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04

Imigaqo nezizathu zoqikelelo lwesivuno 04

I-Canola – isikhondo esinokubola kwe-sclero tinia siyaphunguka

06

Phatha iimbotyi zesoya zakho ngenceba ngokugcina ukufuma

08

10

11

IXESHA LOKUVUNA – uku nga licwangciseli, kukucwangcisela ukusilela

111

Imagazini yakwaGrain SA yophuhliso lwabavelisi

Bala Moteng:

Ukhozo ngalunye lubalulekile. Zinike

ixesha kweli thuba lokulima lokuku-

qwalasela oku. Sibone imbalela enkulu

kulo nyaka nekhokelele kwixabiso lombona

eliza kuhlala liphezulu. Thina balimi sifanele

ukwenza konke okusemandleni ethu ukwandi-

sa izivuno zethu kangangoko ukuze senzele-

lele iilahleko ezibangelwe yimbalela. Ukuze

kwenzeke oku sifanele ukuqinisekisa ukuba

izenzo zethu zokuvuna zenziwa ngoqwalaselo

nokubonelela le meko kangangoko kunokwe-

nzeka njengoko ukhozo ngalunye lubalulekile.

Kufuneka sisebenze ngobunono kangangoko kuyo

yonke imisebenzi yokuvuna ukususela kulondolo-

zo loomatshini ukuya kwintengiso yeenkozo zethu.

Phambi kokuqalisa ngokuvuna, zinike ixesha

lokuphuhlisa isicwangciso-cebo sokusebenza

esincomekayo. Sona sifanele ukuquka inkqubo

yolondolozo loomatshini, inkqubo yokusebenza

kunye nesicwangciso sokuthengisa.

Inkqubo yolondolozo loomatshiniMalunga nalo mba kufuneka uqwalasele yonke

into nokuba incinane esisixhobo sokusebenza

eza kusetyenziswa ngexesha lokuvuna uku-

susela kwisixhobo sokuvuna-sibhula ukuya

kwiinqwelo zokulayisha. Yonke into idinga uku-

qwalaselwa ngenjongo enye yokunciphisa umo-

nakalo kangangoko kunokwenziwa. Kunyaka

ofana neyesiqhelo sikholisa ukungakuhoyi uku-

vuza okungephi kwizixhobo zethu zokusebenza

sizithethelele ngokuthi ‘hayi noko asivuzi kakhu-

lu’ okanye ‘iinkomo ziza kuzitya ezo nkozo’.

Kodwa inyaniso yeyokuba ngonyaka ngamnye

sifumana iilahleko ezinkulu ngenxa yoomatshini

abangalondolozwa kakuhle.

Kwisixhobo sakho sokuvuna-sibhula

qiniseka ukuba izihluzi zakho zilungele-

lene kakuhle ngokunjalo zibubukhulu obu-

chanekileyo obulungele iinkozo ozivunayo.

Qwalasela imingxuma kunye nezibotho.

Jonga zonke iijoyinti nemiphetho kwisixho-

bo sakho sokuvuna-sibhula ukuze uqinise-

ke ukuba akukho zikhewu zinokubangela

ukuvuza kwembewu. Qiniseka ukuba isi-

xhobo sokubhola esisiqhekezi sisebenza

kakuhle nokuthi kungabikho ndawo zi-

vuzayo kwifanele yokutha nasembhojeni

wesixhobo sokubhola. Kwintloko yesixhobo

sokuvuna-sibhula qiniseka ukuba umisela

yonke into ngokuchanekileyo ngokwezithu-

ba eziphakathi kwemiqolo yakho.

Kwiinqwelo zokulayisha nakwizigadla

kufuneka uqwalasele ukuba zonke izithuba

neentanda zitywiniwe kananjalo iminyango

yeenkozo ivaleke nkqi nangokuzinzileyo.

Qeqesha abasebenzi bakho abaza kuse-

benzisa oomatshini ukuba baziqwalasele

ngokuphinda-phinda ezi zinto phambi

kokuqalisa ngokusa iinkozo kwindawo ezi-

fanele ukusiwa kuyo. Ngokunjalo, mqeqeshe

umbhexeshi wesixhobo sokuvuna-sivuna

ukuba asoloko eqinisekisa ukuba uyasicima

isixhobo sokubhola xa kugqityiwe ukuqhe-

keza aze asibuyisele kwisimo sokugcinwa

kwaso. Ndive kaninzi ngabaqhubi abashiya

izixhobo zokubhola zingacinywanga baze

ngokwenza njalo bamoshe iitoni ngeetoni

zombona xa bevuna-bebhula. Kulo nyaka

asinakunyamezela naziphi izehlo ezinga-

fanelekanga ezifana nezi.

Inkqubo yokusebenzaMalunga nalo mba ufanele ukwenza

izicwangciso zezenzo zakho nenkqubo oza

kuwavuna uwabhule ngayo amasimi akho.

Okuninzi kulo msebenzi kuya kuxhomeke-

ka kwisiqulatho sokufuma kweenkozo, kanti

ufanele ukuzama kangangoko ukubala

izenzo zolandelelwano kwinkqubo eyiyona

incomekayo yemisebenzi ukuze ukwazi

ukunciphisa iindleko kangangoko unako.

Yonke into isebenza ngedizili kwaye

idizili izezona zindleko ziphezulu zomse-

benzi wokuvuna. Ukuba uzenza kakuhle

izicwangciso zakho ngohlobo olucutha

umgama ophakathi kwendawo yoku-

vuna naleyo kusiwa kuyo isivuno unako

ukugcina imali eninzi malunga namafu-

tha okubasela. Umzekelo; ukuba ndine-

ntsimi ekude kangangeekhilomitha

ezi-5 ukusuka kwishedi yam kunye nenye

ekude ka ngangezi-6, ubulumko kukuvuna

ngexesha elinye kuloo masimi. Oku kuya

kundikhusela ekubuyiseleni bonke oo-

matshini apho ngelinye ixesha.

Isicwangciso sokuthengisaNjengabalimi ‘singabamkeli bamaxabiso’

oko kuthetha ukuba sifanele ukwamkela

Ixesha lokuvuna – ukungalicwangciseli, kukucwangcisela ukusilela

UMakhulu uJane uthi…

Z

ininzi kakhulu izityholo zorhwaphilizo ezinda-

beni kule mihla. Siyazi ukuba xa ubandakanyeka

ku rhwaphilizo kuthetha ukuba ungummi

waseMzantsi Afrika ongawuthobeliyo umthetho.

Xa unjalo akunagalelo ekwakhiweni kwelizwe lethu elihle

kwaye akwakhi khaya lezizukulwana zexesha elizayo.

Oku kuzise umbuzo othi engqondweni yam ‘Ngaba mna

ndingummi othobela umthetho?’’ – kaninzi sicinga ukuba

abanye abantu baphula umthetho ngeli xesha nathi siwaphu-

la umthetho. Masijonge ukusetyenziswa kweendlela – nga-

ba wena uyema kuphawu olubonisa ukuba izithuthi zifanele

ukuma? Ngaba isantya sakho usigcina singaneno kumda

wesantya omiselwe kuzo zonke iindlela? Ugqitha kwezinye ii-

moto uwubona umgca omhlophe ongaqhawu-qhawulwanga?

Ukuba uphendule ngokuthi ‘ewe’ kuyo nayiphi imibuzo

kule, ngoko ke akungommi othobela umthetho, ngama-

nye amazwi akungommi olungileyo waseMzantsi Afrika.

Ikhona into owakhe wayithatha engeyoyakho? Ukhe wa-

thengisa nokuba yintoni engeyoyakho? Ngaba abasebenzi

bakho babhalisiwe na kwiUIF kwaye ngaba uyayihlawula

imirhumo efuneka ngenyanga nganye? Ngaba uyibhalisele

na irhafu yengeniso kwaye uyayivakalisa na ingeniso yakho

ukuze uhlawule irhafu? Ukuba ubhalise iVAT, wakhe wenza

ibango leVAT ngempahla engeyiyo eyeshishini lakho? Ukuba

uphendule ngokuthi ‘ewe’ kuyo nayiphi imibuzo kule,

nawe ke akungommi othobela umthetho ngamanye ama-

zwi akungommi olungileyo waseMzantsi Afrika.

Ukuba usebenzela urhulumente – ukhe wavumela uku-

nyotywa nguye nabani? Ukhe wenzelelela isalamane sakho?

Ukhe wafaka umntu emsebenzini kuba enobudlelwane nawe

nokuba akanazo izakhono zobuchule nemfundo efanele eso

sikhundla? Ukhe ‘wazisikela’ kuyo nayiphi intengiselwano

ephu nyezwe nguwe? Ukhe wasebenzisa impahla karhulu-

mente uyisebenzisela isiqu sakho? Ukhe wasebenzisa imoto

karhulumente iGG uyisebenzisela isiqu sakho? Ukuba uphe-

ndule ngokuthi ‘ewe’ kuyo nayiphi mibuzo kule, nawe ke

akungommi othobela umthetho ngamanye amazwi aku-

ngommi olungileyo waseMzantsi Afrika.

