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Transcript of 11g overview
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Agenda
Oracle 11gR2 DBMS Advanced Compression Real Application Testing Transparent Data Encryption Data Masking Partitioning Advanced Security Edition Based Redefinition New Indexing Features Analytical & OLAP Features
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“This presentation is for informational purposes only and may not be incorporated into a contract or agreement. ”
Customer Data Management ProblemsReal World Solutions
• Modern Enterprise Grids – Real Application Clusters– Management packs– TimesTen In-Memory Database
• Information Lifecycle Management– Partitioning– Advanced Compression
• Data Warehousing– Oracle Information Appliances – OLAP, Mining, Warehouse Builder
• Governance, Risk & Compliance– Security Options– Total Recall
• Reduce time, cost and risk of change– Real Application Testing
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• Flashback Archive• Data Guard• Streams• Online Maintenance• Data Recovery Advisor
High Availability
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Flashback RecoverySustained Innovation…
FlashbackQuery
FlashbackDrop
FlashbackDatabase
FlashbackData Archive
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“This presentation is for informational purposes only and may not be incorporated into a contract or agreement. ”
Error Investigation Using Flashback
• Flashback Query• Query all data at point in time
Tx 1
Tx 2
Tx 3
select * from Emp AS OF ‘2:00 P.M.’ where …
select * from Emp VERSIONS BETWEEN ‘2:00 PM’ and ‘3:00 PM’ where …
select * from FLASHBACK_TRANSACTION_QUERY where xid = ‘000200030000002D’;
Flashback Transaction Query– See all changes made by a transaction
Flashback Version Query– See all versions of a row between times– See transactions that changed the row
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“This presentation is for informational purposes only and may not be incorporated into a contract or agreement. ”
Flashback Drop
• Allows users to quickly recover objects after a SQL drop operation
• Provides self-service recovery for dropped objects• Eliminate the need for TSPITR• Dropped objects are placed in a Recycle Bin
• Objects remain in the recycle bin until you permanently drop them with the PURGE command or recover them with the Flashback Drop command.
• Objects will remain in the recycle bin until there is no room in the tablespace for new rows or updates to existing rows or until the tablespace needs to be extended
• Purged in the order they were dropped
Drop table emp;
Emp
Mistake made
Emp
Recycle bin
Flashback Table emp
before drop;
Mistake undone
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Flashback Data Archive
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“This presentation is for informational purposes only and may not be incorporated into a contract or agreement. ”
Flashback Data Archive
• Long term history- years• Automatically stores all
changes to selected tables in Flashback Data Archive• Archive cannot be modified• Old data purged per retention
policy• View table contents as of any
time using Flashback SQL• Uses:
• Change Tracking• ILM• Long term history• Auditing• Compliance
ORDERS
User Tablespaces
Flashback Data Archive
ArchiveTables
Oracle Database
Changes
Total Recall
Select * from orders AS OF ‘Midnight 31-Dec-2004’
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Data Guard
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Unlocking the Value of Standby DBs
Standbyfor OnlineUpgrade,
Auto Failover
Standbyfor Testing,ReadablePhysical
Standbyfor DR
and Backup
Logical Standby
for RealtimeQuery
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“This presentation is for informational purposes only and may not be incorporated into a contract or agreement. ”
Physical Standby with Real-Time Query
Physical Standby Database
Primary Database
Real-time Queries
Continuous Redo Shipment and Apply
Concurrent Real-Time
Query
• Read-only queries on physical standby concurrent with redo apply• Supports RAC on primary / standby• Queries see transactionally consistent results
• Handles all data types, very fast, operationally simple• But not as flexible as logical standby
• Immediate appeal to the many users of physical standby• DR with real time query is unique in the industry – no idle resources
Now supports Incremental
backups!
