115 kV / 34.5 kV Solar Power Plant / Substation · Solar power generation is a renewable method of...
Transcript of 115 kV / 34.5 kV Solar Power Plant / Substation · Solar power generation is a renewable method of...
115 kV / 34.5 kV Solar
Power Plant / Substation Design Document
MAY1602
INDUSTRYCLIENT: Black&VeatchCLIENTCONTACTS: AdamLiterski,RahulRamananADVISORS: VenkataramanaAjjarapu,AnneKimberTEAMEMAIL: [email protected]: ChaseBenton,SenkoDizdarevic,ArifIbrahim,MakokoMukumbilwa
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CONTENTS1 OVERVIEW......................................................................................................................................................41.1 ProjectScope..........................................................................................................................................41.1.1 ProjectScale...................................................................................................................................41.1.2 UtilizedSoftware............................................................................................................................41.1.3 Deliverables....................................................................................................................................41.1.4 PhysicalLayout...............................................................................................................................51.1.5 DrawingsandDocumentation........................................................................................................51.1.6 ProjectScheduleandBudget.........................................................................................................5
1.2 ProjectSpecification...............................................................................................................................71.2.1 SolarPowerPlantSpecifications....................................................................................................71.2.2 SubstationSpecifications................................................................................................................7
2 HIGHLEVELSYSTEMDESIGN..........................................................................................................................82.1 SystemPowerFlow................................................................................................................................82.1.1 ComplementaryDocuments...........................................................................................................8
2.2 SolarComponentDesign........................................................................................................................92.2.1 SolarLandRequirements...............................................................................................................92.2.2 ImportantTermsandConcepts......................................................................................................92.2.3 ArrayLayout.................................................................................................................................10
2.3 SubstationComponentDesign.............................................................................................................112.3.1 SubstationComponentFunctions................................................................................................12
3 LOWLEVELDESIGN......................................................................................................................................143.1 SolarComponentDesign......................................................................................................................143.1.1 ArrayParameters..........................................................................................................................143.1.2 SolarArrayLayout........................................................................................................................18
3.2 SubstationComponentDesign.............................................................................................................213.2.1 CollectorArrangement.................................................................................................................213.2.2 Feeders.........................................................................................................................................243.2.3 KeyProtection..............................................................................................................................253.2.4 LineCurrentsandConductors......................................................................................................30
3.3 NFPA70NECCompliance......................................................................................................................304 PRODUCTIONSIMULATION&COST.............................................................................................................314.1 AnnualSolarRadiation.........................................................................................................................314.2 KWHProduction...................................................................................................................................324.3 SystemLosses.......................................................................................................................................334.4 Cost.......................................................................................................................................................344.4.1 SolarComponentCost..................................................................................................................344.4.2 SubstationComponentCost.........................................................................................................34
5 APPENDIX.....................................................................................................................................................355.1 GlossaryofCommonTerms.................................................................................................................355.2 AutoCADDrawingList..........................................................................................................................365.3 DocumentandMarketLiteratureSources...........................................................................................375.3.1 MarketLiteratureSouces.............................................................................................................37
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5.3.2 ArcadiaSubstationOne-LineDiagram..........................................................................................395.4 ComponentSpecificationSheets..........................................................................................................405.4.1 HanwhaQCELLSQPlusL-G4.1325W..........................................................................................405.4.2 EatonXpert1670kWInverterandTransformer..........................................................................405.4.3 CombinerBoxes............................................................................................................................40
5.5 OriginalProjectPlan.............................................................................................................................40
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1 OVERVIEWSolarpowergenerationisarenewablemethodofprovingelectricalpowertoagridorload.Thesolarplantwillproducepowerwhichwillbedirectedtothegridviaasubstation.Theplantwillcontainthesolararraysandinverters.Thesubstationcontainallnecessarycomponentsincludingtransformers,protectionrelays,monitoringequipment,andcapacitorbank.
1.1 ProjectScope
DuetoincreasingrenewableenergystandardssetbyRES,Black&Veatchissponsoringaseniordesignprojecttodesigna60MWgridtiedsolarpowerplantwithanattached115kV/34.5kVsubstation.Theseniordesignteamwilldesignbothpartsoftheprojectincludingthesolarlayout,substationlayout,andassociateddeliverables.
1.1.1 ProjectScale
Duetothelargescaleofthesolarpowerplantandsubstationproject,twoBlack&Veatchengineerswillmanagetheseniordesignteam’sdesignandschedule.
1.1.2 UtilizedSoftware
ThesoftwarerequirementsforthisprojectareAutoCAD,HelioScope,andMicrosoftOfficeproducts.
1.1.3 Deliverables
Thefirstsemesterdeliverableswillconsistofthefollowingdocuments:
• Solarplantarrayparameters.• Solarplantlayoutdrawings.• Substationone-linedrawings.• Conductorsizing.• Engineeringman-hourbudget.
Thesecondsemesterdeliverableswillconsistofthefollowingdocuments:
• Optimizedsolarplantarrayparameters.• Optimizedsolarplaylayoutdrawings.• Substationthree-linedrawings.• Engineeringman-hourbudget.
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1.1.4 PhysicalLayout
Solararrayswillbethevastmajorityofthespacerequirement,thesubstationspacerequirementisminimal.Theteamisresponsiblefordeterminingspacerequirementsfortheentireproject.
1.1.5 DrawingsandDocumentation
Theproperdocumentationofthedesignwillbetheresponsibilityoftheseniordesignteam.Detaileddrawingsforthesolararrayandsubstationwillberequired.Thefirstsemesterwillfocusonthesolargenerationschematicsandone-linedrawingsforthesubstation.Duringthesecondsemestertheteamwillbegindetailedthree-linedrawingsforthesubstation.
1.1.6 ProjectScheduleandBudget
Firstandsecondsemesterengineeringscheduleislaidoutinfigure1.Thespring2016scheduleisaprojectionasofDecember2015.Thefirstsemesterofthedesignprojectwillconsistmainlyofsolarplantsizing,plantlayout,substationlayout,componentsizing,circuitprotection,andbudget.Thesecondsemesterwillconsistoffinalizationofdesignincludingbutnotlimitedtodetailedthree-linesubstationdrawings,optimization,andpresentationtofacultyandBlack&Veatch.Figure1showsabudgetandactualhoursspentondesign.Additionally,itshowsthepercentoverorunderbudgetofactualhours.Theyellowboxshowsthebillablehoursasperbudget.Theactualman-hourbudgetisconsiderablyaboveprojections.Butitwasalearningexperience.
