Edward III’s HeirsChaucer, England and Europe

Dante, Bargello, 1330’s School of Giotto

Petrarch Boccaccio

The Genesis of the “Great Divergence”

“Malthusian Dynamism and the Rise of Europe: Make War, not Love” American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings 2009, 99:2, 248–254Voigtländer, Nico, and Hans-Joachim Voth. "The three horsemen of riches: Plague, war, and urbanization in early modern Europe." The Review of Economic Studies 80.2 (2013): 774-811.Alesina, Alberto “Women, Fertility, and the Rise of Modern Capitalism” Science 342, 427 (2013);

‘The Great Divergence’

London

• Life expectancy less than countryside– Sewage– Population density – disease– High income – more animals

• High income - luxuries

Town and Countryside

• After Black Death– Switch from agriculture to pastoralism– Pastoralism requires different types of labor– Migration to cities– Women and labor

• Delayed marriage– Decreased fertility

Edward III (1312-1377) - Children

• Edward the Black Prince (1330-1376)– Richard II

• Lionel of Antwerp, duke of Clarence (1338-1368)

• John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster (1340-1399)• Edmund of Langley, duke of York (1341-1402)• Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester

(1355–1397)

Lionel of Antwerp (1338-1368)

1340 Marries Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster (d. 1363), heiress of the 3rd Earl of Ulster (d. 1332)1368 Daughter, Philippa, married Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March (1351–1381).

Lionel’s descendantsLionel of Antwerp

Philippa of Clarence (1355-1378)m. Edmund Mortimer, 3rd earl of March

Elizabeth m. Henry PercyRoger, 4th earl

Anne m. Richard ConisburghPhilippa MortimerEdmund Mortimer, m. Catrin (Catherine) Glyndŵr

John of Gaunt - Children1359 m. Blanche of Lancaster (1346-1368)

daughter of Henry GrosmontPhilippa (1360-1415)

John

Elizabeth (1364-1426)Edward, John

Henry IV (1367-1413)Isabella

John of Gaunt

1364 Considered as successor to childless king of Scotland1366 Chaucer involved in negotiations in Navarre1367 Participated with the Black Prince in the restoration of Pedro the Cruel to Castile

John of Gaunt’s Descendants

John of Gaunt m. Blanche of Lancaster (1359)Philippa of Lancaster m. John I of Portugal

Henry IV (1367-1414)

Edward Duarte, King of Portugal (1391-1433-1438)Alfonso (1432-1438-1481)John II (1455-1477-1495)

John of GauntBlanche of LancasterSt. Pauls, London (destroyed)

Descendants

Children of Philippa (1360-1415) 1387 m. Joao of Portugal

Blanche, Alfonso

Edward (1391-1438), King of PortugalPeter (1392-1449), duke of Coimbra

Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)Isabella (1397-1472)m. Philip of Burgundy

Blanche

John (1400-1442) grandfather of Manuel I and Isabella of Castile

Ferdinand (1402-1443)

Marriage of Joao and Philippa

Modern Tragedy – Monk’s Tale

O noble, O worthy Petro, glorie of Spayne,Whom Fortune heeld so hye in magestee,Wel oghten men thy pitous deeth complayne!Out of thy land thy brother made thee flee,And after, at a seege, by subtiltee,Thou were bitraysed and lad unto his tente,Where as he with his owene hand slow thee,

Succedynge in thy regne and in thy rente.

Chaucer’s contacts

• 1366 Spain• 1378 Bernabò Visconti of Milan

Spanish Descendants

John of Gaunt m. Constance of Castile (1371)Catherine of Lancaster, Queen of Castile (1373-1418)John II, King of Castile (1405-1406-1454) m. Isabella of PortugalIsabella I of Castile (1451-1474-1504)Catherine of Aragon m. Henry VIII of EnglandQueen Mary of England

Spain on the international scene

• 1331 to 1350 Alfonso XI, king of Castile and León advanced a specifically Castilian brand of chivalry– Public coronations and tournaments– Prophecies of Merlin– Intent to establish of Castile and León as leader of

Spain– Union with England

Siege of Algeciras (1342–44)

Spanish-English ties

• Pedro son of Alfonso engaged to Joan, daughter of Edward III– Joan dies in 1348 in Bordeaux on the way to

Castile; one of the earliest English victims of the plague

Pedro the Cruel and the Black PrinceCrown Jewel

1362 Pedro obtains it from Abū Sa'īd, Sultan of Granada.1366 Pedro deposed by Henry of TrastamaraAlliance with Black Prince1367 Allies defeat Henry’s army at the Battle of Najera