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“This presentation is for informational purposes only and may not be incorporated into a contract or agreement. ”
Data Recovery Advisor
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“This presentation is for informational purposes only and may not be incorporated into a contract or agreement. ”
Time to Repair
Data Recovery AdvisorThe Motivation
• Oracle provides robust tools for data repair:
RMAN – physical media loss or corruptions
Flashback – logical errorsData Guard – physical or logical problems
• However, problem diagnosis and choosing the right solution can be error prone and time consuming
• Errors more likely during emergencies
Recovery
Investigation & Planning
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Data Recovery AdvisorEnterprise Manager Support
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• Real Application Clusters• Automatic Storage Management• Direct NFS• Optimizer Enhancements
Grid and OLTP
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Real Application Clusters
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Standard Oracle Architecture
Instance Database
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Shared Disk Architecture
DatabaseInstance 1
DatabaseInstance 2
DatabaseInstance 3
Table ATable BTable C
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RAC – Cache Fusion Protocol
• Locality Optimized Fusion Protocol (10.2)• Oracle detects when most segment accesses are coming from a single
instance• Optimizes access by that instance
• Reader Optimized Fusion Protocol• Highly read-intensive segments are automatically converted to a reader
optimized messaging protocol• Improved performance for read-intensive workloads
• improves any read from disk (not cache) whether short random reads or large table scans
• Throughput improved up to 70% for internal read-only benchmark• Long Query Optimized Fusion Protocol
• After all modified cache buffers at start of query are written to disk, no more need for RAC communication
• Direct reads for non-parallel table scans• Update Optimized Fusion Protocol
• Update block in parallel to readers releasing the block
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“This presentation is for informational purposes only and may not be incorporated into a contract or agreement. ”
Database Control 11gTiled Instance Charts
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Inst 1
• Automatic Database Diagnostics Managers (ADDM) for Real Applications Cluster (RAC)
• RAC expert in a box• Identifies performance
problems for the entire RAC cluster database
• Database-wide analysis of:• Global cache interconnect
issues• Global resource contention,
e.g. IO bandwidth, hot blocks
• Globally high-load SQL• Skew in instance response
times• Runs proactively every hour
when taking AWR snapshots (default)AWR 1 AWR 2 AWR 3
Inst 2 Inst 3
Self-Diagnostic Engine
Database-Level ADDM11g
Instance-Level ADDM
ADDM for RAC
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Automatic Storage Management
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Automatic Storage Management
• The preferred and best storage manager for Oracle Databases
• Easier to manage than file systems• Performance of raw volumes• Built-in to Oracle database • Shared storage pool for all databases
• Free, and widely adopted• >65% of 10g RAC deployments on ASM• >25% of 10g customers already using ASM• Many VLDB over 10TB
ASM DiskASM Disk
ASM DiskASM Disk
ASM Disk
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“This presentation is for informational purposes only and may not be incorporated into a contract or agreement. ”
Automatic Storage Management
• Spreads database files evenly across storage arrays
• Storage arrays can be easily added or remove• transparent data redistribution
• Data mirrored across arrays• Tolerates failure of disks or arrays
New ASM features in Oracle 11g:• ASM Fast Disk Resync• ASM Preferred Mirror Read• ASM Rolling Upgrade• Larger extent, allocation unit sizes
ASM DiskASM Disk
ASM DiskASM Disk
ASM Disk
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New Optimizer Features In 11g
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“This presentation is for informational purposes only and may not be incorporated into a contract or agreement. ”
Inside the Oracle Database 11g Optimizer Removing the black magic
• Plans change unexpectedly especially during upgrades
• Cardinality estimate is wrong so plan goes wrong
• Gathering Optimizer Statistics takes too long
• Bind peeking doesn’t work when there is a data skew
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“This presentation is for informational purposes only and may not be incorporated into a contract or agreement. ”
Inside the Oracle Database 11g Optimizer Removing the black magic
• Plans change unexpectedly especially during upgrades• Guaranteed plan stability and controlled plan evolution• Controlled statistics publication
• Cardinality estimate is wrong so plan goes wrong• Collect appropriate statistics• Eliminate wrong cardinality estimates
• Gathering Optimizer Statistics takes too long• Faster statistics gathering • Improved statistics quality
• Bind peeking doesn’t work when there is a data skew• Enhanced plan sharing with binds
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SQL Plan ManagementGuaranteed plan stability and
controlled plan evolution
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Without SQL Plan Management
• Something changes in the environment• Statistics are re-gathered, DB upgrade or parameter change
• Changes result in new plan• New plan implemented regardless of resulting performance
NL
NL
GB
Parse
HJ
HJ
GB
Parse
• SQL statement is parsed for the first time and a plan is generated• Does plan gives good performance? Plan is “verified by execution”
Execute Plan Acceptable
Execute Plan NOT Acceptable
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“This presentation is for informational purposes only and may not be incorporated into a contract or agreement. ”