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Figure1:ProjectScheduleandBudget
115kV/34.5kVSolarPowerPlant/SubstationStartWeek
Break Projected Overrun BillableHoursWeek 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Aug Sep Sep Sep Sep Oct Oct Oct Oct Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Dec Dec31 7 14 21 28 5 12 19 26 2 9 16 23 30 7 14 Tasks/Assignements
Meetings-client&advisorsAssigntasks/beginresearch
5 Teamroles/advisorsmeetings
1 Discussprojectscopewithclient
0 Solarplantsizedetermination
2 ProjectPlanV1DesigndocumentV1Solararrayparameters
L Solararraylayout
L Solarplantconductors
A Substationone-linedrawings
F Substationthree-linedrawingsProjectPlanV2DesignDocumentV2PresentationslidesandrehearsalFacultypresentationFinalizedeliverables
SUM
HoursBudget 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 30.0 30.0 15.0 15.0 30.0 0.0 40.0 10.0 2.0 267.0
HoursActual 4.0 10.0 8.5 16.5 25.0 16.5 44.0 37.0 24.0 16.0 18.0 31.5 0.0 59.0 29.5 1.0 340.5
%ofBudget 80 100 85 165 125 83 220 123 80 107 120 105 0 148 3 1 127.5
StartWeekBreak Projected Overrun BillableHours
Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16StartDate Jan Jan Jan Feb Feb Feb Feb Feb Mar Mar Mar Mar Apr Apr Apr Apr
11 18 25 1 8 15 22 29 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 Tasks/AssignementsMeetings-client&advisors
6 Fall2015review
1 3-lineacdrawings
0 3-line89drawings
2 3-linebankdrawings3-linebudrawing3-linecommdrawings
G 3-linedcdrawings/ethernet
N 3-linefeederdrawings
I DesigndocumentV3
R Optimization
P Presentationpreperation
S BVpresentationIRPpresentation
SUM
HoursBudget 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 8.0 15.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 20.0 10.0 20.0 2.0 165.0
HoursActual 7.5 18.5 19.5 17.5 4.5 9.0 16.5 23.0 41.5 0.0 8.5 24.0 34.0 19.0 25.0 2.0 270.0
%ofBudget 94 231 244 219 56 90 165 288 277 0 85 120 170 190 125 100 163.6
Jan11,2016
Aug31,2015
StartDate
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1.2 ProjectSpecification
InputandoutputspecificationsareprovidedbyBlack&Veatch,thesespecificationsmaychangeduringthedesignprocess.Additionally,alldesignsmustmeetNFPA70NationalElectricalCode(NEC)requirements.
1.2.1 SolarPowerPlantSpecifications
Thespecifiedsolararrayparametersandcomponentsareasfollows.TheteamisfreetoutilizeanyadditionalcomponentsandtomeetorexceedspecificationsandIEEEstandards.
• Location–Iowa• SolarInverter–EatonXpert1670kW• SolarPanel–Hanwha325kW• CombinerBoxDCVoltage–1500V• InverterLoadRatio(ILR)–about1.30• CombinedSolarInverterOutput–60MW• FixedRackSystem
1.2.2 SubstationSpecifications
ThesubstationcomponentoftheprojectwillbebasedontheArcadiasinglelinediagram(see5.3.2)andspecificationswithinSystemProtectionRequirementsprovidedbyBlack&Veatch.
• Substationcollectorinputvoltage–34.5kV• Substationpointofinterconnectoutput–115kV
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2 HIGHLEVELSYSTEMDESIGNThissectionwilloutlinethehighlevelsystemdesignandexplainimportantterms.Focusisonsingle-linediagrams.
2.1 SystemPowerFlowAsolar(PV)plantconsistingofarrayswilloutputpowertoagrid-tiedsubstation.Theoutputoftheplantis60MW.Figure2belowshowsthepowerflowfromgenerationtogrid(lefttoright).ThesolarpowerplantwillproduceDCcurrentwhichisroutedthroughasetofseries/parallelconductorstoaninverter.TheinverteroutputsthreephaseACcurrenttoastep-uptransformer.Thestep-uptransformeroutputstoacollectorinthesubstationcomponent,inwhichflowstothecollectorarrangement,feederarrangementandkeyprotectioncomponent.Finally,itisfedtothegridat115kV.
2.1.1 ComplementaryDocuments
Informationfromcomplementarydocumentswillsummarizedandexplainedinthisdesigndocument.Forfurtherdetailsanddata,Seelistofcomplimentarydocumentsbelow.
• Array_Parameter_Tool_13–Thisfilecontainsallcalculations,parameters,conductorsizing,andproductionsimulation.
• Drawing_List–Listof30AutoCADdrawingswithtask,titleandstatusofeachdrawing.AlsoprovidedinAppendix.
• AutoCADdrawings.• System_Protection_Requirement
Figure2.HighLevelSystemBlockDiagram
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2.2 SolarComponentDesign
Thissectionwilloutlinehighlevelaspectsofthesolarcomponentoftheproject.
2.2.1 SolarLandRequirements
Afterdeterminingthesolarmodulestobeused,325W,thecalculationofspacerequirementsforthePVplantmaybeaccomplishedasfollows.60MWistherequiredplantcapacity,1.30isthedesiredILR(seeGlossaryofCommonTerms)usedtoscalelandrequirement.Thus,wedeterminedtheamountofspacebythefollowingcalculation:
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 =60𝑀𝑊325𝑊 1.30 = 240000𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠
𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 21.45𝑓𝑡>𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 = 240000 ∗ 21.45𝑓𝑡> = 5147990𝑓𝑡>
Therefore,
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 5147990𝑓𝑡> = 0.185𝑚𝑖> = 120𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑠Tosplitthesolarpanelsintoarrays,wedividedtherequiredoutputbytheinverterpowerrating.
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑠 =60𝑀𝑊1670𝑘𝑊 = 36𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑠
Includingtherowspacing,inverterskid,andaccessroad;thetotalareabecomesabout240acresfortheentiresolarplant.
2.2.2 ImportantTermsandConcepts
Thefollowingisalistofimportanttermsandconceptsreferencedthroughoutthedocument.