Spain and Hundred Years War

• Henry of Trastamara allied to French• Fought John of Gaunt and Portugal• 1372 Important in naval battle of La

Rochelle

Battle of La Rochelle

John the Gaunt’s claim to Castile

1386 Invades with 8,000 menDefeated in battle and by diseasePays large sum and arranges the marriage of his daughter, Catherine (Caterina) to Henry’s son

Arms of John of Gaunt Arms of Castile and Leon

BeaufortsLegitimized in 1396

John of Gaunt m. Katherine Swynford (1396)John Beaufort (~1371-1410) James II of ScotlandHenry Beaufort (1375-1447), bishop of WinchesterThomas Beaufort (1377-1426)Joan Beaufort (1379-1440)

Edmund LangleyEdmund Langley1372 Marries Isabella of Castile, sister of Constance

Edward, 2nd duke (1373-1415)Constance (1374-1416)Richard of Conisburgh 3rd earl of Cambridgem. Anne Mortimer

Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York

Kings Langley Palace

Scotland

1369 Fifteen year truce1376 Infractions occur and major differences between Douglas of Scotland and Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland1378 John of Gaunt is appointed Richard II’s lieutenant of the marches towards Scotland

Scotland

1381 Percy fails to give shelter to Gaunt during peasant’s revolt

Attempts to exclude Percys from a role in border disputes

1384 Truce expires; hostilities resume1385 Scottish forces with aid from France and use of scorched earth polices drive off Gaunt and Richard II

Edmund LangleyEdmund Langley1372 Marries Isabella of Castile, sister of Constance

Edward, 2nd duke (1373-1415)Constance (1374-1416)Richard of Conisburgh 3rd earl of Cambridgem. Anne Mortimer

Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York

Kings Langley Palace

Scotland

1369 Fifteen year truce1376 Infractions occur and major differences between Douglas of Scotland and Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland1378 John of Gaunt is appointed Richard II’s lieutenant of the marches towards Scotland

Scotland

1381 Percy fails to give shelter to Gaunt during peasant’s revolt

Attempts to exclude Percys from a role in border disputes

1384 Truce expires; hostilities resume1385 Scottish forces with aid from France and use of scorched earth polices drive off Gaunt and Richard II

Thomas of Woodstock (1355-1397)

• 1374 m. Eleanor de Bohun– Appointed constable of England

• Involved in intrigues of latter part of the reign of Richard II

Humphrey (IX) de Bohun, earl of Hereford and Essex

Eleanor (1364-1399) Mary (1368-1394)

Mary de Bohun, psalter

Italian city states in the 14th century

• 30% male vernacular literacy by late 13th century in Florence– Community funded primary education– Secular– Latinate elite (grammar schools)

• High numeracy– Abacus schools (also teach reading and writing)

• Universities emphasize secular studies: law and medicine

Italian writing

• Florence – business records in vernacular– Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio– Petrarch’s more serious works in Latin

• Milan, Bologna, Venice – records in Latin

Other modern tragedies

According to Chaucer• 1369 Pierre de Lusignan whoi had been

entertained by Edward III in 1363 and had many English knights among his followers. He was killed by three of his own men.

• 1385, Bernabò Visconti was arrested by his nephew, and subsequently poisoned in prison..

Italian Trade

• Genoa• Milan• Florence• Venice• Danger: Neutral boats trading with Flanders

seized in 1370

Genoa

• Shipping switched to Southampton• 1371, 1372 Genoese buy safe-conducts• 1373 Chaucer goes to Genoa to negotiate on

shipping; Genoese neutral in 100 Years War• 1378 Attempt to establish Genoese staple in

Southampton fails• Trade increases during disruption in Flanders

Nautical revolution

• Lateen-rigged to square rigged• Quarter rudders to single stern rudder• Compass• Astrolabe

Ship design

Lateen-rigged 1300 Square-rigged

Rudders

Venice

• About one ship a year• Luxury goods

Florence

• Some loans to Crown• Foreign exchange for churchman going to

Avignon and pilgrims going to Rome, merchants going throughout Europe

• Boccaccio

English export = Mercenaries

• The White Company and Sir John Hawkwood

Italian immigrants and visitors

• Merchants– Provisions, spices

• Doctors• Dancing-masters

Artistic Influences?

• Chaucer• Manuscript illustration• St. Stephen’s Chapel