Nasi isicelo sam kule nyanga – ‘masibambisane kwaye

simanyane ukuze silwe ulwaphulo-mthetho norhwaphilizo

simi kunye’. Masibe ngabemi abathobela umthetho siphile

ngokomgaqo-siseko wethu ongummangaliso. Lilizwe lethu eli

kwaye sidinga ukulakha ukuze abantwana bethu nabantwana

babo babe nekhaya elikhuselekileyo nelinenkqubela.

Qwalasela bonke oomatshini bakho bokuvuna, ukhumbule ukuba injongo yakho ephambili kukunciphisa ilahleko kangangoko kunokwenzeka.Qwalasela bonke oomatshini bakho bokuvuna ukhumbule ukuba injongo

2

UKUTHENGISWA KOMBONA

Inqaku linikelwe nguGavin Mathews, oneMfundo yesiDanga kuLawulo loBume obusiNgqongileyo. Ngolwazi oluthe vetshe thumela i-imeyili apha: gavmat@gmail.com.

‘Luck is a dividend of sweat. The more you sweat, the luckier you get.’

~ Ray Kroc

Pula Imvula’s Quote of the Month

Thina njengabalimi sifanele ukwenza konke okusemandleni ethu ukuzandisa kangangoko izivuno zethu.

ixabiso elibekwe kummandla wentengiso. Nge-

lishwa akukho nto ingako sinokuyenza ngaloo

nto. Kodwa akhona amacebo athile onokuwase-

benzisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba ufumana elona

xabiso lihle unokulifumana ngeenkozo zakho.

• Jonga-jonga kwiindawo eziliqela – asinga-

wo onke amaziko ahlawula izixa zeenko-

nzo ezifanayo, ngoko ke qiniseka ukuba

ufumana ongoyena uhlawula imali eyiyona

iphe zulu.

• Ukukhontranktha – ukuba usoloko uyibeke

iliso indlela esebenza ngayo imimandla ye-

ntengiso unako ukuzikhusela kwangapha-

mbili kwilahleko ngokubeka ixabiso lesityalo

sakho nangaliphi ixesha. Qinisekisa ukuba

usebenzisa umthengiseli osemthethweni

phambi kokuzama eli cebo njengoko ukhona

umngcipheko ekuthengiseni. Kulo nyaka

ndikhe ndeva ngabalimi abakhusela ilahle-

ko yabo ukuba babeka ixabiso le-R3 500/

ngetoni yombona kanti liza kunyuka libe

yiR5 000/ngetoni, ngaloo ndlela baza kula-

hlekelwa yi-R1 500/ngetoni yombona.

• Ulondolozo – njengabalimi sisenokunga-

kwazi ukubeka ixabiso kodwa sinako

ukwe nza isigqibo sokungathengisi. Aba-

limi aba ninzi benza oku kwiminyaka apho

amaxabiso aphantsi khona baze balinde

ukunyuswa kwamaxabiso phambi kokwenza

isigqibo sokuthengisa. Kodwa oko andiqondi

ukuba kuza kwenzeka kulo nyaka.

Imida ibalulekile emsebenzini wokufama.

Sifanele ukwenza konke okusemandleni ethu

ukwandisa imida yenzuzo enokufumaneka

ukuze sinciphise yonke ilahleko enokubakho.

Iinkozo zethu esizilimayo ziyimali esesandleni;

ngoko ke sifanele ukuqinisekisa ukuba ooma-

tshini nezixhobo zokusebenza ezikhongozele

imali yethu esesandleni azihambi zivuzisa iirandi

neesenti.

3

MADE POSSIBLE BY

THE MAIZE TRUSTUKUTHENGISWA KOMBONA

Imigaqo nezizathu zoqikelelo lwesivuno L

o nyaka wokulima ube ngomnye wemi-

nyaka eyiyona inzima kwiminyaka

engamashumi amathathu ngaphandle

kwamaphondo athile nezithili ezifumene imvula

ebalulekileyo malunga nokuqinisekiswa kwesi-

tyalo sombona kwikroba ebelicwangciselwe

lokulima elilona lilungileyo.

Ukulima kuselithuba kumaphondo athile athwa-

xwe bubushushu obugqithisileyo obuvela kulophu

olushushu bekumana kufika kwaza kwasebe-

nziseka konke ukufuma obekugciniwe. Uqikelelo

lwesivuno sasekugqibeleni obelunokubakho

lwe sityalo sokugqibela luya kucaca ngoMatshi

nangoEpreli 2016 ngenxa yokudibana kwemihla

yokutyala nelahleko ekulinyweni kombona omhlo-

phe ubukhulu becala, eFree State.

Kuluncedo kakhulu ukukwazi ukuhlalutya

isityalo sakho sombona ukuze uqikelele isivuno

sasekugqibeleni kunye nengeniso enokubakho

ukususela ngoMeyi ukuya kuAgasti ngo-2016.

Izizathu zokwenza uqikelelo lwezivunoUkuzicingela kwangaphambili izivuno ezinoku-

fumaneka kuya kwenza ukuba ukwazi ukuchaza

isicwangciso sokuvuna, uthutho nesakhono

esifunekayo solondolozo. Ukuqiniseka ngesi-

vuno kuya kunceda ekwenziweni kwezigqibo

ezifanelekileyo ezifana nemimandla yentengiso

yeSafex, imeko yakho yemali yekamva nokuthi

ukwazi ukunxibelelana namaziko emali okanye

neembumba zentsebenziswano malunga ne-

nge niso yesityalo enokulindeleka. Ukubekwa

kwamaxabiso kuya kuxhomekeka kwiingqikelelo

zeSafex nakwinqanaba lotshintshiselwano lwe-

Randi neDollar. Nceda zidibanise neSafex ukuze

ubone amaxabiso angoku nawexesha elizayo,

ngokwenza njalo uya kukwazi ukubala ingeniso

enokufumaneka yesityalo emva koku gqitywa

kohlolo lwesivunwa.

Iingqikelelo zombona omhlophe zihamba

kwimali engange-R4 850 ngetoni yeengqi-

kelelo zombona otyheli ezisekwe kwiindleko

zempahla ethengwe ngaphandle okanye uku-

lingana ngeR3 450 ngetoni. Kwabanye abalimi

isivuno seetoni ezi-2 ngehektare kusenokuba

ngamanqanaba okuba phantsi kwamaxabiso

okanye awenzuzo.

Abalimi abaphumelelayo ukufumana

ngaphezu kweetoni eziyi-2,5 ngehektare zo-

mbona omhlophe okanye otyheli kweli xesha

lokulima baya kuqhuba kakuhle ngokwasema-

lini. Kwezinye iziganeko isityalo siya kuguqule-

lwa kwifula okanye kutyiswe imfuyo xa isivuno

esiqikelelwayo silindeleke ukuba kumgangatho

ongakufanelanga owokuvuna.

Imida yokulima Mininzi imiba enefuthe ekulimeni nakumaba-

nga abalulekileyo okukhula kwesityalo,

malunga nemihlanganisela emininzi efumane-

kayo neya kuchaphazela uqikelelo. Oku kuya

kubaluleka ngakumbi ngonyaka wembalela

nonemozulu eshushu apho kukho iimeko

ezahluka-hluke kakhulu zembalela khona ku-

nye nezichotho ezimana ukufika ezinike uku-

fuma okubalulekileyo kwisityalo nokuphuhla

okuqhubayo kwezityalo.

Iimeko ezahluka-hlukileyo zemozulu ziseno-

kuzitshintsha iingqikelelo zesiqhelo ezipapashi-

weyo malunga neentsuku ukuya ekuvuthweni

ngokokusebenza kwendalo okanye kusuku loku-

vuna lwemihlanganisela ethile.

Umgaqo-nkqubo obalaseleyo ngowokusi-

hlola ngokuqaphela isityalo kwangaphambili

ukuze kwenziwe uqikelelo oluchaneke ka-

ngangoko kunokwenzeka kodwa kuxhome-

keke kwibanga elithe ncam lophuhliso.

Imihlanganisela yombona iyafumaneka eMza-

ntsi Afrika esusela kwiintsuku eziyi-105 ukuya

kwiintsuku eziyi-145 nokuya ekuvuthweni ngo-

kwendalo ngokunjalo nakwiintsuku eziyi-155 ukuya

kweziyi-180 ukufusela ekulimeni ukuya ekuvuneni.

