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CHAPTER 12Nervous Tissue
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
14th Edition
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The purpose of the chapter is to:1. Understand how the nervous system helps to
keep controlled conditions within limits that maintain health and homeostasis
2. Learn about the different branches of the nervous system
3. Identify and describe the various types of cells that are found in nervous tissue
Introduction
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Nervous System Overview
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Introduction to Structure and Function of the Nervous System
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Layout of the Nervous System
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Organization of the Nervous System
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Sensory Sense changes through sensory receptors
Motor Respond to stimuli
Integrative Analyze incoming sensory information, store
some aspects, and make decisions regarding appropriate behaviors
Functions of the Nervous System
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Histology of the Nervous System: Neurons vs. Neuroglia
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Nervous Tissue
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Nervous Tissue
Anatomy Overview:
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Neurons Electrically
excitable
Cellular structures
Neurons
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Structural Classification of Neurons
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Examples of Dendritic Branching
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Sensory/afferent neurons
Motor/efferent neurons
Inter/association neurons
Functional Classification of Neurons
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Examples of Sensory Receptors
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Neuroglia Not electrically excitable
Make up about half the volume of the nervous system
Can multiply and divide
6 kinds total (4 in CNS, 2 in PNS)
Neuroglia
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Neuroglia of the CNS
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Neuroglia of the PNS
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The myelin sheath is produced by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes and it surrounds the axons of most neurons
Myelination of Neurons
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Gray Matter vs. White Matter
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Excitable cells communicate with each other via action potentials or graded potentials
Action potentials (AP) allow communication over short and long distances whereas graded potentials (GP) allow communication over short distances only Production of an AP or a GP depends upon the
existence of a resting membrane potential and the existence of certain ion channels
Electrical Signals in Neurons
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Graded Potentials & Action Potentials
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Leakage channels alternate between open and closed
K+ channels are more numerous than Na+ channels
Ion Channels in Neurons
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Ligand-gated channels respond to chemical stimuli (ligand binds to receptor)
Ion Channels in Neurons
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Mechanically-gated channels respond to mechanical vibration or pressure stimuli
Ion Channels in Neurons
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Voltage-gated channels respond to direct changes in membrane potential
Ion Channels in Neurons
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Ion Channels in Neurons
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Membrane Potentials
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Membrane Potentials
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The membrane of a non-conducting neuron is positive outside and negative inside. This is determined by:
1. Unequal distribution of ions across the plasma membrane and the selective permeability of the neuron’s membrane to Na+ and K+
2. Most anions cannot leave the cell
3. Na+/K+ pumps
Resting Membrane Potential
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Resting Membrane Potential: Voltage Difference
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Factors Contributing to Resting Membrane Potential
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Small deviations in resting membrane potential
Graded Potentials
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A graded potential occurs in response to the opening of a mechanically-gated or ligand-gated ion channel
Graded Potentials
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The amplitude of a graded potential depends on the stimulus strength
Graded Potentials: Stimulus Strength
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Graded potentials can be add together to become larger in amplitude
Graded Potentials: Summation
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An action potential is a sequence of rapidly occurring events that decrease and eventually reverse the membrane potential (depolarization) and eventually restore it to the resting state (repolarization)
Action Potentials
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Action Potentials
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Action potentials can only occur if the membrane potential reaches threshold
Action Potentials: Stimulus Strength
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Action Potentials: the Status of Na+ and K+ Voltage-Gated Channels
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Comparison of Graded & Action Potentials
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Propagation of Action Potentials
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Propagation of Nerve Impulses
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Continuous vs. Saltatory Conduction
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Axon diameter
Amount of myelination
Temperature
Factors that Affect Propagation Speed
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A synapse is the junction between neurons or between a neuron and an effector
Electrical Synapse
Gap junctions connect cells and allow the transfer of information to synchronize the activity of a group of cells
Chemical Synapse
One-way transfer of information from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron
Signal Transmission at Synapses
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Synapses Between Neurons
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Events at the Synapse
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Events at the Synapse
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Signal Transmission at a Chemical Synapse
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Excitatory postsynaptic potentials A depolarizing postsynaptic potential
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials A hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potential
A postsynaptic neuron can receive many signals at once
Postsynaptic Potentials
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Neurotransmitters at chemical synapses cause either an excitatory or inhibitory graded potential
Neurotransmitter receptors have two structures Ionotropic receptors
Metabotropic receptors
Structure of Neurotransmitter Receptors
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Ionotropic & Metabotropic Receptors
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Neurotransmitter can be removed from the synaptic cleft by:
1. Diffusion
2. Enzymatic degradation
3. Uptake into cells
Removal of Neurotransmitter
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If several presynaptic end bulbs release their neurotransmitter at about the same time, the combined effect may generate a nerve impulse due to summation
Summation may be spatial or temporal
Summation
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Spatial Summation
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Temporal Summation
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Summation of Postsynaptic Potentials
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Small molecule neurotransmitters Acetylcholine
Amino acids
Biogenic amines
ATP and other purines
Nitric oxide
Carbon monoxide
Neurotransmitters
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Neurotransmitters
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Neuropeptides Substance P
Enkephalins
Endorphins
Dynorphins
Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones
Angiotensin II
Cholecystokinin
Neuropeptides
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Neuropeptides
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A neural circuit is a functional group of neurons that process specific types of information
Types of circuits Simple series
Diverging
Converging
Reverberating
Parallel after-discharge
Neural Circuits
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Neural Circuits: Diverging & Converging
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Neural Circuits: Reverberating & Parallel After-Discharge
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Although the nervous system exhibits plasticity, neurons have a limited ability to regenerate themselves
Plasticity – the capability to change based on experience
Regenerate – the capability to replicate or repair
Regeneration & Repair of Nervous Tissue
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In the CNS, there is little or no repair due to: Inhibitory influences from neuroglia, particularly
oligodendrocytes
Absence of growth-stimulating cues that were present during fetal development
Rapid formation of scar tissue
Neurogenesis in the CNS
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In the PNS repair is possible if the cell body is intact, Schwann cells are functional, and scar tissue formation does not occur too rapidly
Steps involved in the repair process are: Chromatolysis
Wallerian degeneration
Formation of a regeneration tube
Damage and Repair in the CNS
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Damage and Repair in the CNS
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End of Chapter 12
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