1.1.d – The cardiovascular and respiratory system Learning objectves

To be able to identif tte diferences between veins, arteries and capillaries.

To be able to identif and label tte components oi tte teart.

To be able to defne tte terms teart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume.

To understand tte structures oi tte respiratorf sfstem and describe tte mectanisms oi breatting.

To understand tte diference aerobic and anaerobic respiraton.

To understand practcal examples oi wten eact respiratorf sfstem migtt be used.

Ttis involves tte HEART, BLOOD VESSELS & BLOOD.

Cardiovascular System

Why is the circulatory system key to physical educatonn

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The heart operates a double circulatory system in which blood flows through the heart twice.

Cardiovascular System

1. Pulmonary circulation - i.e. blood flow between the heart and lungs.

2. Systemic circulation - i.e. movement of blood from the heart through the rest of the body (excluding the lungs), then back to the heart.

Once blood leaves tte teart, it is transported around tte bodf in ttree main tfpes oi blood vessels:

• Arteries

• Veins

• Capillaries

Blood vessels

Arteries transport tte oxfgenated blood awaf irom tte lef side oi tte teart.

Arteries carrf blood under a high pressure.

Tte largest arterf in tte bodf, connected directlf to tte teart, is tte Aorta.

Blood vessels

Veins transport blood irom all over tte bodf back to tte teart and lungs ior re-oxygenaton.

Ttef are blue because ttef carrf blood ttat is iull oi waste products, and are low in oxfgen.

Veins carrf blood under a low pressure.

Blood vessels

An unique ieature oi veins is ttat ttef tave valves.

Like tte valves in tte teart, ttef are ttere to prevent a backfow oi blood.

Tte blood must fow in one directon onlf, against gravitf in most cases, back to tte teart.

Blood vessels

Capillaries are small blood vessels ttat carries blood to and irom tte bodf’s cells.

Ttef are one cell thick and are exctange points wtere oxfgen and carbon dioxide cross into tte tssue cells (muscles) irom tte arterioles.

Blood vessels

Below is a summarf oi tte diferences between arteries and veins?

Arteries and Veins

Mini Plenary task

Choose a question below and write your answer in your book

State the name of the blood vessels and draw a picture of each

Create a summary table for veins, arteries and capillaries

Cardiovascular system

State the functions of the CV system and describe how they contribute to exercise

Describe the differences between pulmonary and systemic circulation

Redistributon of blood during exercise

During exercise, blood fow to muscles increases to meet tte increase in oxfgen demand. Ttis redirecton oi blood fow to tte areas wtere it is most needed is known as a vascular shunt.

Tte bodf uses two mectanisms to control ttis redistributon. Vasoconstricton (narrowing) and Vasodilaton (expanding) is used to redistribute blood to essental areas oi tte bodf wtile decreasing blood fow to otters.

Think about the following:1.Where is the blood needed during exercisen2.Where is blood needed just afer a mealn3.What will happen to blood vessels around the musclesn

Redistributon of blood during exercise

A lower ctamber containing de-oxfgenated

An upper ctamber receiving de-oxfgenated blood

RIGHT ATRIUM

LEFT VENTRICLE RIGHT VENTRICLE LEFT ATRIUM

An upper ctamber receiving oxfgenated blood irom tte lungs

A lower ctamber containing oxfgenated blood

Structure of the heart

Pulmonary artery

Vena CavaPulmonary vein

Aorta

Structure of the heart - main blood vessels

Oxfgenated blood is pumped at tigt pressure irom tte teart to tte bodf

Returns oxfgenated blood to tte teart.

Carries deoxfgenated blood irom tte teart to tte lungs.

Returns deoxfgenated blood to tte teart.

Tte wall dividing tte lef and rigtt sides oi tte teart.

Prevent expelled blood fowing back into tte teart.

Prevent blood fowing back into tte rigtt atrium irom tte ventricle.

Septum Tricuspid valve Bicuspid valveSemi-lunar valves

Prevent blood fowing back into tte lef atrium.

Other important structures of the cardiovascular system

Ttere are 2 stages to eact teart beat:

The Cardiac Cycle

1) Diastole (Filling) 2) Systole (Ejecton)

Tte flling oi tte teart and subsequent emptfing iollows a partcular sequence.

Remember ttis process starts in tte rigtt atrium and rigtt ventricle moving to tte lef atrium and fnallf tte lef ventricle.

DiastoleThe heart filling with

blood.-----------------

The heart is relaxing

SystoleThe heart emptying.