Qaphela ukuba zifezeka nini ezi ngqi kelelo malu-

nga nemihlanganisela yombona eli ny we kwifama

yakho. Izenzo zokuphethula u mhla ba ngolondolozo

ziya kuzandisa ezi ngqi ke lelo ngeentsuku eziliqela.

Amanani esiqhelo ali nywayo nasetyenziselwa imi-

hlanganisela emitsha kwimihlaba elinywayo eyomi-

leyo ahluka ukususela kwizityalo eziyi-15 ukuya

kweziyi-20,000 ngehektare malunga nemihlaba

enesakhono esiphantsi ukuya kwizityalo eziyi-18

ukuya kude kube zizityalo eziyi-36,000 ngehektare

kwimihlaba yesakhono esithe kratya.

IzikhwebuNgexesha lebanga lokukhula lamva leV 12, eli-

bakho malunga neentsuku eziyi-42 ukuya kweziyi

4

MADE POSSIBLE BY

THE MAIZE TRUSTIZIVUNO ZEZITYALO

Inqaku linikelwe ngumlimi othathe umhlala-phantsi.

-46 emva kokuhluma kwemiqolo yeenkozo

eliqela, kusenokuqikelelwa inani elinokubakho

leenkozo, kunye nobukhulu besikhwebu. Uku-

cinezeleka ngenxa yokufuma nobushushu kweli

banga kuya kukhokelela kuphuhliso lwezikhwebu

olucekethekileyo nakwisivuno sasekugqibeleni.

Emva kweli banga ukuphuhla kwezikhwebu

kuqhuba ngokukhawuleza. Kwibanga lokuqa-

la lokwanda elaziwa ngokuba yi-R1 imibungu

yokuqala ibonakala ngaphandle kwamakhasi

ukuze liqikeleleke elona nani leenkozo kunye

nobukhulu beenkozo. Unqongophalo lokufuma

kweli banga lunokubangela ilahleko ye 7% yesi-

vuno esinokubakho ngosuku. Ubunzima beenkozo

buqikelelwa kwibanga lokwanda ekuthiwa yi-R6.

Ukuhlalutya isivuno ngokulinganisa ubukhulu besikhwebuImibandela engundoqo efanele ukulinganiswa

kuqikelelo lwesivuno linani lezikhwebu nge-

candelo ngalinye lendalo, iinkozo ngesikhwebu

kunye nobunzima obungumyinge weenkozo.

Njengoko kuqapheleka, khumbula ukuba ingaba

isityalo besicinezelekile kwiindawo ezichaziweyo

ezibalulekileyo. Izikhwebu zinokuhlolwa kakuhle

kwasekuqaleni, kwibanga lentlama ethambileyo

ukuze inani lemiqolo kunye nenxenye yemiqolo

ifumane umvumvuzelo ngempumelelo ngoku njalo

iphuhle. Khumbula ukusika izikhwebu phakathi

okanye ubale inani lemiqolo ngokuqaphela kanti

yona inokwahluka ukususela kwesi-8 ukuya

kweyi-20. Inani eliqhelekileyo mhlawumbi beliya

kuba phakathi kwe-12 ne-16. Umbona wokurhwe-

ba ngezikhwebu ezilungileyo usenokuba kumyinge

weenkozo eziyi-600.

Ukuba isityalo sikwibanga lokuvuthwa lendalo

kusenokwenziwa uqikelelo oluchaneke ngakumbi.

Amanyathelo okubalaBala inani lezikhwebu ngeemitha eziyi-10 kwi-

indawo ezininzi ezimelweyo zomhlaba ophantsi

kwengqalelo, bala iinkozo ezinokubakho eziya

kuqina ukuze zibe ziinkozo ezinokuvunwa nje-

ngeenkozo ezincinane, eziphakathi nezinkulu,

ngokusebenzisa isixa seegram eziyi-0,28 ngokho-

zo ubale isixa sezikhwebu ezincinane, eziphakathi

nezikhulu. Njengesikhokelo ngokubanzi izikhwe-

bu ezincinane zinezixa ezimalunga neegram

eziyi-120, eziphakathi kangangeegram eziyi-150

kunye nezikhwebu ezikhulu ezingangeegram

eziyi-180. Ukuba unako, njengoko kunqweneleka

bala isixa esichanekileyo ukususela kwinani lee-

nkozo ngesikhwebu okanye kungenjalo uqikelele

uqikelele ubukhulu obungumyinge bezikhwebu

ezibalwe kwiimitha ezili-10 okanye ngokomqolo.

Ubuninzi bombona bunokulinywa kwimiqolo

yeemitha eziyi-0,92 okanye eziyi-0,75 okanye imi-

gca yetremu. Kukho imiqolo yeemitha eziyi-108

ephinda-phindwe ngemiqolo yeemitha eyi-100

okanye iimitha eziyi-10 800 zezityalo kwihek-

tare elinywe kububanzi be-0,92 ne-133 ephinda-

phindwe ngemiqolo yeemitha eziyi-100 kububanzi

bemiqolo be-0,75.

Ngoko ke ngeemitha ezili-10 zeendawo ezi-

baliweyo zokuqikelela inani lezikhwebu inani

lophinda-phindo kubalo lwethu liya kuba li-1 080.

Ukuba bekubalwe izikhwebu eziyi-20 kwiimitha

ezili-10 kunokuba kunjalo kwizikhwebu eziyi-20

x 1 080 ngehektare elingana nezikhwebu eziyi

-21 600 ngehektare. Kwisixa sezikhwebu ezipha-

kathi ngobukhulu obuziigram eziyi-150 ku kho

ke ngoko eziyi-21 600 x 150 zahlulwe nge-

1 000 ukubonisa iikhilogram (kg) ngehektare

(1 000 g/kg) kwahlulwe nge-1 000 (1 000 kg nge-

toni) ukubonisa iitoni ngehektare yesivuno esili-

ndelekileyo. Impendulo iya kuba ngu-3,24 yeetoni

ngehektare. Umntu unokuhamba ngendlela endala

asuse i-10% yoqikelelo olubaxekileyo neelahleko

zokuvuna ukuze afikelele kuqikelelo lwesivuno

sasekugqibeleni esingenamaqhezu se-2,9 yeetoni

ngehektare. Njengoko kunokubalwa izikhwebu ze-

180 yeegram zinokunika isivuno esimalunga ne-

3,5 yeetoni ngehektare.

ElokugqibelaKhumbula naziphi iimeko zembalela okanye zo-

bushushu obugqithisileyo ezivela kumabanga

abalulekileyo okukhula afunyenwe sisityalo sakho

sombona xa bekusenziswa uqikelelo olugqali weyo

nolondolozo lwesivuno esinokubakho phambi

kokuvuna kwenene kwesityalo sakho.

5

MADE POSSIBLE BY

THE MAIZE TRUSTIZIVUNO ZEZITYALO

Ukubola kwesikhondo si-sclerotinia

(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) sesinye

sezoyikiso ezizezona zikhulu ehla-

bathini malunga nemveliso ye-canola na-

ngokufumaneka kwezivuno eziphezulu.

Kude kube ngo-2013 ifuthe lesi sifo kwi-

shishini lecanola eMzantsi Afrika belibonwa

nje ngelincinane kangangokuba lide lingabi

namsebenzi. Nangona kunjalo, ukususela ngo-

2014, ulawulo lwesi sifo selunzima ngakumbi

kanti ukusilela ekwenzeni oko ku khokelele

kwizivuno ezinganeno kwezesiqhelo.

Iimpawu neemeko ezifanelekileyoIimpawu ziquka umbala ongwevu, umsikeko

ombatshileyo kwisikhondo sesityalo seca-

nola. Umngundo omhlophe okhulileyo ugquma

umsikeko phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo.

Ukholisa ukufumaneka kwicala elingaphantsi

lesikhondo esingundoqo, kodwa unokubakho

kwisityalo siphelele. Apho kwenzeke khona

usuleleko, isityalo sikholisa ukuxinaniseka futhi

sibune ukuze oko kukhokelele ekuvuthweni

kwaphambi kwexesha.

Oku kuvuthwa phambi kwexesha (ukufa

kwezityalo) kuya kubangela ilahleko ye-

mbewu nokuncipha kwezivuno. Usuleleko

oseluha mbele phambili lusenokubonwa nje-

ngeengqandana ezingqukuva ezimnyama

ezinge namilo ilandelekayo esikhondweni.

I-sclerotia (iingqandana ezimilo ingqukuva)

yimilo esindayo yomngundo.

Isazobe 1: Umjikelo wobomi be-sclerotinia.

I-CANOLA – isikhondo esinokubola kwe-sclerotinia siyaphunguka

Icanola kwi 20% yeentyatyambo – iintyaty-ambo eziyi-15 ezivulekileyo nemidumba kwisi-khondo esingundoqo.

