11th Grade FCAT Asessment Benchmarks Notes Robinson

8/14/2019 11th Grade FCAT Asessment Benchmarks Notes Robinson

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FCAT Benchmark CHEMISTRY

SC.A.1.4.3The student knows that a change from one phase of matter to another involves a gain or loss of energy.

Phase changes

Heat of fusionGizmos: Calorimetry Lab Phase Changes

the sate of matter of a substance is determined by themotion of its particles and the strength of the attraction between the particles

Solid Liquid Gas Particles move more quickly when they have more kinetic energy. not all the particles in a sample of matter have the same amount of energy temperature is the average kinetic energy of a substance thermal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy of all the particles in a sample of matter heat is the transfer of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler object is when a substance is heated it gains thermal energy and the particles move faster matter changes from one state to another when thermal energy is gained or lost heat of fusion is the amount of energy required to change 1kg of a substance from a solid to a liquid (melting

point)

increasing energy>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>


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SC.A.1.4.4The student experiments and determines that the rates of reaction among atoms and molecules depend on theconcentration, pressure, and temperature of the reactants and the presence or absence of catalysts.

Catalyst Pressure as a catalyst Reaction rate Surface area and rate of diffusion Concentration Factors Affecting Rate of Reactions

Gizmo: Collision Theory

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

1. Chemical formula tells you what elements are in a compound and how many atoms of eachC 6H 12O 6

2. Chemical reaction - the process of making or breaking the chemical bonds that link atoms and changing

one substance into a different one3. Chemical equation - convenient way of summarizing a chemical reactionC 6H 12O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2O

a. Reactants- the substances that take part in a chemical reactionb. Products- the substances that are formed as a result of a chemical reaction

4. Metabolism - all the thousands of chemical reactions that take place in each cell

Activation energy - the amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction

Endothermic reactions - absorb energy

Exothermic reactions -give off energy

Factors that affect chemical reactions

1) Temperature- increasing the temperature makes atoms move faster increasing the rate of chemical reaction

2) Concentration- increasing the concentration of enzyme or substrates (reactants) increases the speed of chemical reactions

3) Pressure- increasing the pressure brings the atoms closer together increasing the rate of chemical reactions

4) pH- acidity/alkalinity- enzymes only work in narrow ranges of pH

5) Catalysts (enzymes)- a substance that increases the speed of a chemical reaction by lowering the activationenergy.


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Enzyme - a protein that works as a biological catalyst

Substrate - the molecule on which the enzyme acts(reactant)

Active site - the part of the enzyme that attaches to thesubstrate

Enzymes work by reducing the activation energy needed tostart a chemical reaction

The key to an enzymes activity is its shape. An enzyme is a protein with folds that create pockets or crevices that precisely fit the substrate

Enzymes :a. Provide a surface for the reaction to take place

b. Puts stress on a bond to break itc. Brings substrates close together in the right orientation for new bonds to fo


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SC.A.2.4.5The student knows that elements are arranged into groups and families based on similarities in electron structure, and thattheir physical and chemical properties can be predicted.

Electron configuration Periodic Trends Periodic table

Gizmos: Element Builder Electron Configuration Covalent Bonds

The Modern Periodic TableAtomic number

The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. In the modern periodic table, elements are arranged according to atomic number. Atomic number increases by one as you move from element to element across a row. Number of protons equals number of electrons

Atomic mass equals protons and neutrons in the nucleusIsotopes- atoms of an element with differing number of neutrons

Electron orbital/shells/energy levels electrons are arranged in orbitals around the nucleus

electrons are added to orbitals until they are full when an orbital is full a new orbital begins to fill

1st orbital can hold up to two electrons 2nd and 3 rd orbitals can hold up to 8 electrons in four pairs of 2

Groups/ families -each vertical column in the periodic table All the atoms in a family have the same number of electrons in the outermost electron shell or valence

electrons For elements in Groups 1 and 2, the group number equals the number of valence electrons

For elements in Groups 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18, the second digit in the group number is equalto the number of valence electrons. The number of valence electrons in the outermost shell determines the chemical characteristics and

behavior of an element Because elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons, they have

similar properties.

Noble gases- the elements in the last group of each period are inert(do not react) because they have fullouter orbital (8 valence e-)

Periods- each horizontal row in the periodic table each period starts with a new electron shell

13 14 15 16 17


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Physical States and Classes of the ElementsMetals

The majority of the elements are metals. They occupy the entire left side and center of the periodictable.