2.2.2.1 InverterLoadRatioThemostimportantfactorinsolarpowergenerationdesignistheinverterloadratio(ILR).TheILRistheratioofDCsolarcapacityandinverterACoutput.Sincepanelproductionconditionsandactualconditionsvarysignificantlyatanygiventimeandday,theDCpowerinputdesignshouldabout130%oftheACoutputrating.ThiscorrespondstoanILRofabout1.30.Formajorityofthetime,theinverterinputwillnotoutputaboveratedACcapacity,inthetimesthatitdoes,theinverterswillclipoutputanddissipatetheexcesspowerasheat.ThustheILRisametricofinverterutilization.
2.2.2.2 IrradianceCorrectionFactorAsecondsafetyfactorcalledtheirradiancecorrectionfactor(Isc–irradiancecorrection)wasutilizedasafailsafeforcurrentspikesastringmayexperienceintimesofexceptionallyhighsolarradiation.
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Thisfactorisvaluedat1.25.NEC690.8(B)requiresasecondarycorrectionfactorbeforeallothers.Allconductorsmustbedesignedwiththiscalculatedcurrentscalarapplied.
2.2.2.3 InverterTheinverterconvertssolarDCoutputto3-phaseoutputtothecollector.Thisinverterissuppliedwithamatchingstepuptransformer.
2.2.2.4 ContinuousCurrentMultiplierAsafetymultiplier,NEC690.8(A)requiresovercurrentdeviceratingsshallnotbelessthan125%ofthemaximumcurrentscalculated.Allconductorsmustberatedforcontinuouscurrentalongwiththeirradiancecorrectionfactor.
2.2.3 ArrayLayout
Thearrayswillbelaidoutinasingleblockcontainingallpanels,racks,invertersandstep-uptransformer.Therewillbeatotalof36arraysintheplant.Eacharraymeasures551.04x508.69ft.Seefigure3.Therowspacingis12.0ft,theinverteraccessroadis16.0ftwide.
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Figure3.SingleArrayLayout
2.3 SubstationComponentDesign
Thepurposeofthesubstationistocollectallsolararraypowerandfeedintothegridaftersteppingupvoltagetodistributionlevel.ThissubstationisbasedonanArcadiadesign(see5.3.2),modifiedfortheproject.Powerflowisbottomtotop,34.5kVbusto115kVbus.Itwillconsistofthefollowingmajordrawings(one-linedrawings).
• Collector–Inputfromsolararrays’transformer.• Feeder–Outputfromcollector,inputto34.5kVbus.• KeyProtection–Circuitbreakers,protectionrelays,capacitorbank,andstep-uptransformer.
Outputstogridat115kV.
551.04ft91.84ft
12.63ft
1
2
3
508.69ft4
516.00ft
6 7
8
9
10
11
12.00ft
LegendRack CombinerBoxwithidentificationnumber
InverterSkid--NottoScale Inverter/Step-upXformer
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Thepowerflowblockdiagraminfigure4showstheinputcurrentflowfromarrayskids.Arrayskidscontaintheinverterandstep-uptransformer.Powerflowisbottomtotop.
Figure4.SubstationPowerFlowBlock
2.3.1 SubstationComponentFunctions
• PrimaryTransformer–Theprimarytransformerisan85MVAthatstepsupthefeederbusinputof34.5kVtodesired115kV
• CurrentTransformer(CT)–Dropscurrenttomanageablelevelforrelay,usuallybetween1and5amps.
• CircuitBreakers–Adeviceinkeyprotectionthatopensthefeederswitchwhenrelaydetectsanovercurrentcondition.
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• Relays–Relaysaremonitoringdevicesusedtodetectgroundfaultcurrentsandreducesaturation.Ifthereisanovercurrentfaulttheycommandthecircuitbreakerstoopenthecircuit.Oncecurrentrevertstonormallevel,therelaywillcommandthecircuitbreakerclosed.
• CapacitorBank–The9.0MVARcapacitorbankstabilizesharmonicsassociatedwiththree-phasecurrentsandhelpsmaintainapowerfactorof0.95.ComponentspecificationswereprovidedbyutilityandBlack&Veatch.
• SurgeArrestor–SurgeArrestorsaredevicesthatareusedtomaintainequipmentprotectedfromovervoltagetransientscausedbylightningstrikes,orswitchingovervoltageswithinthesubstationitself.Inthisprojecttheyareusedtoprotectthefourterminalsgoingintoeachofthethreefeedertransmissionlines.
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3 LOWLEVELDESIGNThissectionwillfocusondetaileddesignelements.Componentsforboththesolarandsubstationcomponentwillbeexplainedindetail.Thedesignconditionsforthe60MWpowerplantarebasedonacentralIowasolarradiationpatterns.
3.1 SolarComponentDesign
Inthissection,thelowlevelsolardesignaspectwillbethoroughlyexplained.Itisimportanttoconsultthearrayparametertool,figure6,duringtheentiresolardesignaspect.Astringconsistsof28modules(orpanels)areconnectedinseries.Twostringsinparallelconstitutearack.Atotalof12rackswillbecombinedinparallelatthecombinerboxes.Thesimplifiedracktotransformercurrentpathisshowninfigure5.
Figure5.SimplifiedArrayPowerFlowDiagram
3.1.1 ArrayParameters
Herewewilluseanarrayparametertool(figure6),isanExcelspreadsheetprovidedbyBlack&Veatchandmodifiedbytheteam,toassistindesigningthesolararraylayout.Takingintoconsiderationpanelparameters,stringparameters,currentoutput,combinerboxcapacity,invertercapacity,ILR,andirradiancecorrectionfactor,andcontinuouscurrentcorrection.ThepanelsusedareHanwhaQCELLSQPlusL-G4.1325Wsolarmodules(seeAppendixforspecificationsheet).Theefficiencyofthepanelsis16.3%.