Ukuphuma kwee-acrospora: Izipora ziwa phezu kwamagqabi eentyatyambo

Amagqabi eentyatyambo awa phezu kwamagqabi nasesikhondweni aze abangela usuleleko

Umsikeko uqhubeka uye phezulu/ezantsi kwesikhondo zize zibune izityalo

I-sclerotia esitsha siphakathi kwesikhondo esinosuleleko

I-sclerotia siyaphila emhlabeni phambi kokuntshula kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo phantsi kwekanopi

Saekele ya bophelo ba Sclerotinia.

MADE POSSIBLE

BY OPOT

6

UKULINYWA KWECANOLA

Umjikelo wobomiUmjikelo wobomi be-sclerotinia ubonakala

kwiSazobe 1.

I-sclerotia siya kuntshula phantsi kweemeko ezi-

fanelekileyo ezinokushwankathelwa ngale ndlela:

• Iimeko zomhlaba omanzi kwithuba elide.

• Amaqondo obushushu aphakathi kwe 11˚C ne

14˚C kwithuba elinokufikelela kwiintsuku ezilishumi

xa kudubula iintyatyambo zokuqala.

• Iimeko zomhlaba omanzi (inkungu nombethe)

kwithuba elide lexesha lokudubula kweentya-

tyambo.

Imibandela elandelayo inako ukuba negalelo

kumngcipheko we-Sclerotinia esentsimini yakho:

• Ikanopi etyebileyo neshinyeneyo.

• Icanola okanye izityalo eziyimidumba entsimini

kwixesha lakutshanje (i-sclerotia iyaphila kude

kube yiminyaka emithandathu emhlabeni).

• Isiganeko sezifo kwisityalo esichaphazeleke mva.

• Umgama ukusuka kwisityalo esichaphazeleke

mva.

• Iimeko zemvula nezinamanzi amaninzi ngethuba

lokudubula kweentyatyambo.

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-sclerotiniaKwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo kuvavanywe banzi

imichiza eyahluka-hlukileyo etshabalalisa imingundo

kwaye iziphumo zinike ithemba kuninzi lweemvava-

nyo. Kwithuba langoku kubhaliswe iimveliso ezimbini

ezisetyenziselwa ukutshabalalisa i-sclerotina kwica-

nola, iyile, iAmistar neProsaro.

Ixesha elifanelekileyo lokuyifaka yeyona nxenye

ibalulekileyo yenkqubo yakho yokuyifaka njengoko

ikroba lebanga elichanekileyo lilincinane kakhulu.

Injongo yokufakwa kwemichiza yemingundo kuku-

gquma amagqabi eentyatyambo kangangoko kuno-

kwenzeka ngethuba kuseqinisekiswa ukuba umchiza

nawo uyangenelela kwikanopi ukunceda ngokukhu-

sela iindawo ezinokufunyanwa lusuleleko (ezifana

neencam kunye neziseko zamagqabi). Umchiza use-

benza kakuhle kuphela emagqabini eentyatyambo

akhoyo ngexesha lokutshiza. Umchiza awunaku-

wakhusela amagqabi eentyatyambo ahluma emva

kokutshiza, kodwa ukufikelela okuthile komchiza

kwikanopi kunokunceda ngokunciphisa usuleleko.

Imichiza yokutshabalalisa imingundo ayinakuzinya-

nga iintlobo zosuleleko esezingenelele kwizikhondo

zezityalo, yiloo nto kukho isidingo sokufaka umchiza

womngundo phambi kokuwa okunefuthe kwamagqa-

bi eentyatyambo xa iimeko zihambelana nosule-

leko lwe-sclerotinia. Kubalulekile ukutshiza umchiza

womngundo kumagqabi amaninzi atyheli eentyaty-

ambo phambi kokuwa kwamagqabi eentyatyambo,

akholisa ukuba phakathi kwe 20% ne 50% yokudubu-

la kweentyatyambo. Itheyibhile 1 inokusetyenziswa

njengesikhokelo sokufumanisa elona xesha lifanele-

kileyo lokufakwa kwemichiza.

IsiphethoOwona mbandela ubaluleke kakhulu lixesha loku-

fakwa komchiza wokutshabalalisa umngundo kuba

ufanele ukuligqala ixesha owenza isigqibo ngalo lo-

kutshiza nokutshabalalisa isifo (ngokwemibandela

ekhankanywe ekuqaleni). Landela isityalo sakho ngo-

coselelo nangokuzingileyo ukuze lichaneke ixesha

lakho. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba imihlanga-

nisela eyahluka-hlukileyo inamathuba okukhula

ahluka-hlukileyo ngokunjalo nezantya ezahluka-hluki-

leyo zokudubula kweentyatyambo. Qiniseka ukuba

uyawahlola onke amasimi akho phambi kokutshiza

ukuze ulichane ixesha lokutshiza kwintsimi nganye.

Xa ulandela inkqubo emanyanisiweyo

yolawulo lwaphambi kobukho bengxaki equka

ukujikele ziswa kwezityalo, ukukhethwa kwemi-

hlanganisela, inkqubo yokufakwa kwezichumiso

nemichiza yokutshabalalisa umngundo, ukubola

kwesikhondo esine-sclerotina akufanelanga kuba

yingxaki kwisityalo sakho secanola.

Inqaku linikelwe nguFranco le Roux, uMphathi weMithombo yobuTyebi bezoLimo: SOILL. Ngolwazi oluthe chatha, thumela i-imeyili apha: franco@soill.co.za.

Ibanga lokudubula kweentyatyamboIintyatyambo ezivulekileyo kwis-ikhondo esingundoqo (kuqukwa imidumba

10% 10

20% 14 to 16

30% 20

Icanola kwi 30% yeentyatyambo – iintya tyambo eziyi-20 ezivulekileyo nemidumba kwisikhondo esingundoqo.

Itheyibhile 1: Ukuchongwa kwamabanga okudubula kweentyatyambo zecanola.

MADE POSSIBLE

BY OPOT

7

UKULINYWA KWECANOLA

Inqaku linikelwe ngumlimi othathe umhlala-phantsi.

Phatha iimbotyi zesoya zakho ngenceba ngokugcina ukufuma

Kuqhelekile ukulima iimbotyi zesoya ku-

jikeleziso nezinye izityalo ezifanelekileyo

kwindawo yakho yokufama nokuba ku-

phantsi kwenkqubo yonkcenkcesho okanye kwe-

yokulima emhlabeni owomileyo. Eli nqaku liza

kuhlola eminye yemiba efanele ukukhunjulwa xa

kuphunyezwa inkqubo yokugcinwa kokufuma xa

kulinywa iimbotyi zesoya emhlabeni owomileyo.

Isakhono sokuqulatha amanzi ngokuvakala komhlaba esandleniPhambi kokuba siqwalasele ukhuselo lomhla-

ba ongaphezulu kubalulekile ukuqonda imiba

ethile ngeempawu eziphathekayo zomhlaba.

Ukuvakala komhlaba esandleni nokwakheka

kwawo kunefuthe elikhulu kungenelelo lwa-

manzi, ekugqobhozekeni kwawo nakwisa-

khono sawo sokugcina amanzi. Ukuvakala

komhlaba esandleni kwalatha uqukaniselo

lomhlaba kunye nesixa seengqakumbana ezi-

ncinane, eziphakathi nezikhulu zodongwe,

zentlenga yomhlaba kana njalo nezesanti.

Ukwakheka komhlaba kuquka ukubumbeka

kweengqakumbana zomhlaba zide zibe nga-

magade anika umhlaba isimo sokubumbeka

kwawo. Amagade asenokukhululeka kwaye

abe nkumnkum okanye enze izimbo ezifanayo

kodwa ezahlukileyo komnye umhlaba. Imigaqo

yakho yokuphethula umhlaba, iintlobo zokuji-

keleziswa kwezityalo kunye nezenzo zolawulo

ziya ku kwalatha kangangoko ukuba ingaba

uyawabumba na amagade okanye uyawaqhe-

keza na ekuhambeni kwethuba elide.

Ukuba neentunjana komhlaba kuxhomekeka kwi-

zithuba eziphakathi kweengqakumbana zomhlaba

kwaye ziba nomoya kunye namanzi. Umhlaba

kwisakhono sentsimi uya kuba nesimo somoya

onga nge 50% kunye namanzi angange 50%. Le

yeyona meko ifanelekileyo ekufanele ukujoliswa

kuyo xa kulinywa ngokunkcenkcesha okanye

emhlabeni owomileyo. Omnye umbandela obalule-

kileyo xa uhlola imihlaba yakho kwaye uyakha zi-

zantya zoku ngenelela kwamanzi okanye ukuhamba

kwamanzi ukusuka kumphezulu womhlaba noku-

gqobhozeka okuchaza isakhono somhlaba soku-

vumela ukuha mba komoya namanzi emhlabeni

ukuya kwimimandla yeengcambu ukuze kuzuzeke

ulunge lelwano olukhuthaza ukufunxa kokufuma

kwesityalo kangangoko nezondlo ngokunjalo.