Metals are elements that have luster, conduct heat and electricity, and usually bend without breaking. All metals except mercury are solids at room temperature;

Metalloids

Metalloids are located in the staircase along the boundary between metals and nonmetals. Metalloids have characteristics of both metals and nonmetals A semiconductor is an element that does not conduct electricity as well as a metal, but does conduct

slightly better than a nonmetal.Nonmetals

Nonmetals occupy the upper-right-hand corner. Most nonmetals dont conduct electricity, are much poorer conductors of heat than metals, and are brittle when solid.

Many are gases at room temperature; those that are solids lack the luster of metals. With the exception of carbon, nonmetals have five, six, seven, or eight valence electrons.

Ionic bonding- electrons are gained or lost (transferred) Between a metal and a nonmetal

o Groups 1, 2, 3 (metals) tend to give up their valence electrons to form positive ions (cations).o Groups 5, 6, 7 (nonmetals) tend to gain electrons to form negative ions (anions).

Covalent bonding - electrons are shared Between nonmetals and nonmetals


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Trophic level I

Trophic level II

Trophic level III

Trophic level IV

ENERGYSC.B.1.4.1The student understands how knowledge of energy is fundamental to all the scientific disciplines (e.g. theenergy required for biological processes in living organisms and the energy required for the building, erosion,and rebuilding of the Earth).,

Energy- the ability to do work (exert a force over some distance)Types of Energy

1. Chemical: that part of the energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction

2. Light : The only form of energy that you can see directly.

3. Radiant Energy : comes from the sun in electromagnetic light waves.

4. Heat: The energy of a material due to the random motion of its particles. Also called thermal energy.The word "heat" is used when energy is transferred from one substance to another.

5. Nuclear: Nuclear Energy is heat produced by nuclear fission. It is seen as a long term alternative to

fossil fuels for power stations.

6. Sound: The energy that you can hear that travels in vibrating waves through the air.

7. Electrical: Energy of electrical charges as a result of their position or motion.

8. Mechanical: Energy an object has because of itsmotion (KE) or position (PE). ME = KE = PE.

9. Kinetic Energy: Comes from motion. MathematicalFormula: KE=1/2 mv 2 (m= mass, v= speed)

10. Potential Energy: energy of position. PE = mgh (m=mass, g= gravitational acceleration 9.81m/s 2, h=height)

The Energy Pyramid:

Radiant energy from the sun is captured bythe green plants (producers in trophic level I)transformed into chemical energy through

photosynthesis and passed on through thevarious trophic levels.

The flow of energy is unidirectional i.e.,non-cyclic.

Only 10% is passed from one trophiclevel to the next

The rest is lost in the form of heat at every stage in the atmosphere.


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PHYSICSSC.C.1.4.1The student knows that all motion is relative to whatever frame of reference is chosen and that there is noabsolute frame of reference from which to observe all motion. (Also assessesC.1.4.2 and C.2.4.6) acceleration

RELATIVE MOTION & ACCELERATION

Speed (m/s) = distance (d)/time(t)

Standing frame of reference: same direction (+) add; Opposite direction (-) subtract

Moving: same direction (-) subtract opposite direction: (+) add

Acceleration = (final velocity or speed initial velocity or speed) / time

SC.C.2.4.1The student knows that acceleration due to gravitational force is proportional to mass and inversely proportional tothe square of the distance between the objects.SC.C.2.4.1

GRAVITATIONAL FORCEFORCE A quality that tends to produce movement or acceleration of a body onthe direction of its application; a push or pull.

Gravity - a force of attraction between two masses.

1- Gravitational force of Earth on an object (falling)

F= mg F = weight (N) m= massg= gravitational acceleration of Earth = 9.81m/s 2

2- Horizontal motion of a moving object (notgravity)

F=MA force = mass x acceleration

3- Gravitational attraction between 2 objects bothexerting the same attraction

Gravitational Force: F= m 1 m 2/(d) 2

m= masses of objects d= distance b/wthe 2 objects


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EARTH SPACES.C.D.1.4.1The student knows how climatic patterns on Earth result from an interplay of many factors (Earth's topography,its rotation on its axis, solar radiation, the transfer of heat energy where the atmosphere interfaces with landsand oceans, and wind and ocean currents).