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Figure6.ArrayParameterTool
StringSize CBcapacity
MinTemp -26 C Modulewidth 3.28 ft Module/stringIsc(series) 9.44 Amoduleheight 6.54 ft Isccontinouscurrentmultiplier 1.25 see(a)
Voc 46.43 V NomIsc 11.8 AReftemp 25 C Rackwidth 28 modules Iscirradiancecorrection 1.25 see(b)
Rackheight 2 modules MaxIscstring 14.75 ATempCoeffofVoc -0.0029 perdegC MaxIscrack,atCB 29.5 ATempdelta -51 Rackwidth 91.84 ft AllowedcurrentCB 400 Atempcorrection 1.15 Rackheight 13.08 ft MaxcurrentperCB 354 AVoccorrected 53.297 StringsperCB 27.118644
Framewidth 1.38 in NumberofCBperarray 11Stringvoltage/CBinvoltage 1500 V ActualstringsperCB 24 ****Stringsize 28.14417stringsize(series) 28 modulesStringvoltagecalculated 1492.3 V
(a) NEC690.8(B)(1)requiresovercurrentdeviceratingsshallnotbelessthan125%ofthemaximumcurrentscalculated.(b) NEC690.8(A)(1)requiresanother125%correctionmultiplierbeforetheapplicatonofothercorrectionfactors.
Theirradiancecorrectionfactorisamultiplierforthecurrentoutputofasolarpanel.Panelscanhavepowerspikeswithhighersolarirradiance.Thusthetotalcurrentcorrectionfactorsare156%
(c) Thetotalcomponentareaincludestheracksandinverterskid.Doesnotincludenegligableareaofconverterboxesorrecombiners.(rackarea)(118)+(invskidarea)(d) Referencedfromtruenorth.Azimuthismeasuredclockwisefromtruenorthtothepointonthehorizondirectlybelowtheobject.** Accessroadincluded*** Assumes6x6configuration&16ftspacingbetweenarrays.**** EceptCB6andCB7,seeCB&InverterSheet(thisxlsx)
ElectricalRackSize
ArrayDesign ArraySize PlantTotals
A Racksperrow 6 Tilt 15 Degrees ArrayBlocks 36see(a) Azimuth 180 Degrees see(d)A Rowsperblock 20 Rackheightproj 12.63431 ft NumberofCBs 396see(b)A Racksremoved 2 Rowspac 12 ft Inverters 36AA TotalRacks 118 Pitch 24.63431 ft Modules/Panels 237888A
TotalmodulesinArray 6608 Arrayheight 492.6862 ft TotalStrings 236TotalRacks 472
**** ModuleDCcapacity 325 W Arraywidth 551.04 ft ACPlantOutput 59.976 MWACDCArrayOutput 77.314 MWDC
DCcapacity 2147.6 kW Accessroadwidth 16 ftArraySizewithaccessroad&spacing: PVPlantHeight 3132 ft***
Invertercapacity 1666 kW Arrayheight 508.6862 ft** PVPlantWidth 3386 ft***InverterScapcity 1831 kVA Arraywidth 551.04 ftILR->Invin/Invout 1.289076 ArrayArea 280306.4 ft^2 SolarPlantArea 10605349 ft^2***
26041.32 m^2 0.380 mi^2CB'sperArray 11 Inverterskid 22x8.5 ft 243.5 acres
Inverterskidarea 187 ft^2 985269.1 m^2Thetotalcomponentareaincludestheracksandinverterskid.Doesnotincludenegligableareaofconverterboxesorrecombiners.(rackarea)(118)+(invskidarea) PowerperCB 195.2364 kW Areaofcomponents 141936.5 ft^2
PowerperRack 18.2 kW GroundCoverageRatio(GCR) 0.506362 see(c)
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3.1.1.1 CorrectionFactorsTheparametertoolallowsefficientstringandrackcurrentcalculationwiththenecessary125%continuouscurrentmultiplierinaccordancewithNEC690(B)(1).Also,asecondsafetyfactorcalledtheirradiancecorrectionfactorisutilizedasafailsafeforcurrentspikesastringmayexperienceintimesofexceptionallyhighsolarradiation.Thisfactorisalsovaluedat125%ofcalculatedcurrent.Seefigure5.Thefigurealsocontainsmechanicalmodulespecifications.
Theminimumtemperatureinfigure6isanabsoluteminimumtemperaturerecordedincentralIowa(dataprovidedbyASHRAE).Temperatureisanimportantaspectofsolarpowergenerationbecauseopencircuitvoltagevariesgreatlywiththetemperatureofthepanels.ThetemperaturecoefficientofopencircuitvoltageistherateofvoltageriseperdegreeCelsius,solarcellopencircuitvoltagerisesastemperaturedecreases.
3.1.1.2 StringVoltageAfterdeterminingtheopencircuitvoltageforeachmodule,wecalculatedthestringsizeof28modulesinseriestostayunderthe1500VDCrequirementunderabsoluteextremeconditions.Theactualcalculatedvalueis1492.3VDC.
3.1.1.3 CombinerBoxesTheseriesstringcurrentneedstobenomorethan400Awithallcorrectionfactorstakenintoconsideration.400Aisthemanufacturerspecifiedlimitforthecombinerboxcurrent.Thestandardtestcondition(STC)modulecurrentis9.44A.Applyingthecorrectionfactors,NECmandatedcontinuouscurrentandirradiancecorrectionfactor,thusincreasingthedesigncalculatedstringmaximumshortcircuitcurrentfrom9.44Ato14.75A(MaxIscstring)andthemaximumrackshortcircuitcurrentto29.5A(MaxIscrack).ApplyingthecorrectionfactorstotheCBoutputwecalculate354A.NotalltheCBswillhave354Aoutput,duetoplacementlimitation.Asseeninfigure3,noCBiscrossingtheinverter.Therefore,CB6willhave6rackinputs(177A),andCB7willhave4rackinputs(118A).Seefigure7fordetails.Thecombinerswillbepolemountednexttotheracks.
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Figure7.CBI/ODetail
3.1.1.4 ConductorsandFuseProtectionTheconductorselectionisbasedoncorrectionscaledcurrentsasdiscussedin3.1.1.1.Thestringconductorispreselectedbythemodulemanufacturer.Fusesareselectedbasedonmaximumcurrentcalculations.Themaximumcalculatedcurrentsfromarrayparameter(figure6)andselectedconductorsarelistedinfigure8.Thestringconductorsandjumperswillbeopenair.DCfeederconductorwillbeburiedatleast30inches,measuredfromtopofconductor,asperNEC310Table300.50.
