1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells

7/26/2019 1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells

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1.2 Ultrastructure of CellsProkaryotes and Eukaryotes


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primitive cells

cells that lack membrane-bound oranelles

ie! no nucleus" no mitochondria" no vacuoles"etc

E#! bacteria $ie E. Coli% & found in soil" 'ater" onyour skin" in your intestine

E#! blue reen alae

Prokaryotic Cells


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oranisms that are made of prokaryotic cells.

(ost prokaryotes are unicellular" such asbacteria" ho'ever" they can be multicellulartoo" such as blue reen alae

Prokaryotes


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E. coli

)lue- *reen +lae


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Prokaryote Cell ,tructure


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Prokaryote Cell ,tructue


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CE ,U/+CE (E()+0E P+,(+

(E()+0E! hin layer composed of phospholipids

Controls the entry e#it of substance via activeor passive transport

,electively permeable

Prokaryote Cell Parts


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CE 3+!

iid to semi-riid 'all surroundin the plasmamembrane.

Contains pores to allo' passae of materials inand out of the cell.

he Cell 'all supports the cell and providesshape



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,4(E C+P,UE!

Protective outside layer" found outside the cell'all

+lso kno'n as surface layer or the ,-layer

Protects the cell from environmental daners

Contains proteins and or lycoproteins



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Cytoplasm!

he inside of the cell

Contains cytosol $5uid of the cell%

Contains the en6ymes $bioloical catalysts% forcataly6in chemical reactions of metabolism

Contains ribosomes and naked 70+ 0o membrane bound oranelles8



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0UCE947!

eion of the prokaryotic cytoplasm 'hereenetic information is found $1 mainchromosome and plasmids%

he 1 chromosome is made of 0+:E7 70+

his means that the 70+ is not bound to proteins$like histones%

his reduces the amount of space they take up

Usually circular



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P+,(47!

,mall" circular" naked" 70+

,maller" and contains less information than thechromosome.

/ound in the nucleoid reion



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(esosome!

4ndentation in the cell membrane of bacteria

Unkno'n function" produced by chemical;#ation techni


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4),9,9(E!

(ade of 0+ and proteins

(akes proteins

ess dense than eukaryotic ribosomes



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/+*EU(!

threadlike" motile proteins structures and areused for locomotion

Cell may have none" 1" or several



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P44 $plr% P4U, $sinular%!

hin protein tubes found outside the plasmamembrane and e#tend out from the slimecapsule

Attachment Pili

=ave sticky ends that allo' it to attach tosurfaces $i.e. another cell%

Conjugation Pili (Sex Pili)

oner

)uild a bride bet'een 2 bacterial cells allo'in

for e#chane of 70+ $con>uation%



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Prokaryotic cells divide ase#ually by binary

;ssion $similar to mitosis%hey duplicate their chromosome $their

circular 70+% and then split in half $each ne'dauhter cell ets half the cytoplasm and 1

chromosome%

Prokaryotic eproduction


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,ince binary ;ssion is a form of ase#ual

reproduction" the dauhter cells producedare identical to the oriinal parent cell.

Con>uation $'ith the help of con>uation

pili% allo's for enetic variation & allo's for ane' combination of 70+


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+nnotate and 4dentify ,tructures fromand electron microraph of E. Coli

ribosome

0ucleoidreion$70+"plasmid%Cell 'all

cytoplasmPlasmamembrane

0o visible slime

capsule in this


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P4U,

,4(E +?E


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(etabolic +ctivity of ProkaryoticCells

1. Photosynthesis! liht @ C92 @ =29

CA=129A@ 92

2. Nitrogen Fixation! Convert nitroen froman unusable from to a usable form

3. Fermentation! convert oranic substancesinto simpler substances $ie suar intoethanol%


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comple# cells 'ith membrane bound oranelles

E#! the cells that make up you8 $and otheranimals%

E#! plant cells

,UCUE! all eukaryotes contain! Plasma membrane

Central nucleus 'ith 70+

(embrane bound oranelles in the cytoplasm

Eukaryotic Cells


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Plasma (embrane!

9uter surface of animal cells

(ade of phospholipid bilayer

$usually double layer%

Controls the entry and e#it ofmolecules

Eukaryotic 9ranelles


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0ucleus!

Control center of the cell arest oranelle

,urrounded by a double membrane $nuclear envelope%

Contains chromosomes & made of 70+ and proteins

0uclear Envelope!

Controls entry and e#it of molecules

Contains nuclear pores $openins%



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Chromosomes!

Contains hereditary info (ade of 70+ and proteins

0ucleolus!

4n center of nucleus

(akes ribosomes



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Endoplasmic eticulum!

ubules fro transport and synthesis of lareoranic molecules

9ften continuous 'ith the nuclear envelope

E & rouh E & has ribosomes

,E & smooth E & makes carbs and lipids



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ibosomes!

(ade of proteins and 0+

,ite of protein synthesis

ysosomes!

suicide sac

Contains diestive en6ymes

breakdo'n of macromolecules

7iest 'orn-out cell partsoranelles

7iest pathoens

Can cause cell death if it breaks open $celllysis% and releases en6ymes



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(itochondrion!

,ite of cellular respiration

(akes +P $adenosine triphosphate% enery for the cell

7ouble membrane

=as its o'n 70+ $m70+%

9'n ribosomes

Chloroplast!

,ite of photosynthesis $makes suar from liht enery%

=as double membrane" o'n 70+" o'n ribosomes



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/laella!

on microtubules strand 'hiplike tail

/or motility

Cillia! ,hort microtuble strands

/or motility



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*oli +pparatus*oli )ody*oli Comple#!

ooks like a stack of de5ated balloons (embranous sacs

Packain plant of the cell

Packaes cell products $ie! carbs and lipids%

Bacuoles!

(embrane bound oranelles used for storae of'ater" 'astes" and macromolecules



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Cell 3all!

iid outer layer of plant cells (ade of cellulose

Plasmodesmata!

*aps in cell 'alls

Create >unctions bet'een plant cells



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+typical Cells

,triated (uscle

(uscle /ibres$(uscle Cells%

oner thantypical cells$Dmm opposedto D.mm%

(ultiple nuclei


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+typical Cells

*iant +lae

E#Acetabularia" aunicellularoranism" can ro'to a lenth of 1Dcm" despite havinonly 1 nucleus.

Usually oranismsthat lare consist ofseveral cells.


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+typical Cells

+septate =yphae

0arro' thread likestructure in funi

=ave a cell 'alland membrane.

4n aseptate funi"the hyphae is an

uninterruptedtube-like structure'ith many nucleispread alon it.


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+nimal vs Plant Cells

+04(+ CE

0o chloroplasts

0o cell 'all

Usually no lare centralvacuole

Carbohydrates stored aslycoen

=ave lysosomes

+morphic shape

P+0 CE

Chloroplasts usually present

Cell 'all present

=ave lare central vacuole

Carbohydrates stored asstarch or cellulose

*enerally lack lysosomes

iid shape" often 'ithstraiht edes


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Prokaryotic Cell vsEukaryotic Cell

P9:+?9E,

7o not have membranebound oranelles

0aked circular 70+ $noproteins associated%

70+ in nucleoid reion 4)9,9(E,! free 5oatin

in cytoplasm

0o mitochondriaF usesplasma membrane for

i ti

EU:+?9E,

(embrane boundoranelles present

70+ 'rapped aroundhistone proteins

70+ 'ithin the nucleus ibosomes! attached to

E or free 5oatin incytoplasm

=as mitochondria for

bi ll l i ti

1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells

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