Climate - weather pattern of an area over long period of time (mainly affected by temperature and rainfall)

Factors that affect climate Temperature - because the earth is a sphere sunlight hits the earth at different angles hits most directly

at the equator so these regions are warmer o Because of the tilt of the earth different areas get different amounts of sunlight at different

times of the year creating seasonso Seasons are more pronounced farther away from the equator o When the area, north of south hemisphere is tilted towards the sun it is summer, the days are

longer and it is warmer o When an area is tilted away from the sun it is winter, days are shorter and temperatures are lower

Latitude - distance from the equator o Equator is 0, as you move away latitude increases and temperature decreases

Distance from bodies of water - ocean breeze causes cooler summers and milder winters Mountains - affect rainfall patterns

o As moist air from the coast rises it cools and falls as rain or snowo The side of the mountain near the body of water gets plentiful precipitationo Rain shadow - on the other side of the mountains the air is dry

Altitude - height above sea level . As altitude increases temperature decreases creating climatezones similar to those created by latitude

S.C.D.1.4.2The student knows that the solid crust of Earth consists of slow-moving, separate plates that float on a denser,

molten layer of Earth and that these plates interact with each other, changing the Earth's surface in many ways(e.g., forming mountain ranges and rift valleys, causing earthquake and volcanic activity, and forming underseamountains that can become ocean islands).The Earth is composed of five layers.

The crust is solid, while the mantle is like melted plastic.

Because the mantle is plastic-like and very hot, itcan bend, flow, and move.

The Earths crust is solid but is broken into anumber of large tectonic plates plus a number of smaller ones.

The tectonic plates are located right on top of themantle.

Because the mantle can bend, flow, and move,the tectonic plates can also bend and move.Caused by convection currents.


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PLATE TECTONICS

1) Divergent Boundary moving apart (away from each other)a) Continental continental plate

i) Creates rift valleys on land. Example: east African rift valleyb) Oceanic- oceanic plate

i) Creates ridges in ocean (under water, volcanic mountains). Example: mid-Atlantic ridgec) Shallow earthquakes

2) Convergent Boundary moving towards each other

a) There are three types of convergent boundaries.b) oceanic oceanici) denser plate moves under the other subduction zoneii) deep ocean trenches, island arcs with volcanoes

c) oceanic continentali) The denser ocean floor moves underneath the continental crust. This is called a subduction zone .ii) The ocean crust is forced down, and subjected to very high pressure and temperature, destroying the crust &

turning it back into molten rock . Creating composite volcanoes , trenches and large earthquakes that can produce tsunamis.

d) continental-continentali) plates are about the same density highly deformed and folded rock is forced upward creating mountain

ranges, Mt Everest

3) Transform Fault Boundary moving past each other a) Transform-Fault Boundaries move laterally.b) When pressure builds and releases, we experience a strong Earthquake .c) One of the most active Transform-Fault boundaries is the San Andreas Fault in California.

4) Hot spotsa) Volcanoes that form in the middle of a plate are called hot spot .b) Most volcanoes form along plate boundariesc) Occur when the oceanic plate moves over a hot spot , magma pushes through the lithosphere forming volcanic

mountains . Examples of a hot spot are the Hawaiian Islands .


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SC.D.2.4.1The student understands the interconnectedness of the systems on Earth and the quality of life. (Also assessesSC.G.2.4.4)

Threats to ecosystem that can cause erosion

Air pollution affects the following:Global Warming is the increase in Earths average surface temperature.

Cuased mainly by Carbon DioxideOne result of air pollution is global warming .

Humans cause global warming by burning the fossil fuels.Levels of carbon dioxide are also increased by deforestation and cement production.

Ozone Depletion is the depletion of the layer that exists in the atmosphere and absorbsultraviolet radiation from the sun.