Figure8.ConductorSpecifications
3.1.1.5 InverterandStep-UpTransformerTheinverter(seespecificationsheetinAppendix)has11CBDCinputs,totaling2147.6kW.Theinverteroutputwillbe1670kW,357Vac3-phaseviadirectthroatconnectiontoamatching1831
Combiner(CB) StringsIn RacksIn PerCBOutput(A)CB1 24 12 354CB2 24 12 354CB3 24 12 354CB4 24 12 354CB5 24 12 354CB6 12 6 177CB7 8 4 118CB8 24 12 354CB9 24 12 354CB10 24 12 354CB11 24 12 354
TotalInverter 3481
Conductors MaxIsc(A) Type Material AWGStringConductor 14.75 FreeAir Copper 12RacktoCB-Jumper 29.5 FreeAir Copper 10CBtoInverter-DCfeeder 354 Buried Aluminum 700Conductors CableRating(A) MinimumDepth Temp(degC) FuseStringConductor 35 NA 75 15RacktoCB-Jumper 50 NA 75 30CBtoInverter-DCfeeder 375 30inch 75 355
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kVAstep-uptransformer.Thetransformeroutputis34.5kV.Thetransformerhighsideisfedtothecollectorarrangement.
3.1.1.6 TiltAngleandAzimuthThesolarmoduletiltangleisdeterminedthroughmultiplesimulationrunswithHelioScope.Tiltangleisdependentonterrain,latitudeandweatherpatterntoasmalldegree.TheoptimalanglefortheselectedareainBooneis15%.Note,thiswillchangebasedonterraininclination.Whiletheazimuthof180degreeswithrespecttotruenorthimpliesmid-daypeakload,thisanglewaschosenwiththeIowaStateUniversitypeakpowerusageforareference.
3.1.2 SolarArrayLayout
Thissectionwillexplainthefullsolarplantlayout.
3.1.2.1 SingleSolarArrayDrawingThefollowingAutoCADdrawing,figure9,showsthedetailedlayoutofasinglearray.Anarraycontains118solarracks,inverterskid,combinerboxes,andallassociatedconductors.
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Figure9.SingleArrayDrawing
Figure10showsthelegendandnotessectionassociatewithfigure9.Figures9and10arefromMAY1602-W04AutoCADfile.Asinglearraymeasures551.04ftinwidthand493.6ftinheight.Thearraydrawinghelpsshowthescaleofanarrayandconductorroutinglayout.Thelightblueconductorsarefromracktocombinerbox(jumpers).Themagentaconductorsarefromcombinerboxestoinverter(DCfeeders).Alsoseeninfigure5;eachrackfeedsintoacombinerbox,thecombinerboxes
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feedintotheinverter.Thegroundsideconductorswillrunalongsidetheirrespectivepositivesideconductors.
Figure10.LegendforFigure9
3.1.2.2 CompletePlantLayoutThereare36totalarraysinthesolarplant,thehighleveloverviewisshowninfigure11.The6x6arrangementisnotnecessary,itisthemostefficientarrangementasitpertainstotheconductors.Thearrangementisflexible,couldbearrangedinanymannersolongasastraight16ftaccessroadismaintainedtoeachinverterskid.Thetotalnumberofpanelswillbe237,888.
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Figure11.SolarPlantLayout
3.2 SubstationComponentDesign
Powerflowthroughthesubstationcomponentbeginsatthecollectorarrangement,thenflowingthrough3feedersthe34.5kVbus,finallyvoltageissteppedupandsenttothe115kVbus.Consultfigure4forasimplifiedblock.Detaileddrawingsareprovidedwiththecomplementarydocumentsoutlinedinthedrawinglist.
3.2.1 CollectorArrangement
Thecollectorarrangementisthesetofinputsfrominverterskid.Inthisprojectthecomponentofthecollectorarrangementconsistsoftheinverterandtransformerwhichsitonaninverterskid.Attachedtoeachoftheinverterisatransformerwhichstepsupthevoltagetobringittoasub-transmissionlevel(34.5kV).Thecollectorisnotdirectlylocatedatthesubstationbutisthesumofalltheinverterskids(inverterswithattachedtransformers)ineacharrayofthesolarpowerplant.TheAutoCADdrawingofthecollector(MAY1602-W03file)illustratesastring,whichismadeupof3inverterskidsinparallelandbeingsenttoaselectterminalofthefeeder.Using31/0concentricneutralconductorseachofthesestringstodirecttothefeederarrangement.However,thedrawingonlyrepresents1of12ofthesesaidstrings.Thereare3inverterskidsperinverterstring,seefigure12.Thereis4inverter
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stringsperfeeder,seefigure15.And12inverterstringstotalwhichmakes36totalinputsfrom36arrays.
Figure12.InverterStringinCollector
Figure13.CollectorArrangement
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Figure14.InverterSkidDetail
3.2.1.1 SurgeArrestorInthisdesign,thereareatotalof12SurgeArrestorswithratingsof22kVMCOV.TheratingsofthesesurgearrestorswereobtainedbasedonsectionC62.11-1987intheIEEEstandards.EachoneoftheseSurgeArrestorswillbeattachedtothreegroupedinverterskids,seefigure13.TheCollectorArrangementdrawing(MAY1602-W02)showsaclearillustrationofhowasingleSurgeArrestorisconnectedtothreeInverters.ThemainpurposeofhavingSurgeArrestorsistoprotectequipmentinthesubstationfromthemaximumcontinuousvoltageexperiencedduetosummingupthecurrentcomingfromeachoftheinverters,aswellastheunexpectedovervoltagecausedduetolightningstrikes.Figure4,showsanotherrepresentationofhowtheoverallcollectorarrangementsystemisconnectedtothesubstationthroughthethreemainfeeders.Wecanseehowthereare4inputsperfeederandhoweachoftheseinputshavethreeinvertersfeedingintoit.
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3.2.2 Feeders
Thefeeders’roleinthissystemistogrouptheoutputsofthecollectedpowerinto3feedersandthentransmitthepowertothesubstation.Eachfeederhas4terminalswithattachedsurgeprotection(allratedat22kV)toeachterminalandaswitchusedforlineprotection.Onestringswhichismadeupofthreeskids(mentionearlierinsection3.2.1)istheinputofeachterminal.Giventhatthereareatotalof12inverter-transformerskidsattachedtoeachofthe3feeders.Figure4showsarepresentationoftheflowofpowerandhoweachstringofskidsisinputtoeachterminalandhoweachterminalisattachedtoeachfeederline.Withtherebeing4terminalsattachedtoeachofthe3feedersthecurrentismultipliedbyafactorof4.Therefore,alargecableratingisneeded,inthiscasea600KCMACSRconductorwasequippedtoeachline.Seefigure16forAutoCADdrawing.