With SQL Plan Management• Repeatable SQL populates statement log, plan history and creates a
baseline
Parse
HJ
HJ
GB
Statement log
Plan history
HJ
HJ
GB
Plan baseline
Execute Plan Acceptable
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“This presentation is for informational purposes only and may not be incorporated into a contract or agreement. ”
Statement log
Plan history
HJ
HJ
GB
Plan baseline
With SQL Plan Management• Something changes in the environment• SQL statement is parsed again and a new plan is generated
NL
NL
GB
Parse
GB
NL
NL
• New plan is not the same as the baseline – new plan is not executed but marked for verification
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“This presentation is for informational purposes only and may not be incorporated into a contract or agreement. ”
With SQL Plan Management• Something changes in the environment• SQL statement is parsed again and a new plan is generated• New plan is not the same as the baseline – new plan is not executed
but marked for verification • Execute the known plan baseline “performance guaranteed by history”
Execute Plan AcceptableParse
HJ
HJ
GB
Statement log
Plan history
HJ
HJ
GB
Plan baselineGB
NL
NL
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• Partitioning• Information
Lifecycle Management
• Compression
VLDB
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Partitioning in Oracle Database 11g
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37
Oracle Partitioning10 years of innovation
Core functionalityOracle8 Range partitions, global range index
Oracle8i Hash and composite range-hash partitioning
Oracle9i List partitioning
Oracle9i R2 Composite range-list partitioningOracle 10g Global hash indexes
Oracle 10g R2 1M partitions per tablePartitioning by referenceVirtual column partitioningAutomatic interval partitioningNew composite partitioning: range-range, list-range, list-list, list-hash
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Range List HashRange 9i 8i
List
• Partition on virtual (computed) columns • New composite partitioning
Range List HashRange 11g 9i 8i
List 11g 11g 11g
JAN FEB
>5000
1000-
5000
ORDERS
RANGE-RANGEOrder Date by
Order Value
USA EUROPE
>5000
1000-
5000
ORDERS
LIST-RANGERegion by
Order Value
USA EUROPE
Gold
SilverORDERS
LIST-LISTRegion by
Customer Type
Enhanced Partitioning
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The Concept of PartitioningMaintain Consistent Performance as Database Grows
SALES SALES
Jan Feb
SALES
Jan Feb
Europe
USA
Large Table•Difficult to Manage
Partition•Divide and Conquer
•Easier to Manage
•Improve Performance
Composite Partition•Higher Performance
•Match to business needs
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Partition for PerformancePartition Pruning
What was the total sales amount for May 20 and May 21 2010?
Select sum(sales_amount)
From SALES
Where sales_date between
to_date(‘05/20/2010’,’MM/DD/YYYY’)
And
to_date(‘05/22/2010’,’MM/DD/YYYY’);
5/20
5/21
5/22
5/19
Sales Table
• Performs operations only on relevant partitions
• Dramatically reduces amount of data retrieved from disk
• Improves query performance and optimizes resource utilization
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Partition to Manage Data Growth Compress Data and Lower Storage Costs
• Distribute partitions across multiple compression tiers
• Free up storage space and execute queries faster
• No changes to existing applications
Active Data
3x OLTP Compression
Read Only Data
10-15x DW Compression
Archive Data
15-50x Archive
Compression
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42Content is property of Oracle Corp. and is provided for Data Warehousing student education
Partitioning • Partition level management
• On-line addition and removal of partitions• Data management operations (loading, index builds)• Range, hash, composite range-hash, list, composite range-
list
• Improved availability• Localized disk failures, backup and recoveryorder table
Drop
Nov 2006
Add
Jan 2006 Feb 2006 Mar 2006 Apr 2006
Local Index
Other data is not affected
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Virtual Column based Partitioning
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Virtual Columns
• ANSI syntax• Look just like regular columns from SQL perspective• Support for partitioning, indexes, constraints,
statistics, histograms• Used by expression evaluation when applicable
Oracle Confidential
Create table t1 ( first_name varchar2, last_name varchar2, full_name as (first_name || ‘ ‘ || last_name) virtual)
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Virtual Columns - Example
• Base table with all attributes ...
CREATE TABLE accounts (acc_no number(10) not null, acc_name varchar2(50) not null, ...
12500 Adams12507 Blake1266612875 Smith
King
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Virtual Columns - Example
12500 Adams12507 12Blake12666 1212875 12Smith
King
CREATE TABLE accounts (acc_no number(10) not null, acc_name varchar2(50) not null, ... acc_branch number(2) generated always as (to_number(substr(to_char(acc_no),1,2)))
12
• Base table with all attributes ...• ... is extended with the virtual (derived) column
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Virtual Columns - Example
12500 Adams12507 12Blake12666 1212875 12Smith
King
CREATE TABLE accounts (acc_no number(10) not null, acc_name varchar2(50) not null, ... acc_branch number(2) generated always as (to_number(substr(to_char(acc_no),1,2)))partition by list (acc_branch) ...
12
• Base table with all attributes ...• ... is extended with the virtual (derived) column• ... and the virtual column is used as partitioning key
32320 Jones32407 32Clark32758 3232980 32Phillips
32
... Hurd
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REF Partitioning
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Before REF Partitioning
Table ORDERS
Jan 2006
... ...
Feb 2006
Table LINEITEMS
Jan 2006
... ...