Kungakanani ukufuma okunokugcinwa emhlabeni ngokwesakhono sentsimi?Iindidi zomhlaba ezingundoqo ziboniswe kwiTheyi-bhile 1 kwaye zinesakhono sokugcina ukufuma

kodidi ngalunye ngeemilimitha qho emva kweese-

ntimitha eziyi-10 zobunzulu bomhlaba. Khumbula

ukuba udidi ngalunye lomhlaba, olunobunzulu

obaneleyo ukuze ube nefuthe kuqoqosho, xa ugci-

nelwe ukulima emhlabeni owomileyo kwezolimo

uya kuba neemaleko zomhlaba ongaphezulu,

umhlaba ongaphantsi kunye neemaleko zodo-

ngwe, iyileyo imaleko ibe nesakhono esahlukileyo

sokugcina ukufuma.

Imihlaba eyiyona ifanelekileyo ekulimeni

umhlaba owomileyo iya kuba nokwakheka oku-

lungileyo kwesigcina-kufuma esingaphezulu,

umhlaba ongaphantsi komaleko wodongwe

onga phezulu ukuze xa ugcwaliswe ngokufuma

ukwazi ukunceda ngokugcina ukufuma kubo

bonke ububanzi bomhlaba.

Umzekelo, kumhlaba waseWestleigh onobu-

nzulu bomhlaba be-120 cm ne-90 cm womhlaba

ongaphezulu kunye nomhlaba ongaphantsi onovu-

nduvundu lwesanti ngaphezu kwentlenga yodo ngwe,

isixa sokufuma esinokugcineka siya kuba yi-90 cm

eyahlulwa nge-10 cm ephinda-phindwe ngesakhono

sokugcina amanzi esiboniswe ngasentla nesiyi-

11 mm nge-10 cm edibene ne-13 mm nge-10 cm

ephinda-phindwe ngentsalelo ye-30 cm ukuze konke

oko kwenze isimo somhlaba siphelele. Impendulo

kukuba isimo somhlaba siphelele sinako ukugcina

i-174 mm okanye i 30% yemvula yonyaka kwindawo

apho imvula yonyaka yesiqhelo iyi-600 mm.

Ukuba ukwazile ukugcina esi sixa sokufuma

phambi kwexesha lokulima oko kungakubeka kwe-

sona simo sihle ukuze ukwazi ukulima ngexesha no-

kuthi isityalo esintshulileyo sikwazi ukukhula kakuhle

kwiiveki ezintandathu ukuya kwiinyanga ezimbini

phambi kokufuneka kwemvula enika inkxaso.

Ukukhuthaza ulondolozo lwamanziInkqubo yakho yokulima, nokuba yeyomgaqo we-

siqhelo okanye yeyokuphethula umhlaba ngolo-

ndolozo, mayiphunyezwe ngenjongo yolondolozo

lokufuma. Ngokuquka izityalo ezilinywa kumjikelo

wokuzijikelezisa, kufuneka ukuba inkqubo yandise

kangangoko intsalela yezityalo phakathi kwezi-

tyalo ezisemhlabeni ongaphezulu ukuze kukhu-

thazwe ukungenelela kwemvula nokugcina isimo

somhlaba ongaphezulu nosezantsi sikhululekile xa

kusetye nziswa izixhobo ezichanekileyo zokukra-

zula umhla ba okanye izixhobo ezifanelekileyo ezi-

namazinyo ukuze nayiphi na imvula iye kutyhutyha

kububanzi bo mhlaba buphelele. Kufuneka ku-

phunyezwe ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula okufanele-

kileyo ukuze kuncitshiswe ukulahleka kwamanzi

ka ngangoko, mhlawumbi ngokutshatyalaliswa

ngooma tshini okanye ngemichiza ngokusebe nzi sa

imijikelo yokujikeleziswa kwezityalo.

ElokugqibelaNgokukhumbula yonke imibandela ebalulekileyo

yomhlaba, yenza isicwangciso sokulima esiya

kukhuthaza ukwakheka kokufuma komhlaba no-

londolozo ukuze iimbotyi zakho zesoya zomhlaba

owo mileyo zifumane elona thuba libaluleki-

leyo lokusinda kumaxesha embalela ngethuba

lokukhula.

Udidi ngokuvakala esandleni

Isakhono sokuqulatha amanzi (mm ngee10 cm zobunzulu bomhlaba)

Uluhlu olu-phantsi

Uluhlu oluphe-zulu

Isiqhelo (ku-suswe amaqhe-zu)

Isanti entlaka-ntlaka 2,08 6,25 4

Isanti ecolekileyo 6,25 8,33 7

Isanti enovunduvundu 9,17 10,00 10

Uvunduvundu olunesanti 10,42 11,67 11

Isanti yovunduvundu olucolekileyo

12,50 16,67 15

Uvunduvundu olunentlenga 16,67 20,83 19

Uvunduvundu lodongwe olunentlenga

15,00 16,67 16

Udongwe olunentlenga 12,50 14,17 13

Udongwe 10,00 12,50 11

Itheyibhile 1: Isakhono sokuqulatha amanzi ngokuvakala komhlaba esandleni

MADE POSSIBLE

BY OPOT

8

UKULINYWA KWEEMBOTYI ZESOYA

Inqaku linikelwe nguGavin Mathews, oneMfundo yesiDanga kuLawulo loBume obusiNgqongileyo. Ngolwazi oluthe vetshe thumela i-imeyili apha: gavmat@gmail.com.

Nalu uludwe lwakho olufuneka ngoj ngilanga kuEpreli

Ukulima nokuvuna kunokuba lilinge eli-

nomvuzo omhle xa uzama kangangoko

ukuzenza kakuhle izinto. Kufuneka uzi-

nike ixesha lokwenza isicwangciso semisebe-

nzi yakho ngokuqaphela kwaye uqiniseke uku-

ba akusebenzisi iindlela ezishunqulelayo.

Njengoko oojongilanga bezizityalo ezomeleleyo

nezikwaziyo ukunyamezela iimeko zeembalela,

ngokuqinisekileyo baza kuba baninzi abalimi aba-

lima oojongilanga kulo nyaka kunabalima umbona.

Qinisekisa ukuba usilungiselela ngononophelo isi-

tyalo sakho ukuze uvune lukhulu kuso.

Ngeli xesha imisebenzi yakho emininzi ufanele

ukuba sowuyenzile, imisebenzi efana nokutyala

kunye nokutshiza ngemichiza. Oojongilanga ba-

fanele ukuba bayadubula okanye bayabuna. Iliqela

imibandela ebalulekileyo kweli banga:

• Ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula;

• Izondlo zamagqabi;

• Ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinambuzane;

• Amalungiselelo okuvuna; ngokunjalo

• Ukuthengisa.

Ukutshatyalaliswa kokhulaUkuvuna oojongilanga kusenokuba ngumsebenzi

oxakayo njengoko iinkozo zembewu zithande

ukuba ncinane. Oku kuthetha ukuba zininzi nee-

nkozo zembewu yokhula eziqhelekileyo ezinoku-

ngena nazo kwisixhobo sokuvuna-sibhula ukuze

zi xubeke nembewu kajongilanga ngenxa yoku-

lingana kwazo ngobukhulu. Yiloo nto kubalulekile

ukuzama ukugcina amasimi akho oojongilanga

ecoceke kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Imbewu yokhula exubene neenkozo zakho

isenokuba nefuthe elibi kumgangatho wakho

ngokunjalo nexabiso olifumanayo lesityalo sakho.

Kuqaphele ngakumbi ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula

lweDatura (iOlieboom) njengoko lunokubangela

iingxaki ezininzi eziphathisa intloko ngexesha loku-

vuna. Ukuba unepesi ephezulu yeDatura kwiinko-

zo zakho, amanye amaziko awasayi kuzamkela

ukuze oko kubangele inkcitho eyongezelelweyo

yokucocwa kweenkozo zakho zikajongilanga.

Zama ukuzinika ixesha phambi kokuvuna loku-

hlola amasimi akho ukuze ukhucule lonke ukhula

olungafunekiyo. Oko kusenokukusindisa kwii-

nkcitho ezinkulu kwixesha elizayo.

Izondlo zamagqabiUkuba isityalo sakho sikhangeleka sinesa khono

esihle ngoko ke kusenokuba yinto elungileyo

ukusebenzisa izondlo ezinika inkxaso. Oku

ku kholisa ukwenziwa ngokutshiza ngexesha

lokuquva kanye phambi kokuba intloko kajongi-

langa ivuleke. Abalimi abaninzi banikela ngezondlo

zamagqabi okanye basebenzise isitshizi somchiza

weBoron esinako ukunyusa ubukhulu besivuno

sesityalo sakho ukuba iimeko zifanelekile.