Figure15.CollectortoFeederArrangement
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Figure16.FeederArrangementDrawing
3.2.3 KeyProtection
Keyprotectionisthebulkofthesubstationdesign,nearlyalloftheprotectiondevicesandcircuitryiscontainedinthiscomponent.ConsultANSIStandardDeviceNumberIndexintheAppendixforDevicenumberdescriptions.ThefollowingAutoCADdrawingsarekeyprotectiondetail.Pleasenotepowerflowisfromfigure20tofigure19.
Figure17.KeyProtectionDrawingLegend
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3.2.3.1 RelaysInthisprojectweareusing2differentprotectionrelays.Therelaysactasacentralcontrolsystemforthekeyprotection(MAY1602-W01file)monitoringthecurrentlevelsinthefeederstoprotectthesystemfromfaults.Theyworktogethertodirectthecircuitbreakerstocloseortripdependingonthestabilityoftheline.WeusefiveSEL351SprotectiverelaysandoneSEL487E(differentialrelay)relaywhichistheprimaryrelay.
Forourproject,wehaveone351Srelaymonitoringeachfeederandispositionedaheadofeachcircuitbreaker(CB311,312,313).EachofthoserelaysmeasurethecurrentafterthecircuitbreakerwhilerelaySEL487E(connectedbeforeeachcircuitbreaker)measuresthecurrentbeforeeachofthecircuitbreakersandcalculatesthedifferencebetweenthetwo.Ifanovercurrentisdetected,the351Srelaystripthecircuitbreakerandwillnotrecloseuntilthecurrentisnormalized.
Another351Srelayismonitoringonthehighersideofourmaincircuitbreaker(CB317)withtheprimaryrelaySEL487EmeasuringthecurrentbelowCB317.Onceagain,itiscalculatingthedifferenceinthecurrentmeasurementsfromeachsideandlookingforovercurrents.IfthereareovercurrentsrelaySEL351Swilltripandwillnotreclosethelineuntilitstabilizes.
Thereisonemore351Srelay,whichisourbackuprelay,monitoringontheutilitysideofthetransformer.Thisprovidesbackupprotectionandcontrolscircuitswitch682.Eachoftheswitcheslocatedonourkeyprotectionarealsousedformaintenancepurposes.Ifabreakerorcurrenttransformerneedsrepairedorreplaced,theswitchesallowustoisolatethatpartoftheline.
3.2.3.2 CurrentTransformersCurrenttransformers(CT)areoftenusedtomonitorhazardouslyhighcurrentsandreducedthemtolowcurrentsathighvoltages.Inthisdesign,weuseamultitudeofcurrenttransformerstohelpmeasurethecurrentinavarietyofpositionsinthesubstation.CT’sarespecifiedbytheirprimarytosecondarycurrentratio.
3.2.3.3 CircuitBreakerAcircuitbreakerisanautomaticallyoperatedelectricalswitchdesignedtoprotectelectricalcircuits.Inthecaseofthisproject,theyarecontrolledbytheprotectiverelays.Therelaysdirectthecircuitbreakerstointerruptthecurrentflowbytrippingthecircuitiftheydetectafaultcondition.Thiswillprotecttheelectricalcircuitryfromseriousdamage.Weusefourcircuitbreakersinoursubstation,threelocatedoneachofthethreefeederlinesandoneontheprimarylineallwiththesamepurposeofprotectingthelineandallbeingcontrolledbytheprotectionrelays.Iftherelaysnoticesapossiblefault,adrivetolockout(DTLO)inputisinitiatedintherelay,followedbytherelayoutputtinganordertothecircuitbreakertotrip.ItwillremaintrippeduntiltheDTLOinputhasended,thentherelaywilloutputandordertothecircuitbreakertoreclosetheline.
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3.2.3.4 CapacitorBankThecapacitorbankminimizesharmonicsinthethreephasesystemandmaintainthepowerfactorof0.95.Thecapacitorbankratingof9MVARisdeterminedbyrunningsimulationsusingETAPsoftware.InthecaseofthisprojectduetolicensingrestrictionsBlack&Veatchprovideduswiththepfvalueandcapacitorbankrating.Seefigure18forcapacitorbankdetail.Note,thecapacitorbankisconnectedtothe34.5kVbus.
3.2.3.5 PrimaryLineTransformerTheprimarylinevoltagetransformeristhemaincomponentofthesubstationanditpresentstheforemostpurposeofhavingasubstation.Forthisprojectweareutilizingastepofprimarytransformerbetweenthetwobuses,whichissteppingupfrom34.5kVtoatransmissionlevelof115kV.
3.2.3.6 ABS681/684SwitchesAir-breakerBypassSwitchesaremanualswitchesonthehighvoltagesideofthesubstationtransmissionline(115kV).Theirmainpurposeisformaintenanceinthetransmissionline.
3.2.3.7 CommunicationsThecommunicationcomponentsinthesubstationaremostlymadeupoftheOrionLXRemoteTerminalUnit(RTU),aCisco2520ConnectedGridSwitchesandaCisco2010ConnectedGroundRouter.TheRTUconnectstosubstationmeters,eventrecorders,distributedI/O,andsubstation’sprotectiverelaysusingFiberandEthernetconnections.While,Cisco’sCGS2050andCGR2010deploytogethertoprovidearuggednetworkingsolutionthatenablesreliableandsecuretwo-waycommunicationforsubstationautomation.
3.2.3.8 DCLoadCenterTheAuxiliaryDCloadcenteristhemostcriticalprotectioncomponentofthesubstation,itsprimaryfunctionistopowerthesubstation’sprotectiverelaysandcircuitbreakersinordertodetectandtripfaults.Itmainlyconsistofabattery,batterycharger,distributionsystem,switching,protectivedevices,andmonitoringequipment.
3.2.3.9 ACLoadCenterTheACloadcenterofthesubstationisapanelboardconsistingofasinglepaneloragroupofpanelsplacedinsideonepanel.Itisusuallyequippedwithswitchestocontrollights,heat,andotherpowercircuitsthroughoutthesubstation.