Feb 2006
• Redundant storage of order_date• Redundant maintenance
• RANGE(order_date)• Primary key order_id
• RANGE(order_date)• Foreign key order_id
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REF Partitioning
Table ORDERS
Jan 2006
... ...
Feb 2006
Table LINEITEMS
Jan 2006
... ...
Feb 2006
• RANGE(order_date)• Primary key order_id
• RANGE(order_date)• Foreign key order_id
PARTITION BY REFERENCE• Partitioning key inherited
through PK-FK relationship
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Advanced Compression Option
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• Oracle 9i compresses data only during bulk load; useful for DW and ILM
• Oracle 11g compresses w/ inserts, updates• Typical compression ratio of 2x to 3x• Database directly reads compressed data
eliminating decompression overhead• Strategy: compress db’s 10 largest tables
• Shrink table data by 50%, increase CPU by 5%• Savings cascade to all db copies: test, dev,
standby, mirrors, archiving, backup, etc.
Data Compressionfor All Applications
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Content is property of Oracle Corp. and is provided for Data Warehousing student education
Advanced Compression OptionNew in Oracle Database 11g
• Compress Large Application Tables • Transaction processing, data warehousing
• Compress All Data Types• Structured and unstructured data types
• Typical Compression of 2-3 X• Cascade storage savings throughout data center
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Content is property of Oracle Corp. and is provided for Data Warehousing student education
Advanced CompressionReduces storage requirements across all tiers
5% Active 35% Less Active 60% Historical
$16,600 $22,600 $19,400
Lets use compression factor of 3
$49,800 $67,700 $58,000
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OLTP Table Compression
Overhead
Free Space
Uncompressed
Compressed
Inserts are uncompresse
d
Block usage reaches PCTFREE –
triggers Compression
Inserts are again
uncompressed
Block usage reaches PCTFREE –
triggers Compression
• Adaptable, continuous compression• Compression automatically triggered when block usage
reaches PCTFREE• Compression eliminates holes created due to deletions
and maximizes contiguous free space in block
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Security
• Access Control• Data Protection• Monitoring• User Management
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Oracle Database Vault Compliance and Insider Threats
• Controls on privileged users• Restrict DBA access to application
data• Provide Separation of Duty• Security for database and
information consolidation• Enforce data access security
policies• Control who, when, where and how
is data accessed• Make decision based on IP
address, time, auth…• Back Ported to Oracle9i R2• Validated with PeopleSoft• E-Biz & other Apps validation
underway, including 3rd party
Reports
Realms
Multi-FactorAuthorization
Separationof Duty
CommandRules
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Oracle Audit Vault OverviewTrust-but-Verify
• Collect and Consolidate Audit Data• Oracle 9i Release 2 and higher
• Simplify Compliance Reporting• Built-in reports• Custom reports
• Detect and Prevent Insider Threats• Alert suspicious activity
• Scale and Security• Robust Oracle Database technology• Database Vault, Advanced Security• Partitioning
• Lower IT Costs with Audit Policies• Centrally manage/provision audit settings
10gR210gR1
Oracle 9iR2(Future)
Other Sources,Databases
Monitor Policies
Reports Security
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Database 11gCore Database Security Enhancements
• Secure Configuration• Continuation of Secure By Default initiative started in Oracle9i• Password management settings• Audit sensitive administrative operations
• Stronger password verifier• Case sensitive passwords• Backward compatibility mode
• Expanded Kerberos support• Support principal names up to 2000 characters in length• Cross realm support
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Fine Grained Access Controlfor Utl_TCP and its cousins
Challenge• Oracle Database provides packaged APIs for PL/SQL
subprograms to access machines (specified by host and port) using bare TCP/IP and other protocols built on it (SMTP and HTTP)• Utl_TCP, Utl_SMTP, Utl_HTTP…• If you have Execute on the package, you can access ANY
host-port
Solution• an Access Control List (ACL) specifies a set of users and roles• you assign an ACL to a host and port range• you may need to explicitly grant this access in 11.1
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Data Masking
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What is data masking?
What• The act of anonymizing customer,
financial, or company confidential data to create new, legible data which retains the data's properties, such as its width, type, and format.