-------------------The heart contracts

Cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rateTte short term efects oi exercise on tte cardiovascular sfstem:

1. Increase in teart rate2. Increase in stroke volume3. Increase in cardiac output

What is your restng heart raten

Heart rate is tte number oi beats per minute.

Find four pulse in four neck (carotd pulse) or on four wrist (radial pulse).

Count ior 15 seconds x 4 = ____ Beats per minute

Cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate

cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate

Cardiac output is a combinaton oi stroke volume and teart rate:

Cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate

1. Red blood cells carrf oxfgen irom tte lungs to tte muscles + Removes CO2 irom muscles to lungs.

Contain a red-coloured compound called taemoglobin wtict bonds witt oxfgen to iorm oxftaemoglobin. Ttese cells are responsible ior carrf oxfgen to working muscles. Wittout ttese cells periormers would iatgue and stop.

The role of red blood cells

Think. Pair. Share - How do red blood cells help a sports performern

Interpretng heart rate data & graphsFigure 2 below stows Freddie’s cardiovascular and respiratorf measurement taken at rest and during exercise.

Describe what the tables tell youn Discuss why these changes have taken placen

Heart rate (bpm)

Stroke volume (ml)

Breathing rate (number per min)

Muscle temperature

72 60 18 Normal

Heart rate (bpm)

Stroke volume (ml)

Breathing rate (number per min)

Muscle temperature

156 140 48 Hot

Rest

During exercise

Interpretng heart rate data & graphsPlot tte iniormaton stown in tte table on tte grapt paper below to stow tow teart rate tas ctanged over tme. Label tte axes and join up tte points to make a line grapt.

Describe what the graph tells youn

Time (minutes) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Heart rate (beats per minute)

68 80 104 120 120 140 90

The pathway of air

Ttis involves tte LUNGS and works cloself witt tte cardiovascular sfstem.

What is the key functon of the respiratory systemn

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Tractea

Lungs

Alveoli

Broncti

Bronctioles

Nose

The pathway of air

Oxfgen travels along tte iollowing pattwaf irom tte moutt/nose to tte alveoli.

Moutt

Gaseous exctange takes places at tte alveoli. Tte alveoli are tnf air sacks inside tte lungs.

Wten fou breatte in, ttef fll witt air.

Gaseous exchange at the alveoli

Tte iollowing ieatures assist tte process oi gaseous exctange:

1. Tte alveoli are covered in tny capillaries (blood vessels). Gases can pass ttrougt tte ttin walls and travel into tte blood stream.

Witt training ttis process oi gaseous exctange becomes more efcient and ttereiore improves periormance.

2. A large blood supply. An increased red blood cell content increases tte amount oi oxfgen supplied to muscles and otter bodf tssues.

Gaseous exchange at the alveoli

Oxfgen combines witt tte red blood cells to iorms ox-taemoglobin. Tte same taemoglobin also transports carbon dioxide back irom tte tssues to tte lungs.

3. Capillaries very near to alveoli, so diffusion distance is very short.

4. Large surface area of alveoli allows diffusion to take place.

5. Moist thin walls (one cell thick) of the cells promotes quick diffusion.

Gaseous exchange at the alveoli

6. Gases will alwafs move irom areas oi tigt concentraton to areas oi a low concentraton.

Gaseous exchange at the alveoli

Alternatvelf ttink oi it as….

A gas will alwafs move irom areas wtere ttere is more oi it, to areas wtere ttere is less oi it.

Think. Pair. Share - During inspiraton how does air enter the lungsn

The mechanics of breathing

Breatting is tte frst stage in supplfing oxfgen to our bodf cells.

When breathing in (inspiraton):

The mechanics of breathing

When breathing out (expiraton):

The mechanics of breathing

The mechanics of breathingTte lungs can expand more during inspiraton due to tte use oi tte diaptragm and assisted bf tte intercostal muscles.

Ctanges in air pressure also assists intalaton and extalaton.

Cardiovascular and respiratory System Responses bf tte respiratorf and cardiovascular sfstem do not work in isolaton. Tte demands oi exercise cause ctanges in bott sfstems and one cannot work wittout tte otter.

i.e. An increase in breatting rate means more oxfgen is intaled and can onlf beneft tte bodf ii teart rate increases too to pump to working muscles.

Tte volume oi air inspired or expired per breatt. Ttis increases during exercise.

Tidal Volume

Breathing Rate

Tte number oi breatts per minute.Tte tfpical respiratorf rate ior a tealttf adult at rest is 12–20 breatts per minute.

Tte minute ventlaton is tte amount oi air a person breatts in a minute. Ttis is calculated ttrougt tte iollowing equaton:

Minute ventlaton = Tidal Volume x Respiratorf Rate.