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3.2.4 LineCurrentsandConductors
TheconductordetailisspecifiedinthesubstationAutoCADdrawings.Thecalculatedcurrentsarebasedonthe1831kVAstep-uptransformerontheinverterskidbydividingbythevoltage(34.5kV).Allcurrentsarescaledbyacontinuouscurrentmultiplierof125%asperNEC690(B).
Figure21.ComponentConductors.
3.3 NFPA70NECCompliance
Theentiretyofthesystem,particularlythesolarcomponentdesigncomplieswiththeNFPA70NationalElectricalCode.Specificcodecompliancesarereferencedthroughoutthisdocument.
Component MaxIsc(A) Size Type//Seepanelmechanicalspecs,doesnotrequireprotectionasperNEC240(4)(D) XformertoCollector/InverterString 120 1\0AWG ConcentricNeutral-Buried
Feeder 600 600KCM ACSR-Buried
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4 PRODUCTIONSIMULATION&COSTThekWhproductionsimulationwasperformedwithHelioScope.HelioScopeisathoroughsimulationthatconsidersmonthlyaveragesolarirradiation,shading,conductorlosses,statisticalcomponentmismatch,inverterclippingandsoiling.Solaroutputwillbecomparedtosimilarsystemslocatedinsimilarlatitudeandweathersettings.Thesolarpanelsarerated325WnominallyatSTC,theyarecapableofproducingthisatIowalatitude.
4.1 AnnualSolarRadiation
TheannualsolarradiationdatawasobtainedfromNREL.Figure22showsthetheannualsolarradiationmonthlyinconvenientunits.
Figure22.AnnualSolarRadiation. Unsurprisinglyweseeapatternofhighsolarenergydensityinthesummermonthswithmoreaverage sunlightandlongerdaylight.Wecanexpectthesummertobethemostproductiveperiod.
2.05
3.18
3.814.18
5.16 5.255.58
5.36
4.36 4.35
2.94
1.74
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
kWh/m^2/day
Month
AnnualSolarRadiationSource:NREL
Basedon30yearsofweatherdata.
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4.2 KWHProduction
Aspreviouslystated,HelioScopewasusedtolayoutthesolarpowerplantandprovideproperinputincludingthepanelspecifications,ILR,inverterspecifications,step-uptransformerspecifications,conductor,conductorlayout,precisegeographiclocation,weatherdatafromNREL.Weatherdataisastatisticalmodelforecastbasedondatathirtyyearsprior.Theresultsareshowninfigure23.
Figure23.HelioScopeEstimatedkWhProduction.
Onanannualbasiswehaveanestimated97,713,637millionkWh(97.7GWh).Toachievethisamountofproduction,tuningoftherowspacingwasneededtominimizeshadinglosses.Ithasbeendeterminedthat12footrowspacingistheoptimalcompromisebetweenspacesavingandminimalshadingusingHelioScopesimulations.Also,withspacingadjustmenttuningitwaspossibletomaximizethekWhproductioninFebruaryandOctober.Thusonlythreemonthsoftheyearwillhavebelowaverageproduction.
4.86
6.83
8.59
9.75 9.9410.53
12.24
10.849.76
7.20
4.814.36
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
kWh(in
million)
Month
EstimatedMonthlyProduction- HelioScopeSimulation
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4.3 SystemLosses
Theprimaryproductionlossisthroughinverterclipping.Thisisacompromisebetweenlesseningthehighsolarirradianceproductionandincreasingproductionduringlowersolarirradiance.Thusproducingamoreconsistentdailypowerproduction.Seefigure24.
Figure24.SystemLosses.Source:HelioScope.
Lessobvioussourcesoflossesareexplainedinthefollowinglist.
• Clipping–Powerlossduetoinverterinputvoltageandoutputpowerlimits.• Mismatch–Powerlossduetocomponentmanufacturingdefectscausingpanelstoperform
outofMPPrange.Basedonstatisticaldata.• Soiling–Lossesduetodebrisbuildupfromtheenvironment.• Irradiance–Lossesduetoduskandeveninglowsolarirradiancecausinginvertersnottoturn
on.Usingpaneltilttuning,thiswasreducedtozero.• Shading–Lossescausedbyshadingfromrackrowscastingshadowsontoeachotherand
weatherpatternforecasting.• Reflection–Powerlossduetoreflectivityofpanels.
Thetotalsystemlossis17.9%oftotalDCoutputof77.3MW.Thelossminimizationwouldhavetobetunedforeverylocation.
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4.4 Cost
ThesolarcomponentcostwasdeterminedwithNREL’sPVWattscalculator.WhilethesubstationestimatewasprovidedbyBlack&Veatch.Totalcostisabout$275,134,800.
4.4.1 SolarComponentCost
Theprojectedcostofthesolarcomponentisabout$255,134,800,notincludinganysubsidies.Thisisabout$4.25perMW.Forcomparison,theTopazPVPlantcostwas$4.53millionperMW.
4.4.2 SubstationComponentCost.
Includingtwotransformers,tworowsofswitchgear,andallotherassociatedcomponents.Thecostisabout$20Million.
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5 APPENDIXThisappendixcontainsthedefinitionoftermsusedthroughoutthisdesigndocument,allassociatedexternaldocumentlinks,AutoCADdrawinglist,andtheoriginalprojectplanlink.
5.1 GlossaryofCommonTerms
• ILR–Inverterloadratio,theratioDCinputcapacityandtheinverterACoutputcapacity,ahigherDCinputisrequiredtooverruntheinverterbecausethemajorityofoperationtheinverterisunderrun.
• IrradianceCorrectionFactor–Amultiplierforthecurrentoutputofasolarpaneltocompensateforcurrentspikesduetohighsolarradiation.
• Collector–Thesubstationinputfromsolararray.• XfmrorXformer–Transformerabbreviation.• CT–Currenttransformer.• Feeder–Collectorarrangementto34.5kVbus.• Array–Acompleteunitofsolarpanelsandallassociatedcomponentsincludinginverters.• PV–Acronymforphotovoltaic.• PVmodule/panel–singlesolarmoduleorpanelunit.Moduleandpanelareinterchangeableterms.• STC–Standardtemperatureconditions,1000wattspermetersquaredirradiation&-25°C.• InverterSkid–Baseplateforinverterandstep-uptransformerinanarray.• Jumper–Copperconductorsconnectingsolarmodulesinseriesstring.• String–Aseriescombinationofmodules.• Rack–Twosolarstringsinparallel.• CombinerBox–WeatherproofenclosureforcouplingDCconductorswithserviceabledisconnects,
NEC690.16(B).• Azimuth–Anglebetweenthenorthvectorandtheperpendicularprojectionofthestardownonto
thehorizon.• MCOV–MaximumContinuousOperatingVoltage,maximumdesignatedRMSvalueofpower
frequencyvoltagethatmaybeappliedcontinuouslybetweensurgearresterterminals.