Why• To protect confidential data in test
environments when the data is used by developers or offshore vendors
• When customer data is shared with 3rd parties without revealing personally identifiable information
LAST_NAME SSN SALARYAGUILAR 203-33-3234 40,000
BENSON 323-22-2943 60,000D’SOUZA 989-22-2403 80,000FIORANO 093-44-3823 45,000
LAST_NAME SSN SALARYANSKEKSL 111—23-1111 40,000
BKJHHEIEDK 111-34-1345 60,000KDDEHLHESA 111-97-2749 80,000FPENZXIEK 111-49-3849 45,000
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Major features• Automatic database referential
integrity when masking primary keys• Implicit – database enforced• Explicit – application enforced
• Data mask format library• View sample data before masking• Application masking templates• Define once; execute multiple times
Enterprise ManagerData Masking Pack
Production Staging
Mask Test
TestCloneClone
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• Real Application Testing• Database Management
Management and Change
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Oracle Database 11gReal Application Testing
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Database Replay
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The Need for Database Replay
• Businesses want to adopt new technology that adds value• Extensive testing and validation is expensive in time and cost• Despite expensive testing success rate low
• Many issues go undetected • System availability and performance negatively impacted
• Cause of low success rate• Existing tools provide inadequate testing
• Simulate synthetic workload instead of replaying actual production workload
• Provide partial workflow coverage
Database Replay makes real-world testing possible
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Database Replay
• Replay actual production database workload in test environment
• Identify, analyze and fix potential instabilities before making changes to production
• Capture Workload in Production• Capture full production workload with real load, timing &
concurrency characteristics• Move the captured workload to test system
• Replay Workload in Test• Make the desired changes in test system• Replay workload with full production characteristics• Honor commit ordering
• Analyze & Report• Errors• Data divergence • Performance divergence
Analysis & Reporting
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Database Replay: Supported Changes
Changes Unsupporte
d
Changes Supported•Database Upgrades, Patches
•Schema, Parameters•RAC nodes, Interconnect
•OS Platforms, OS Upgrades•CPU, Memory
•Storage•Etc.
ClientClient
…Client
Middle Tier
Storage
Recording of External Client
Requests
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…
…
Database Replay WorkflowProduction (9.2.0.8, 10.2.0.3+) Test (11.1)
Capture Replay Analysis & Reporting Process
Storage Storage
Mid-Tier
Replay DriverClients
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Database Replay Summary Report
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Performance Page – Database Replay
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Top Activity Page: Database Replay
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SQL Performance Analyzer (SPA)
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The Need for SQL Performance Analyzer (SPA)
• Businesses want systems that are performant and meet SLA’s
• SQL performance regressions are #1 cause of poor system performance
• Solution for proactively detecting all SQL regressions resulting from changes not available
• DBA’s use ineffective and time-consuming manual process to identify problems
SPA automates identification of all SQL performance regressions resulting from changes
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……
ClientClient
…Client
Capture SQL
• Test impact of change on SQL query performance• Capture SQL workload in production including statistics & bind
variables• Re-execute SQL queries in test environment• Analyze performance changes – improvements and regressions
Middle Tier
Storage
Oracle DB
Re-execute SQL Queries
Production Test
Use SQL Tuning Advisor to tune regression
SQL Performance Analyzer
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…
SQL Performance Analyzer Workflow
Storage
Production (9iR2+)
Test (10.2+)
Capture SQL
Transport SQL
Execute SQL Pre-change
Execute SQL Post-change
Compare Perf
Storage
Mid-Tier
Clients
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Real Application Testing for Prior Releases
Helps Smooth Transition to Newer Releases
• Database Replay: Capture on older release; Replay on 11.1 and above• SQL Performance Analyzer: Execute tests on 10.2 and above
† For more details: Note: 560977.1: Real Application Testing for Earlier Releases
Feature Upgrade From Upgrade To
Database Replay
10g R2 11g
9i R2 11g
SQL Performance Analyzer10g R2 10g R2 or 11g
10g R1 10g R2 or 11g9i R2 10g R2 or 11g
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SPA Report
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Oracle Database 11gDatabase Manageability
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Manageability Evolution
Stor
age
Bac
kup
Mem
ory
App
s/SQ
L
Sche
ma
RA
C
Rec
over
y
Rep
licat
ion
Auto-TuningTuning
Advisory
InstrumentationLow Impact
Integrated
Adaptive
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• Identifies cluster-wide critical performance problems
• Runs automatically when taking AWR snapshots• Snapshots are synchronized across cluster
• Performs database-wide analysis of:• Global resources, e.g. IO, global locks• High-load SQL, hot blocks• Global cache interconnect traffic• Network latency issues• Skew in instance response times
• Used by DBAs to analyze cluster performance
ADDM for RAC
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Enhancements to ADDM Findings• Directives can instruct ADDM to suppress findings and reduce noise
from known un-actionable findings
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Automatic SQL Tuning
• Captures high-load SQL
• Tunes SQL by creating SQL profiles
• Optionally implements greatly improved SQL plans
• Reports analysis
• Runs runs in maintenance window
Nightly
Well-tunedSQL
SQL Workload
PackagedApps
Custom Apps
Automatic SQL Tuning
SQLProfiles
SQLAnalysis
Report
Manually implement
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SQL Access Advisor: Partition Advice
Indexes Materializedviews
Materializedviews log
SQL Access Advisor
Hypothetical
SQL cache
Filter Options
STS
Complete Workload
Partitionedobjects
Hash partitions?