Ukutshabalalisa izinambuzaneYakuba intloko kajongilanga seyibumbe imbe-

wu isuka ibe nomtsalane omkhulu kwizina-

mbuzane ezininzi ngakumbi kwiintaka ezifana

namahobe nezincinane. Yiloo nto

kubalulekile ukuzama uku-

sivuna sisuke msinyane ka-

ngangoko isityalo emasimini.

Qinisekisa ukuba yonke

into ilungele ukusebe-

nza msinyane akuba

ome ngokwaneleyo

ujongilanga ukuba

avunwe. Abalimi abaninzi basebenzisa ama-

nyathelo othi ntelo ukuze bazame ukunqanda

umonakalo obangelwa ziintaka.

La manyathelo anokuquka izothuso, uku-

dubula iinkanunu zegesi ezingxolayo ezi-

bangela izandi ezikhulu ezothusa iintaka. La

manyathelo asenokusebenza kwithuba elifu-

tshane, kodwa iintaka zikhawuleza zikufunde

ukuba akukho sothuso siyinene zize ziqhube

ngokusitya isityalo sakho.

Amalungiselelo okuvunaNjengokuba sekukhankanyiwe, libaluleke kakhulu

ixesha kwaye ufanele ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke

izixhobo zakho zokusebenza sezilungile msinyane

xa sesome ngokwaneleyo isityalo ukuba sivunwe.

Qwalasela bonke oomatshini ngokuqaphela ukuze

uqinisekise ukuba akusayi kuba neengxaki yakuba

seyiqalisile imisebenzi. Qaphela xa usebenzisa

isixhobo sakho sokuvuna-sibhula ukuqinisekisa

ukuba imosharha yeenkozo iya kuba ncinane ka-

ngangoko. Oku kuthetha ukuba isixhobo sokuba-

mba iintloko zikajongilanga masisebenze kakuhle

kwaye kufakwe zonke izihluzi ngokunjalo zisebe-

nze kakuhle.

Qinisekisa ukuba uyaziqwalasela izivutheli

kwaye uzimisele kakuhle ukuze zingavutheli nga-

mandla kakhulu kuba oko kuya kumosha iinkozo.

Okokugqibela, qwalasela zonke iinqwelo zokulayi-

sha kunye nezigadla eziza kuthutha iinkozo ukuze

ujonge ukuba ingaba akukho zikhewu nezithuba

apho zinokuvuza khona na iinkozo.

UkuthengisaYiba nesicwangciso esilungileyo malunga nenda-

wo oza kuyithengisela kuyo imveliso yakho. Qinise-

kisa ukuba uzama kangangoko kunokwenzeka

ukufumana elona xabiso linokufumaneka leenkozo

zakho njengoko imida yenzuzo imxinwa ngakumbi

ngonyaka wembalela ofana nalo sigqithe kuwo.

Gqala ummandla wentengiso ukuze ulazi elona

xabiso lemveliso yakho.

Yiba soloko uzama ukuvuna kakhulu ka-

ngangoko kwisityalo sakho. Le kuphela kwe ndlela

yokwenza imali kwezolimo namhla. Yonke into

ikho mba kubucukubhede bolawulo lwakho na-

kwingqalelo yakho.

Iintloko zikajongilanga ezisempilweni entle.

wu isuka ibe nomtsalane omkhu

mbuzane ezininzi ngakumbi kwiinta

namahobe nezincinan

kubalulekile ukuz

sivuna sisuke ms

ngangoko isityalo

Qinisekisa uk

into ilungele

nza msinya

ome ngo

ujongilan

MADE POSSIBLE

BY OPOT

9

UKULINYWA KUKAJONGILANGA

INKCAZO EMFUTSHANE

noRemember Wiseman Mthethwa

Ulwazi, ubuchwepheshe, ukusebenza nzima

nothando olushushu lwento ayenzayo, zi-

zinto ezenza ukuba uRemember Wiseman

Mthethwa abe ngumlimi anguye ozinikeleyo. URe-

member unenxaxheba kwiNkqubo yabaLimi ese-

yikwiBanga eliPhambili, ulilungu leKlabhu yeetoni

eziyi-250 kwaye ngoku ngusihlalo weQela loFu-

ndonzulu iAmajuba eNewcastle.

Uwuqhuba phi umsebenzi wokufama kwaye ngeehektare ezingaphi? Ulima ntoni?Ndiqhuba umsebenzi wokufama kwisiphaluka sase-

Dannhauser, phakathi kweDundee neNewcastle

emantla aKwaZulu-Natal. Ndiqeshe ifama iMilne-

daIe, kuMnumzana Albert Eicker wasePretoria,

ebukhulu buziihektare eziyi-612. Le fama ibiyeyo-

sapho kodwa kwiminyaka emininzi usapho belu-

ngayisebenzisi yaza yaqeshiselwa abalimi abaninzi

ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1940. Ndikwazile uku-

yandisa ndaza ndavula amasimi angangeehektare

eziyi-200. Ukuqala kwam kwakukho amasimi eehek-

tare eziyi-40, exubene namasimi angamafusi.

Kunyaka ophelileyo ndithenge iihektare eziyi-

14 zemihlatyana ekufutshane, iGreenvale, ebinezi-

bonelelo zeziqalelo zokufuya iihagu kunye namasimi

athile. Ndiqeshe amasimi eehektare eziyi-80 ku-

Mnumzana Henk Zaal, kwifama iLilydale, kunye ne-

zinye eziyi-20 kuMnumzana Willem Raubenhorst.

Ndilime umbona kwiihektare eziyi-260 kunye

neesugar beans kwiihektare eziyi-53 kulo nyaka,

emva kokuba ndilahlekelwe yeminye imihlaba

ebendiyiqeshe kwiminyaka edlulileyo. Ndiqhuba

icandelo leenkomo eziyi-140, kanti kuzo ndineemazi

zeenkomo eziyi-80 kunye namathole. Ndinalo neca-

ndelo leemazi zeehagu eziyi-12 lokwandi-

sa umhlambi weehagu, iigusha eziyi-70

neebhokhwe eziyi-52. Iihagu zilishishini

elithande ukomelela, kanti omnye umbo-

na wam ndiwusebenzisela ukuwuxuba

nezondlo zazo ukuze ndigcine iindleko

ziphantsi. Okwangoku ndiza kuba no-

mbona owaneleyo kulo lonke ixesha

lokuvuna – oku kwenza umahluko

omkhulu kakhulu xa sikhumbula iindleko

ezinyukayo zezondlo.

Zinto zini ezikukhuthazayo?Sikhulele kwifama yaseLilydale sisebenzela

uMnumzana Louis Alberts kwaye sihlala kuye,

kodwa nathi besizifamela. UMnumzana Alberts wa-

yengumzekelo endandifuna ukuwulandela – waye-

sebenza nzima, esiqhuba ukuba sisebenze nzima

waze waphumelela ukuqhuba amashishini aliqela

efama. Ndafunda ngokuzibonela ukuba ukufama

bubomi bam – kunika usapho lwam ukutya, ingeniso

ngoku njalo nekamva. Kubalulekile kwisizwe sethu,

njengoko abantu bedinga ukutya ukuze baphile.

Chaza imiba onamandla kuyo nobuthathaka kuyoImiba yamandla: Imiba yamandla yam zizakhono

zobuchule endizifundileyo – ukulima izityalo, ukufuya

nokuba nolwazi ngokudingeka efama. Ndisebenza

nzima kwaye ndinothando olushushu ngomsebenzi

wam. Ndiyakuthanda nokusebenza nabantu, uku-

ncedisa abo ndinokubancedisa nokufunda kwabo

banento endinokuyizuza kubo. Ndiyakuthakazelela

ukuzama izinto ezintsha kwaye ndiyazimisela uku-

funda, andiziva ndibandazelekile.

Imiba yobuthathaka: Ubuthathaka bam kukuba

bendingenamfundo yaneleyo, kwaye ndimana ndi-

dinga uncedo malunga nezi zakhono zobuchule.

Ngamanye amaxesha esi sithintelo sindikhathaza

kakhulu, kodwa ndiyazama ukuziphucula.

Sasisingakanani isivuno sesityalo sakho ngoko wawuqalisa ukufama? Singakanani ngoku kwezo zityalo?Ukuqalisa kwam ngo-2012, izivuno zam zazi-

nganelisi – umbona omhlophe wawuziitoni ezi-

2 ngehektare kanti umbona otyheli wawuziitoni

ezi-3 ngehektare. Kanti oko kwakuphucukile

kunokuba sasisenza ekhaya kodwa ndandi-

bona ukuba abalimi abarhwebayo basebenza

phucukileyo KAKHULU kwaza oko kwandikhu-

thaza ukuba nam ndifune ukuziphucula. Isityalo

sam sokuqala saba kwiihektare eziyi-40.