Caused by CFCs

Acid Precipitation is precipitation with a pH of less than 5.0

Threats toecosystem

Logging Overgrazing Irrigation Oil extract

DessertsGrasslandRainforest Tundras


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Cresce

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First

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Waxing----------------------------------------------->

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Thirdquarter

Full

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Waning---------------------------------------------->

SC.E.1.4.1The student understands the relationships between events on Earth and the movements of the Earth, its moon,the other planets, and the Sun. (Also assesses SC.E.1.4.2 and SC.E.1.4.3)http://www.cs.sbcc.net/~physics/flash/LengthofDay.htmlDay/night : caused by the east to west rotation of Earth every 24hSeasons

Caused by a) tilt of the Earth on imaginary axis (23.5 o from vertical)

i) Daylight hours changes depending on time of year ii) Sunlight strikes the Earth at different angles

b) revolution around the sun (365 days)i) Revolutionary path (orbit) around the sun is an ellipticalii) The point at which the Earth is closest is called its perihelion & aphelion is pt farthest awayiii) Revolutionary distance does not cause the seasons. . It is the way the Earth revolves around the

sun that affects the angle of the Earth to the SunEquinox- when the sun is directly overhead at theequator

Equal daylight and nighttime hours (12h). occurs twice a year (spring and autumn)

Solstice- point at which the Sun is at its greatestdistance north or south of the equator (see pic )

Longest day (summer June 21) shortest day(winter December 21)

Occurs twice a year when the Earths axis is pointed toward the sun or away

from the sun.

Moon phases differences in the appearance of the moondue to change in position relative to the Earth & Sun.

Moon rotates east to west around its axis and revolvesaround the Earth in 27.3 days

One Moon rotation = 1 revolution around Earththerefore same side of the Moon always faces Earth

Waxing- the sunlit part of the moon gets larger Waning- the sunlit part of the moon gets smaller

Eclipses1. Solar Eclipse Moon passes between the Earth and the

Sun covering the Sun and casting a shadow on Earth.a. Only occur during a new moon phase. b. Happen in the daytime

2. Lunar Eclipse- Earth is between the Sun and Moon, blocking sunlight and casting a shadow on the moon.a. Only occur during a full moon.

b. Happen at nighttime.Umbra darkest shadow penumbra- lightest shadow

Tides huge wave produced by gravitational pull among Earth, Moon, Sun (height= 1-2 m, length= 1000+ km) High tide- top of wave reaches shore Low tide trough of the wave approaches the shore & water recedes
http://www.cs.sbcc.net/~physics/flash/LengthofDay.htmlhttp://www.cs.sbcc.net/~physics/flash/LengthofDay.html


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1. Spring tides - Sun, Earth, Moon in straight linea. High tides are higher than normal, low tides are lower than normal

2. Neap tides Sun, Earth, & Moon form a right anglea. High & low tides are weak

BIOLOGYSC.F.1.4.1The student knows that the body processes involve specific biochemical reactions governed by biochemical

principles. (Also assesses SC.F.1.4.3 andSC.F.1.4.5)Enzymes see SC.A.1.4.4

Photosynthesis

H2O + CO 2 + ENERGY (sunlight)--------------------- C6H12O6 (glucose) + O 2

Cellular respiration

C6H12O6 (glucose) + O 2 -------------------------- H2O + CO 2 + ENERGY (ATP)

Concentration gradients Cell membrane functions


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SC.F.2.4.3The student understands the mechanisms of change (e.g., mutation and natural selection) that lead to adaptationsin a species and their ability to survive naturally in changing conditions and to increase species diversity. (Alsoassesses SC.D.1.4.4 and SC.F.1.4.2)

Evolution- the process of change over time as a result of natural selection.

Genetic equilibrium genetic makeup is the same, population is not evolving(impossible in nature)

Evolution can occur due to the following:1. Natural Selection- change in population caused by the reproduction and survival

of organisms with favorable variations (better adaptation). Variations passed to the next generation. There are three types of natural selection;

a) Stabilizing selection- favors average individuals in a population (commontraits)

b) Directional selection favors one of the extreme variations of a traitc) Disruptive selection- favors any of the extreme variations of a trait.

2. Mutation- Can be caused by environmental factors (radiation, chemicals) or by chance.

Evidence of evolution:1. Fossils & where they are found2. Anatomy of organisms- organisms evolved from a common ancestor

a. Homologous structures: body structures similar in arrangement, function, or both.

i. Does not always mean that the species are related ex: whale forelimb, bird wing

b. Analogous structures: structures that did not evolve from a common ancestor but are similar in function:

i. The wing of a butterfly andthe wings of birds are similar in function but not in

structure and they do nothave a common origin.


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.

