mound in the Mississippi
Ohio Valleys
The Mound Builders Heavily Influenced the Native Cultures in the East Coast
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The Three Sisters of the Garden
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WOODLAND POINTS
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Early Middle Late
Woodland Period Pottery
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Guns, Germs and Steel
The First Globalization
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EUROPEAN CONTACT
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FROM THIS
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TO THIS
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COLONIAL ARTIFACTS
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18th and 19TH CENTURY HOMES
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LIGHTING
BOTTLE AND GLASS
MANUFACTURE