Unyaka ophelileyo ubungunyaka wembalela

kuthi, kodwa ndikwazile ukusondela kwiitoni ezi-

malunga nezi-4. Kulo nyaka isityalo sikhangeleka

siphucukile nangona kukho imbalela – ndiyakholwa

ukuba ndinalo ithuba lokukhupha kule mihlaba iitoni

ezisi-7 ngehektare, ayikho intsimi efanele ukukhupha

nganeno kwiitoni ezi-5 ngehektare. Lusezandleni

zoMdali ulwazi lokuba singakanani isivuno esiza kusi-

fumana kulo nyaka.

Ucinga ukuba libe yintoni igalelo eliphambili kwinkqubela nakwimpumelelo yakho?Ulwazi nobuchwepheshe. Ndiqalile ukuthatha

isampulu yomhlaba, ukusebenzisa imigaqo yolimo

ephucukileyo, ukusebenzisa imbewu ephucuki-

leyo, imichiza nokufakwa kwezichumiso. Malu-

nga nokulima, ndikholelwa ekubeni ikamva lam

lisemhla beni, ngoko ke kufuneka ndiwuphucule.

Apho ndinako khona, ndisebenzisa inkunkuma

yeenkukhu ukuncedisa ngokuphucula (amanqana-

ba omgquba) emhlabeni. Ndifundile kwiimpazamo

zam kwaye ndisoloko ndikuthakazelela ukuzama

imigaqo emitsha yo kwenza izinto. Kulo nyaka

ndiqalise ngomgaqo ‘wokungaphethuli mhlaba’

ukuze ndibone ukuba uqhuba njani.

Hlobo luni loqeqesho osowulufumenekude kube ngoku iloluphi uqeqesho osalunqwenelayo?Ukuqala kwam, ndincediswe yiSeda ngoqeqesho

loshishino nangezakhono zobuchule bokulawu-

la. ISebe lezoLimo lincedile nalo ngezifundo

zoqeqesho, ngakumbi ngakwicala lemfuyo. Kulo

nyaka iprojekthi yeSA Breweries isinike uqeqe-

sho kanti futhi ndiyile nakwizifundo zoqeqesho

zaseGrain SA. Umcebisi wam naye undincedise

ngoqeqesho nangeenkcazo ezenziwa entsimini.

Ndinqwenela ukuphuhIisa izakhono zam zobu-

chule kwicala lobunjineli nokukhanda, ukutshisela

iintsimbi njalo njalo.

Akukho sifundo ndisenzileyo singqaliswe

embo neni kwaye ndingathanda ukuba naso endi-

senzayo, ndide ndifikelele kwibanga lezifundo

eseliphambili njengoko umbona isisityalo sam

esingundoqo neshishini lolimo. Kanti ndinqwenela

nokufunda banzi ngokufama ngononophelo na-

ngokusebenzisa ezobuchwepheshe ezifumane-

kayo, ngakumbi ukubek’ iliso ngeGPS nangezinto

ezifakwayo.

Uzibona undawoni kwiminyaka emihlanu ezayo? Ngaba unqwenela ukuzuza ntoni?Kuhle ukuba neengcinga ezintle kodwa ukuzi-

phumeza yenye into. Umntu ufanele ukwazi ukuba

ziyafikeleleka, makayazi into yokuba oko kuya kufu-

na umntu osebenza nzima kakhulu, imali yokuqalisa

I-Grain SA kudliwano-ndlebe…noRemember Wiseman Mthethwa

a

-

a

10

MADE POSSIBLE BY

THE MAIZE TRUST

Kwinqaku elidlulileyo sichaze imingcipheko

njengeemeko ezinokwenzeka ebezinga-

bonwanga ngaphambili, ezingacwangci-

selwanga, ezingeyondalo, ezingaqhelekanga,

nezingalindelekanga ezinokwenzeka zize zi-

bangele ilahleko yohlobo oluthile.

Khumbula ukuba njengomlimi xa uqalisa

ngokulima imveliso ujongana nemingcipheko

enokubakho. Ngokubanzi masithi ujongana ne-

mingcipheko yokulima, imingcipheko yokuthe-

ngisa kunye nemingcipheko yemali.

Ngethuba lenkqubo yokulima zininzi izinto

ezinokwenzeka njengeemeko ezingenakuqinise-

kiswa zemozulu (iimbalela, izikhukula, isichotho,

iqabaka egqithisileyo) kunye neentlekele ezifana

nemililo yasendle kunye nohlaselo lwezityalo

nemfuyo zizifo.

Ngethuba lenkqubo yokuthengisa kukho izi-

nto ezinokwenzeka ezinokuphazamisa inkqubo

yokuthengisa kunye/okanye ezinokuba nefuthe

elingafunekiyo kumaxabiso. Ilahleko isenokuba

kwizinto ezibambekayo – akunakukwazi ukuthe-

ngisa iimveliso zakho (iiblorho zingonakala nga-

maxesha ezikhukula). Okanye ixabiso leemveliso

zakho lisenokuthotywa ngesizathu esithile okanye

ngesizathu esingaphaya kwamandla akho.

Imingcipheko yemali inokubangelwa yinge-

niso ephantsi kunye/okanye iingxaki zokugcina

imeko efanelekileyo yomqukuqelo wemali ese-

sandleni, ngoko ke ichaphazela impumelelo

yeshishini malunga nemali. Makukhunjulwe

ukuba imingcipheko yokulima, eyokuthengisa

neyemali iyathungelana.

Abalimi bethu abaninzi banamava nga-

mathuba embalela (emingcipheko yexesha

elide) agxininise uluvo lokuba ngokuqiniseki-

leyo ishishini lokufama lelona shishini lilawuleka

nzima kwaye alifuni mabhetyebhetye. Nge-

lishwa le mbalela ayizi kuba yeyokugqibela.

Kaloku uMzantsi Afrika lelinye lamazwe athandwa

yimbalela ehlabathini kwaye imbalela yinto

eye nzeka rhoqo, yiloo nto sifanele ukulima

sikukhumbula oku.

Masiyamkele inyaniso yokuba imbalela

ibangele iingxaki ezinkulu, ezikhatshwa ziziphumo

ezingafanelekanga zemali, kufuneka sizame uku-

hlala ethembeni. Ngoko ke, yintoni esinokuyifu-

nda kumava ethu ngembalela? Nga ba ikhona into

esinokuyifunda? Yimfuneko enge nakuphikiswa

ukuqaphela iziphumo zembalela nento enokwe-

nziwa ukuze zingabi nabuzaza kwixesha elizayo.

Kufuneka uphucule ulawulo lwakho ukuba ufuna

ukuphumelela njengomlimi. Imbalela iza kudlula

ngoko ke, xa uqhuba nge shishini lakho lokufama,

khumbula okulandelayo.

Malunga nenkqubo yokulima, ngokuqinise-

kileyo imbalela ikugxininisile ukuthi, ukuba ku-

yenzeka, zama kangangoko unako ukuba na-

mashishini ahluka-hlukileyo kwishishini lakho

lokufama, lingabi linye. Ukwahlukanisa kuthe-

tha ukuquka amashishini okufama angacha-

tshazelwa yimingcipheko efanayo. Lima izityalo

ezahluka-hlukileyo ezinamaxesha okukhula

ahlu ka-hlukileyo kananjalo nezingachatsha-

zelwa ngokulinganayo yimbalela. Ukufakelwa

kweshishini lemfuyo kuya kuba nefuthe elikhulu

ekunqandeni ubuzaza beziphumo zemingci-

pheko. Xa ishishini lahlula-hluliwe, ithinteleka

phucukileyo imingcipheko.

Imbalela nayo yandile ‘Zenze ngendlela

efanelekileyo iziseko’. Enyanisweni, unokuyiqhu-

ba ifama ngento ofama ngayo, kodwa yenza izinto

ngendlela echaneke kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Walungise ngokuchanekileyo amasimi akho, tyala

kubunzulu obuchanekileyo, tshabalalisa ukhula

nezinambuzane ezonakalisa izityalo ngokuqa-

phela. Ukuba kufika imbalela zize izityalo zakho

zombona zikhuphisane nokhula ngokufuma ifuthe

elingafunekiyo liya kuba nobuzaza ngakumbi.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yokufama

ngolondolozo nako kukhanyisiwe. Ukufama

ngolondolozo kunokuchazwa njengenkqubo

yomgaqo wokufama ngolondolozo enciphisa

ukuphazamiseka komhlaba ngokuphethulwa

komhlaba okungephi nangokujikelezisa izityalo

ngenjongo yokushiya intsalela yezinto eziphilayo

ULAWULO

Ukwahluka-hlukanisa ishishini lakho kuya kuba nefuthe elikhulu ekuthinteleni iziphumo zemingcipheko.