Minute Ventlaton

Breathing volumes

Think. Pair. Share - Look at the two tdal volume readings below. What changes have taken place and whyn

Name Tidal volume at rest (ml)

Tidal volume during exercise (ml)

James 500 3500

Exercise causes an increase in breatting rate and deptt oi breatting. Ttis is due to a greater need ior oxfgen in tte bodf and removal oi carbon dioxide.

Tidal volume can increase up to 5-9 tmes tigter ttan at rest to cope witt exercise demands.

Name Tidal volume at rest (ml)

Tidal volume during exercise (ml)

James 500 3500

Breathing volumes and exercise

Anaerobic and Aerobic exercise

What is the diference between Aerobic and anaerobic exercisen

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Ttere are two diferent tfpes oi respiraton.

Aerobic respiraton:

glucose + oxygen energy carbon dioxide+ + water

Aerobic respiraton

Aerobic exercise can be maintained ior long periods and includes actvites like walking, jogging, cfcling and swimming. Intensitf is moderate and duraton sustained is long.

Aerobic respiraton

Think: Can you think of any other sportng examplesn

Wten fou exercise at a tigt intensitf, tte respiratorf sfstem cannot supplf enougt oxfgen to tte muscles.

Anaerobic respiraton:

glucose energy + lactc acid

Anaerobic respiraton

Witt no oxfgen available, glucose is stll used BUT produces energf & lactc acid (this causes fatgue)

Anaerobic respiraton

Actvites like sprintng, weigttlifing, jumping and ttrowing are anaerobic in nature as tte intensitf is tigt and stort in duraton.

Think. Pair. Share - Which respiraton system do you think the follow sportspeople mainly usen

Anaerobic and Aerobic exercise

Recall it! Wtat tas stuck witt fou?

Recall it! Wtat tas stuck witt fou?

Exam questons1. (i) Blood is circulated around tte bodf. Name tte tfpe oi blood vessel ttat returns blood to tte teart. (1)........................................................................................................

(ii) Ttis tfpe oi blood vessel contains valves. Wtat is tte iuncton oi ttese valves? (1)................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ..............................................................................................

(iii) Defne cardiac output. (1)..........................................................................................................................................................................................

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Exam questons2. (i) Describe one role oi red blood cells during exercise. (1)

(ii) Wtict oi tte iollowing statements describes tte correct passage oi air into tte lungs? (1) A Nose, tractea, bronctioles, alveoliB Tractea, bronctioles, broncti, alveoliC Moutt, broncti, bronctioles, ribsD Moutt, broncti, bronctioles, alveoli

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Exam questons3. Figure 8 is a diagram oi tte respiratorf sfstem.

(a) Give tte anatomical names oi tte parts labelled A, B and C.A ................................................. B .................................................C ................................................. (3)

(b) Breatting enables gaseous exctange to occur at tte alveoli.Outline tow two ieatures oi tte alveoli assist in gaseous exctange. (2)

1.

2.

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Exam questons4. During a matct a plafer is likelf to build up an oxygen debt.

(i) Ii a plafer tas built up an oxfgen debt will ste tave been working aerobicallf or anaerobicallf?.................................................................................................. (1)

(ii) Wtat bf-product is associated witt an oxfgen debt?.................................................................................................. (1)

(iii) State TWO wafs in wtict tte periormer could telp remove ttis bi-product. (2)1. .............................................2. .............................................

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Marks Scheme:

1. (i) Veins/vena cava/ pulmonarf vein. (ii) Stop backfow oi blood/stop blood going backwards/stop

blood going tte wrong waf(iii) Tte amount oi blood ejected / pumped irom tte teart in one minute (1) Stroke volume x teart rate (1)

2. (i) Transports oxfgen to tte working muscles OR transport carbon dioxide (to tte lungs)

(ii) A

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Marks Scheme:

3. a) A– Tractea, B – Bronctiole, C – Alveoli/ Alveolus.

b) Large suriace area oi alveoli to allow larger volumes oi gases / oxfgen and carbon dioxide to move between tte lungs and tte bloodstream (1) Moist ttin walls / one cell ttick creatng a stort distance ior difusion / stort difusion pattwaf (1) Lots oi capillaries around tte alveoli so large area ior gas exctange (1) Large blood supplf to carrf gases / oxfgen and carbon dioxide (1) Movement oi gas irom tigt concentraton to low concentraton means ttere is a pressure gradient wtict allows difusion to occur (1)

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Marks Scheme:

4.

i) Anaerobicallf ii) Latc Acidiii) Graduallf reduce workload/ breatte more deeplf/rapidlf Cool down

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