Interval partitions?
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Automatic Memory Management in 11g
• Unifies system (SGA) and process (PGA) memory management
• Single dynamic parameter for all database memory – MEMORY_TARGET
• Automatically adapts to workload changes
• Maximizes memory utilization• Available on:
• Linux• Windows• Solaris • HPUX• AIX
O/S MemoryO/S Memory
PGA
SGA
PGA
SGA
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Fault Diagnostic Automation
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Automatic Diagnostic Repository
diag
rdbms
DBName
SID
ADRBase
$ORACLE_HOME/log
DIAGNOSTIC_DEST
ADRHome
$ORACLE_BASE
ADRCIlog.xml alert_SID.log
V$DIAG_INFO
BACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST
USER_DUMP_DESTCORE_DUMP_DEST
alert cdump (others)hmincpkg incident
metadata
incdir_1 incdir_n…
trace
Support Workbench
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Online Patching of One-off Patches
• Patch a running Oracle instance with no downtime• Many one-off patches can be online patched
• Subset of RAC online upgradeable patches• Great for diagnostic patches
• Enable, disable and de-install one-off patches with no downtime• Integrated with OPatch and inventory
• Initially available on Linux and Solaris• Long term goal is online patching of Critical
Patch Updates (CPUs).
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SecureFiles
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Oracle SecureFilesConsolidated Secure Management of Data
• SecureFiles is a new 11g feature designed to break the performance barrier keeping file data out of databases
• Next-generation LOBs - faster, and with more capabilities• transparent deduplication, compression and encryption• leverage the security, reliability, and scalability of database• superset of LOB interfaces allows easy migration from LOBs
• Enables consolidation of file data with associated relational data• single security model• single view of data• single management of data• scalable to any level using SMP scale-up, or grid scale-
out
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Designed from Scratch
• SecureFiles is a major rearchitecture of how the database handles unstructured (file) data• not an incremental improvement to LOBs
• Entirely new:• disk format• network protocol• versioning and sharing mechanisms• caching and locking• redo and undo algorithms• space and memory management• cluster consistency algorithms
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11g Statistics & SQL Analytics
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11g Statistics & SQL Analytics• Ranking functions
• rank, dense_rank, cume_dist, percent_rank, ntile
• Window Aggregate functions (moving and cumulative)
• Avg, sum, min, max, count, variance, stddev, first_value, last_value
• LAG/LEAD functions• Direct inter-row reference using offsets
• Reporting Aggregate functions• Sum, avg, min, max, variance, stddev, count,
ratio_to_report• Statistical Aggregates
• Correlation, linear regression family, covariance
• Linear regression• Fitting of an ordinary-least-squares
regression line to a set of number pairs. • Frequently combined with the COVAR_POP,
COVAR_SAMP, and CORR functions
Descriptive Statistics• DBMS_STAT_FUNCS: summarizes numerical
columns of a table and returns count, min, max, range, mean, median, stats_mode, variance, standard deviation, quantile values, +/- n sigma values, top/bottom 5 values
• Correlations• Pearson’s correlation coefficients, Spearman's
and Kendall's (both nonparametric). • Cross Tabs
• Enhanced with % statistics: chi squared, phi coefficient, Cramer's V, contingency coefficient, Cohen's kappa
• Hypothesis Testing• Student t-test , F-test, Binomial test, Wilcoxon
Signed Ranks test, Chi-square, Mann Whitney test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, One-way ANOVA
• Distribution Fitting• Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, Anderson-Darling
Test, Chi-Squared Test, Normal, Uniform, Weibull, Exponential
Note: Statistics and SQL Analytics are included in Oracle Database Standard Edition
Statistics
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Split Lot A/B Offer testing• Offer “A” to one population and “B” to another
• Over time period “t” calculate median purchase amounts of customers receiving offer A & B
• Perform t-test to compare• If statistically significantly better results achieved from one offer over another, offer everyone higher performing offer
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Independent Samples T-Test (Pooled Variances)
• Query compares the mean of AMOUNT_SOLD between MEN and WOMEN within CUST_INCOME_LEVEL ranges
SELECT substr(cust_income_level,1,22) income_level,avg(decode(cust_gender,'M',amount_sold,null)) sold_to_men,avg(decode(cust_gender,'F',amount_sold,null)) sold_to_women,stats_t_test_indep(cust_gender, amount_sold, 'STATISTIC','F') t_observed,stats_t_test_indep(cust_gender, amount_sold) two_sided_p_value