Biomes

Ecosystem-

Community -

BioticPopulation

Organisms

Cells

Chemical

BIOSPHERE

biotic, andabiotic

SC.G.1.4.1The student knows of the great diversity and interdependence of living things. (Also assesses SC.G.1.4.2)

Ecology - the science that studies living things and how they interact with their environmentBiotic factors - living things in the environmentAbiotic factors - nonliving things in an environment: Soil, rain, temperature, light, wind, latitude

Levels of organization1. Individuals - one organism2. Population - all the individuals of a single

species in an area3. Community - all the populations that live and

interact with each other in one environment

4. Ecosystem - all the populations and the abioticfactors in an area5. Biomes- large areas of similar ecosystems

with similar climate, rainfall, temperature etc.and the plants and animals that are adapted tothese conditions

6. Biosphere - the regions of the earth thatsupport life. From the depths of the ocean toabout 8 km into the atmosphere

Habitat - the type of environment in which a species lives and which it isadapted to

Energy flow through food chainsAll organisms contain energy.

1) Producers (autotrophs) get energy from the sun.a) Photo synthesizers: Produce energy from the sun. (Ex: plants

algae) self feeders.2) Consumers (heterotrophs) get energy from other organisms

a) 3 common types of consumersi) Herbivores eat only plants

ii) Carnivores eat other animals (meat)iii) Omnivores eat plants and animals (everything)

How the food pyramid is arranged: Tertiary: Least amount of energy Secondary consumer: has more energy then the tertiary, usually consists of carnivores


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Primary consumers: have more energy then the secondary but are typically herbivores Producers: the most energy and usually

receive their energy from the sun. Every step up looses energy. ONLY 10%

goes into each level. 90% of the energy isused by organisms life process.

Food Webs consist of many overlappingfood chains.

Biodiversity is the variety of life in anecosystemWhen many species contribute to thesurvival of many others, this makes theecosystem stable.

SC.G.2.4.2The student knows that changes in acomponent of an ecosystem will have unpredictable effects on the entire system but that the components of thesystem tend to react in a way that will restore the ecosystem to its original condition. (Also assesses SC.B.1.4.5and SC.G.2.4.5)

SuccessionEcological succession - process through which a series of new communities in an ecosystem gradually replaceexisting ones

Causes:

Natural disturbances : earthquakes, floods fires, volcanic eruptions etc. Human activities: mining, logging, construction, farming, abandoned land

Primary succession - the series of changes during the process in which a new community arises in an areawhere none existed before

Ex. area where there has been a volcanic eruption an there is no soil or life

Secondarysuccession -the series of changes inthedevelopment of a new community in a previously occupied habitat that has been cleared of living things by adisturbance but in which soil remains.


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Ex. Abandoned farmland, forest fire

Pioneer community - first organisms tooccupy an area during successionClimax community - the final organismsthat become established in an ecosystem thatencounter little ecological succession

SCIENTIFIC METHODSC.H.1.4.1The student knows that investigations areconducted to explore new phenomena, tocheck on previous results, to test how well atheory predicts and to compare differenttheories. (Also assesses SC.H.1.2.1,SC.H.1.2.2, SC.H.2.4.2, SC.E.2.4.6, andSC.E.2.4.7)

SC.H.2.4.1The student knows that scientists assume thatthe universe is a vast system in which basicrules exist that may range from very simpleto extremely complex, but that scientistsoperate on the belief that the rules can bediscovered by careful, systematic study.

Experimental design Data Analysis Drawing conclusions Hypothesis

Communicating results Repetition Scientific theories

The scientific Method: Is a way of going about to figure things out. Science is an ONGOING process.

Steps to the scientific method.1. Ask question2. Gather info3. Form a hypothesis


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4. Set controlled experiment5. Record/analyze results6. Draw conclusion7. Repeat

Theory: a well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

Write down procedure step by step and always include a material list. Include quantity.

Manipulating / independent variable: variable that changesResponding / dependent variable: variable that is observed

Control is the group that represents the standards. (Standard comparison)

Constants: materials that are kept the same/repeated throughout test groups

Data: information gathered

SC.H.3.4.2The student knows that technological problems often create a demand for new scientific knowledge and thatnew technologies make it possible for scientists to extend their research in a way that advances science. (Alsoassesses SC.H.3.4.5 and SC.H.3.4.6)

Applications of new technology Research technologies

Models- represent an idea, object or event that cannot be submitted to experimentation. Simulate very large/small phenomena ex hurricanes, DNA, stars, planets, and cells

Technology application of science to improve the quality of life. Gene therapy Artificial valves Electronics robotics

11th Grade FCAT Asessment Benchmarks Notes Robinson

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