Kumngcipheko ovelayo, kubakho izifundo ezibalulekileyo

a

o

o

11

MADE POSSIBLE BY

THE MAIZE TRUST

I-Grain SA kudliwano-ndlebe…noRemember Wiseman Mthethwa

eninzi kangangoko (isigcina-kufuma) emasimini

ukuze kwandiswe ukungenelela kwamanzi.

Malunga nemfuyo, yenza ofanele uku-

kwenza ngemfuyo yakho. Kubaluleke kakhulu

ukusebenzisa inkqubo efanelekileyo yolawulo

lokutyisa impahla kwaye idlelo malingaze nanini

lisetyenziswe ngokungathi liyabhuqwa. Sebe-

nzisa isithethe esamkelekileyo sokutyisa ngo-

kwesakhono samadlelo endawo yakho ngawo

onke amaxesha. Kukwabalulekile ukwakha

ibha nki yesondlo (uqokelele ifula kunye/okanye

neyesisele) njengokutya okugcinelwe amaxe-

sha embalela. Ukuba kuyenzeka yakha ibhanki

yesondlo eya kukwazi ukugcina umhlambi wakho

kwithuba lonyaka obona buncinane.

Malunga nolawulo lwentengiso yahluka-

hlukanisa intengiso yeemveliso zakho kwaye

ukhumbule umba wokuphucula ukuxabiseka

kweemveliso zakho. Ukuba uyasidela isakhono

sakho sokuphucula ukuxabiseka kweemveliso za-

kho, kunganjani xa ninokuzimanyanisa njengeqela?

Malunga nolawulo lwemali umba osoloko

uphakanyiswa ngowohlahlo lwabiwo-mali olu-

fanelekileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka

wenze isicwangciso seshishini lakho ngendlela

efanelekileyo, uqale ngeenkqubo zolawulo lokuli-

ma ezinikwa uqwalaselo olunzulu ngeshishini

ngalinye ukuze ukususela apho kuqwalaselwe

uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lonyaka-mali olwenziwa

ngenx’ engaphambili. Emva koko qhuba ifama

ngokwesicwangciso sakho.

Elokushwankathela cinga ngokwahluka-

hlukanisa ishishini lakho ngokunjalo usebenzise

ukufama ngolondolozo, iziseko zokusebenza

zenze kakuhle kwaye uqhube ishishini lakho lo-

kufama ngokwesicwangciso sakho esingqongqo

ngokunjalo nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali.

Isitshixo sokuthintela iziphumo zeemeko

ezingafunekiyo lulawulo – ukwenza isicwa-

ngciso, ulungiselelo, impumezo noququzele-

lo, ngokuchaneke kangangoko anokwenza

umntu ophilayo. Xa kunokubakho isehlo semeko

enobuzaza, esifana nethuba elide lembalela,

yiba noxolo – indima yakho uyifezile.

Kumngcipheko ovelayo, kubakho izifundo ezibalulekileyo

Inqaku linikelwe nguMarius Greyling, umbhali kwiPula Imvula. Ngolwazi oluthe vetshe, thumela i-imeyili apha: mariusg@mcgacc.co.za.

umsebenzi (kuba ngathi liphupha) kanti kukho imo-

zulu neemeko ebezingacingelekanga ngaphambili.

Ndi nqwenela ukusebenzisa obona buchwepheshe

bufumanekayo bubalaseleyo, ndisebenze ngo-

nonophelo kwaye ndizenzele konke. Ndingathanda

ukuba nendawo eyeyam. Ukuhlawula irenti kune-

mingcipheko yako njengoko ndithi xa ndisebenza

ngokuzimisela, kwaye ndimana ndiphucula umga-

ngatho, nerenti inyuka.

Ungabacebisa uthini abalimi abasaqalayo abanomnqweno wempumelelo?Icebiso endinalo LUTHANDO OLUSHUSHU lokufa-

ma, ukusebenza nzima, ukuzinikela nokusebenzisa

amathuba avulekayo. Musa ukulinda omnye umntu

ukuba akwenzele yonke into, qalisa ngento onayo

kwaye ungangxami. Funda onako ukukufunda, kwi-

impazamo zakho nakwezabanye. Akusayi kusoloko

ulungelwa kangako ziinzuzo kodwa yiba nenya-

meko – ukufama asiloshishini leenzuzo eziphezulu.

Ulwazi luxananazile, ungafunda ube no-

lwazi kodwa kufuneka uziqhelanise nalo

kwaye ucele asebelusebenzisile ukuba baku-

ncede bakufundise.

Le mbalela indifundise ukuba amanzi axabiseke

kakhulu ebantwini, kwimfuyo nasekulimeni izi-

tyalo. Yonke into mayenzelwe ukuphucula,

ukulo ndoloza nokuwusebenzisa ngononophelo

lo mthombo wobutyebi.

Ngexesha lam lokucamngca ndicinga gqitha

ngendlela yokuziphucula mna neshishini lam.

Isizwe sethu sidinga ukutya.

Abo bacinga ukungena ekufameni bafanele

ukucingisisa ngokuqaphela eyona nto YENENE aba-

yifunayo, baninzi kakhulu abantu abafuna ukufama,

nokufumana iifama kanti oko AKUTHETHI ukuba

nga balimi ncam. Njengomlimi ufanele ukunga-

xhomekeki mntwini, ukuze ukwazi ukuzenzela.

Ungacingi ukuba uza kuthembela kwiikhontraktha

ukuba ziza kukusebenzela ngokomdla wakho ongo-

wona usentliziyweni yakho. Ufanele ukwazi UKU-

ZENZELA NGOKWAKHO.

Inqaku linikelwe nguGraeme Engelbrecht, uMququzeleli woPhuhliso weNkqubo yoPhuhliso yaseGrain SA, KwaZulu-Natal. Ngolwazi oluthe vetshe, thumela i-imeyili apha: graeme@grainsa.co.za.

12

INKCAZO EMFUTSHANE

IMVULAIqela labahleli

GRAIN SA: BLOEMFONTEINSuite 3, Private Bag X11, Brandhof, 93247 Collins Street, ArboretumBloemfontein08600 47246 Fax: 051 430 7574 www.grainsa.co.za

UMHLELI OYINTLOKOJane McPherson 082 854 7171 jane@grainsa.co.za

UKUMISELWA KWABAHLELILiana Stroebel 084 264 1422 liana@grainsa.co.za

UYILO, UBUME NOSHICILELOInfoworks 018 468 2716 www.infoworks.biz

IPULA IMVULA IFUMANEKA NGEELWIMI EZILANDELAYO:isiXhosa,IsiNgesi, IsiBhulu, iSeTswana, iSesotho, iSesotho sa Leboa nesi IsiZulu.

INkqubo yeGrain SA yoPhuhliso lwabaLimi

ABAQUQUZELELI BOPHUHLISODanie van den BergFree State (Bloemfontein) 071 675 5497 danie@grainsa.co.za

Johan KrielFree State (Ladybrand) 079 497 4294 johank@grainsa.co.za e-Ofisini: 051 924 1099 Dimakatso Nyambose

Jerry MthombothiMpumalanga (Nelspruit) 084 604 0549 jerry@grainsa.co.za e-Ofisini: 013 755 4575 Nonhlanhla Sithole

Jurie MentzMpumalanga/KwaZulu-Natal (Louwsburg) 082 354 5749 jurie@grainsa.co.za e-Ofisini: 034 907 5040 Sydwell Nkosi

Graeme EngelbrechtKwaZulu-Natal (Louwsburg) 084 582 1697 graeme@grainsa.co.za e-Ofisini: 034 907 5040 Sydwell Nkosi

Ian HousehamEMpuma-Koloni (Kokstad) 078 791 1004 ian@grainsa.co.za e-Ofisini: 039 727 5749 Luthando Diko

Liana StroebelENtshona-Koloni (Paarl) 084 264 1422 liana@grainsa.co.za e-Ofisini: 012 816 8057 Hailey Ehrenreich

Du Toit van der WesthuizenNorth West (Lichtenburg) 082 877 6749 dutoit@grainsa.co.za e-Ofisini: 012 816 8038 Lebo Mogatlanyane

Julius MotsoenengNorth West (Taung) 072 182 7889 julius@grainsa.co.za

Articles written by independent writers are the views of the writer and not of Grain SA.

THIS PUBLICATION IS MADE POSSIBLE BY THE

CONTRIBUTION OF THE MAIZE TRUST

PULAPULA