FROM sh.customers c, sh.sales sWHERE c.cust_id=s.cust_idGROUP BY rollup(cust_income_level)ORDER BY 1;
SQL Worksheet
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Oracle OLAP 11gOptimizing BI Solutions with Oracle OLAP
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Presentation Agenda
• Oracle OLAP Overview• Enhancing BI Solutions Transparently• Delivering Rich Analytics Easily
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Oracle Database Strategy for DW Embedded Analytics
Data Mining
OLAP Statistics
SQL Analytics
• Bring the analytics to the data• Leverage core database infrastructure
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Oracle OLAPLeveraging Core Database Infrastructure
• Single RDBMS-MDDS process• Single data storage• Single security model• Single administration facility• Grid-enabled• Accessible by any SQL-based tool• Connects to all related Oracle data
Oracle Database 11g Data Warehousing
Warehouse Builder
OLAP
Data Mining
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Oracle OLAP Goals
• Improve the delivery of information rich queries by SQL-based business intelligence tools and applications• Fast query performance• Simplified access to analytic calculations • Fast incremental update• Leverage existing Oracle Database expertise
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Materialized ViewsAutomatic Query Rewrite
• Most DW/BI customers use Materialized Views (MV) today to improve summary query performance
• Define appropriate summaries based on query patterns
• Each summary is typically defined at a particular grain
• Month, State• Qtr, State, Item• Month, Continent, Class• etc.
• The SQL Optimizer automatically rewrites queries to access MV’s whenever possible
SALES_YCyear_id
continent_idquantityrevenue
Year, Continent
SALES_MSmonthstate
quantiyrevenue
Month, Stateselect month, district, sum(revenue)from sales, time, cust
group by month, district
rewrite
SALESday_idprod_idcust_idchan_idquantity
pricerevenue
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Materialized ViewsChallenges in Ad Hoc Query Environments
• Creating MVs to support ad hoc query patterns is challenging
• Users expect excellent query response time across any summary
• Potentially many MVs to manage• Practical limitations on size and
manageability constrain the number of materialized views
SALES_MCCmonth_id
category_idcity_idquantiyrevenue
Month, City, Category
SALES_YCCyear_id
category_idcity_idquantiyrevenue
Year, City, Category
SALES_YCCyear_id
category_idcontinent_id
quantiyrevenue
Year, Continent, Category
SALES_QSIqtr_id
item_idstate_idquantiyrevenue
Qtr, State, Item
SALES_XXXXXX_idXXX_idXXX_id
expense_amountpotential_fraud_cost
Cust, Time, Prod, Chan Lvls
SALES_XXX
XXX_idXXX_idXXX_id
expense_amountpotential_fraud_cost
SALES_XXXXXX_idXXX_idXXX_id
expense_amountpotential_fraud_cost
SALES_XXXXXX_idXXX_idXXX_idquantiyrevenue
SALES_YCTyear_idtype_id
continent_idquantiyrevenue
Year, District
SALESday_idprod_idcust_idchan_idquantityrevenue
SALES_MSmonthstate
quantiyrevenue
Month, State
SALES_YCyear_id
continent_idquantityrevenue
Year, Continent
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Cube-based Materialized ViewsBreakthrough Manageability & Performance
SALESday_idprod_idcust_idchan_idquantity
pricerevenue
TIMEday_idmonthquarter
year
CUSTOMERcust_id
citystate
country
PRODUCTitem_id
subcategorycategory
type
rewrite
• A single cube provides the equivalent of thousands of
summary combinations• The 11g SQL Query
Optimizer treats OLAP cubes as MV’s and rewrites queries
to access cubes transparently
• Cube refreshed using standard MV procedures
CHANNELchan_id
class
SALESCUBErefresh
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Cost Based AggregationPinpoint Summary Management
• Improves aggregation speed and storage consumption by pre-computing cells that are most expense to calculate
• Easy to administer• Simplifies SQL queries by
presenting data as fully calculated
NY25,000
customers
Los Angeles35
customers
Precomputed
Computed when queried
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DemonstrationTransparently Improving Performance of BI Solutions
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Easy AnalyticsFast Access to Information Rich Results
• Time-series calculations• Calculated Members• Financial Models• Forecasting
• Basic• Expert system
• Allocations• Regressions• Custom functions• …and many more
Snapshot of some functions
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Easy AnalyticsOptimized Data Access Method
• Data stored in dense arrays• Offset addressing – no joins
• More powerful analysis• Better performance
Time
Category
Hotel
ExpensesLunch
Food
Q1 Q2 Q3SF
WestNortheast
Market
How do Expenses compare this Quarter versus Last Quarter
What is an Item’s Expense contribution to its Category?