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5.2 AutoCADDrawingList
IOWASTATESENIORDESIGNTEAMAUGUST2015-MAY2016 BLACK&VEATCH115KV/34.5KVSOLARPOWERPLANT/SUBSTATIONDRAWINGLIST PROJECTNO.MAY1602
TaskNo. DrawingName DrawingTitle Revision Date DrawingStatus1602 MAY1602-W01 KEYPROTECTION 7 3/2/16 COMPLETE
60MWCAPACITY-SUBSTATION1602 MAY1602-W02 115/34.5KVSINGLELINEDIAGRAM 6 2/29/16 COMPLETE
60MWCAPACITY-SUBSTATION1602 MAY1602-W03 115/34.5KVACSINGLELINEDIAGRAM 5 2/29/16 COMPLETE
60MWCAPACITY-SUBSTATION1602 MAY1602-W04 SOLARARRAYLAYOUT 6 3/3/16 COMPLETE
60MWCAPACITY-SUBSTATION1602 MAY1602-W05 ACSCHEMATICBANK1 6 3/24/16 COMPLETE
115/34.5KV-PART11602 MAY1602-W06 ACSCHEMATICBANK1 6 3/10/16 COMPLETE
115/34.5KV-PART21602 MAY1602-W07 DCSCHEMATICCB311 4 3/11/16 COMPLETE
FEEDER11602 MAY1602-W08 DCSCHEMATICCB312 4 3/24/16 COMPLETE
FEEDER21602 MAY1602-W09 DCSCHEMATICCB313 4 3/24/16 COMPLETE
FEEDER31602 MAY1602-W10 DCSCHEMATIC 6 3/24/16 COMPLETE
ABS681115KV1602 MAY1602-W11 DCSCHEMATIC 6 3/24/16 COMPLETE
ABS684115KV1602 MAY1602-W12 DCSCHEMATICBANK1 4 4/4/16 COMPLETE
PRIMARYRELAY1602 MAY1602-W13 DCSCHEMATICBANK1 3 4/4/16 COMPLETE
BACKUPRELAY1602 MAY1602-W14 DCSCHEMATIC 5 4/4/16 COMPLETE
CB317RELAY1602 MAY1602-W15 DCSCHEMATIC 2 3/11/16 COMPLETE
34.5KVBUS1BREAKER1602 MAY1602-W16 DCSCHEMATIC 2 3/11/16 COMPLETE
BANK1ANNUNCIATOR1602 MAY1602-W17 ACSCHEMATIC 1 3/10/16 COMPLETE
BANK1AUXILIARY1602 MAY1602-W18 DCSCHEMATIC 1 3/12/16 COMPLETE
RTU,ROUTERÐERNETSWITCH1602 MAY1602-W19 DCSCHEMATIC 1 3/12/16 COMPLETE
RLHCARD1602 MAY1602-W20 DCSCHEMATIC 1 3/24/16 COMPLETE
DISTRIBUTEDI/OMODULE1602 MAY1602-W21 ACSCHEMATIC 2 3/24/16 COMPLETE
MAINCONNECTION1602 MAY1602-W22 ACSCHEMATIC 2 3/24/16 COMPLETE
YARD&BUILDINGLOADCENTER1602 MAY1602-W23 DCSCHEMATIC 2 3/24/16 COMPLETE
STATIONBATTERY,DCLOADCENTER&125VBATTERYCHARGER1602 MAY1602-W24 BUILDING 1 3/24/16 COMPLETE
LAYOUT-PART11602 MAY1602-W25 BUILDING 1 3/24/16 COMPLETE
LAYOUT-PART21602 MAY1602-W26 BUILDING 1 3/24/16 COMPLETE
LAYOUT-PART31602 MAY1602-W27 PANELELEVATION-PANEL101 1 3/24/16 COMPLETE
COMMUNICATION,ABS681,ABS6841602 MAY1602-W28 PANELELEVATION-PANEL103 1 3/9/16 COMPLETE
115/34.5KVBANK1PROTECTION&CONTROL1602 MAY1602-W29 PANELELEVATION-PANEL104 1 3/9/16 COMPLETE
34.5KVBUSCIRCUITS1602 MAY1602-W30 DCSCHEMATIC 2 3/24/16 COMPLETE
115KVBUS1TLSCONTROLLER
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5.3 DocumentandMarketLiteratureSources
5.3.1 MarketLiteratureSouces
• NFPA70NationalElectricalCode(NEC)2014Edition.• IEEEStandardsAssociation.• AmericanSocietyofHeatingRefrigerationandAirConditioningEngineers(ASHRAE)–Solar
radiationdata.• IowaEnergyCenter–SolarCalculatorTools.• NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL)–Advancedsolarradiationdata.• AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI)–StandardDeviceNumberIndex.
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5.3.1.1 ANSIStandardDeviceNumberIndexUsefordrawingcomponentreference.
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5.4 ComponentSpecificationSheets
5.4.1 HanwhaQCELLSQPlusL-G4.1325W
http://www.q-cells.us/uploads/tx_abdownloads/files/Hanwha_Q_CELLS_Data_sheet_QPLUS_G4_270-280_2015-04_Rev02_NA.pdf
5.4.2 EatonXpert1670kWInverterandTransformer
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0ahUKEwjmnNHTgI_MAhVIWCYKHSvZAFMQFgglMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eaton.com%2Fecm%2Fidcplg%3FIdcService=GET_FILE%26allowInterrupt=1%26RevisionSelectionMethod=LatestReleased%26no
5.4.3 CombinerBoxes
http://www.solarbos.com/data/files/60/2016SolarBOS1500VDCSolutions.pdf
5.5 OriginalProjectPlan
http://may1602.sd.ece.iastate.edu/uploads/6/2/1/4/62140729/project_plan_may1602_v3_.pdf