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BNP ParibasAdvanced Time-Series Analyses in Real-Time
• Large European financial institution
• Used by traders to help decrease susceptibility to market volatility
• Replacing FAME Time Series Database
• Forecasting, Analysis and Modeling Environment
• Three billion stored facts on RAC• Data updated every 2 seconds –
processing approximately 1m records daily
• SQL-based custom application used by 1500 concurrent users
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Cube Represented as Star ModelSimplifies Access to Analytic Calculations
• Cube represented as a star schema
• Single cube view presents data as completely
calculated• Analytic calculations
presented as columns• Includes all summaries
• Automatically managed by OLAP
SALES_CUBEVIEWday_idprod_idcust_idchan_id
salesprofit
profit_yragoprofit_share_parent TIME_VIEW
day_idquartermonthyear
CUSTOMER_VIEWcust_id
citystate
region
PRODUCT_VIEWprod_id
subcategorycategory
group
CHANNEL_VIEWchan_id
classtotal
SALESCUBE
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The Gallup OrganizationHealthcare Group
• Gallup asks over 1 billion questions annually• Gallup Healthcare Group
• Conduct surveys measuring quality of care and patient loyalty• Originally developed a reporting infrastructure that delivered static
reports to hospitals across the US• Enhanced the interactivity and analytic content of solution
• Support over 1000 concurrent users• Response time less than 2 seconds per query
• Reduced cost and complexity• Leveraged Oracle Database investment• Integrated OLAP into existing infrastructure (security, navigation,
XML/XSL application underpinnings)• Lowered application development costs• Reduced complexity for users
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Empowering Any SQL-Based Tool Leveraging the OLAP Calculation Engine
SELECT cu.long_description customer, f.profit_rank_cust_sh_parent, f.profit_share_cust_sh_parent, f.profit_rank_cust_sh_level,
f.profit,f.gross_margin
FROM time_calendar_view t, product_primary_view p,
customer_shipments_view cu, channel_primary_view ch,
units_cube_view f
WHERE t.level_name = 'CALENDAR_YEAR‘ AND t.calendar_year = 'CY2006‘
AND p.dim_key = 'TOTAL‘ AND cu.parent = 'TOTAL‘ AND ch.dim_key = 'TOTAL‘ AND t.dim_key = f.TIME
AND p.dim_key = f.product AND cu.dim_key = f.customer AND ch.dim_key = f.channel;
Application Express on Oracle OLAP
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Oracle OLAP 11g Summary
• Improve the delivery of information rich queries by SQL-based business intelligence tools and applications• Fast query performance• Simplified access to analytic calculations • Fast incremental update• Centrally managed by the Oracle Database
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Other observations
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Oracle Database 11g Release 1 Upgrade Paths
• Direct upgrade to 11g is supported from 9.2.0.4 or higher, 10.1.0.2 or higher, and 10.2.0.1 or higher.
• If you are not at one of these versions you need to perform a “double-hop” upgrade
• For example:• 7.3.4 -> 9.2.0.8 -> 11.1• 8.1.7.4->9.2.0.8->11.1
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Oracle Database 11g Installation Changes• Addition of new products to the install
• SQL Developer• Movement of APEX from companion CD to main CD• Warehouse Builder (server-side pieces)• Oracle Configuration Management (OCM)• New Transparent Gateways
• Removal of certain products and features from the installation:• OEM Java Console• Oracle Data Mining Scoring Engine• Oracle Workflow• iSQL*Plus
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Possible Upgrade Gotchas
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Case Sensitive Password
• By default:• Default password profile is enabled• Account is locked after 10 failed login attempts
• In upgrade:• Passwords are case insensitive until changed• Passwords become case sensitive by ALTER USER
• On creation:• Passwords are case sensitive
• Review:• Scripts• Database links with stored passwords• Consider backward compatibility parameter, SEC_CASE_SENSITIVE_LOGON
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Log files changes
Automatic Diagnostic Repository• $ORACLE_BASE/diag
alert.log• xml format• $ORACLE_BASE/diag/rdbms/orcl/orcl/alert/log.xml• adrci> show alert -tail
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AQ&
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“This presentation is for informational purposes only and may not be incorporated into a contract or agreement. ”
The preceding is intended to outline our general product direction. It is intended for information purposes only, and may not be incorporated into any contract. It is not a commitment to deliver any material, code, or functionality, and should not be relied upon in making purchasing decisions.The development, release, and timing of any features or functionality described for Oracle’s products remains at the sole discretion of Oracle.
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“This presentation is for informational purposes only and may not be incorporated into a contract or agreement. ”