BIODIVERSITY

Power point@lecture Slides Are Prepared By Biology Lecturer, KMPk

11.5 KINGDOM PLANTAE

11.5.1 Bryophytes11.5.2 Pteridophytes

PREVIOUS LESSON11.4 Kingdom Fungi

• Unique characteristics-Eukaryotes-Most are multicellular, but yeasts are

unicellular-Non-motile-Non-photosynthetic (lack chlorophyll)

• Classification:-Zygomycota (Rhizopus)-Ascomycota (Penicillium,Saccharomyces)-Basidiomycota (Agaricus)

OBJECTIVESAt the end of the lesson, students shouldbe able to:

•Describe unique characteristics of Plantae

•Classify Plantae into: • Bryophytes• Pteridophytes• Gymnosperms• Angiosperms

OBJECTIVES• Describe the unique characteristics of Bryophytes

• State the classification of phyla Bryophytes into three phyla:

• Phylum Bryophyta (Polytrichum sp.)• Phylum Hepatophyta (Marchantia sp.)• Phylum Anthocerophyta (Anthoceros

sp.)• Describe the sexual life cycle of Polytrichum sp. to show alternation of generation.

OBJECTIVES•Describe the unique characteristics of Pteridophytes

•State the classification of Pteridophytes into two phyla:

Phylum Lycopodiophyta (Lycopodium sp.)

Phylum Pteridophyta (Dryopteris sp.)

11.5 KINGDOM PLANTAE

Multicellular

Autotrophic• Photosynthesis

UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS

Alternation of generations • Two multicellular individuals alternate, each

producing the other.

-Sporophyte : diploid(2n) generationProduces haploid spores by meiosis

-Gametophyte : haploid(n) generationProduces gametes

Plants can be divided into 2 groups:• Non-vascular

-Lack vascular tissue-Leafy or thalloid appearance-No true roots, stems and leaves

• Vascular-Have vascular tissue that

transports water and nutrients -xylem transports water -phloem transport dissolved

substances

4 major groups of plants:-Bryophytes-Pteridophytes-Gymnosperm-Angiosperm

Vascular plants

Non-vascular plants

CLASSIFICATION

11.5.1 BRYOPHYTES

11.5.1 BRYOPHYTES

Simplest group of land plantsLive in damp, shady places

UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS

Non-vascular plants• Lack specialized vascular tissues

-Rely on diffusion and osmosis

-Whole surface of the plant can absorb needed nutrients

Seedless plants-Produce haploid spores

Restricted in size• Very small (1-2 cm in height) -Make sure all cells could obtain

enough nutrients

No true roots, stems and leaves-Anchored by rhizoids

• Tiny, hair-like structures• Not composed of tissues• Lack specialized conducting cells• Do not play a primary role in water and

mineral absorption

-Have flat, broad tissues that function like leaves

• contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis

Alternation of generations:-Gametophyte generation is

dominant-Sporophyte

• Attached and dependent upon the gametophyte for nutrition

• Smaller and shorter-lived

-Have the smallest and simplest sporophytes

Gametophyte produced:Antheridia : male Archegonia : female

ClassificationBRYOPHYTES

PHYLUM HEPATOPHYTA

PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA

Marchantia sp. Polytrichum sp.

PHYLUM ANTHOCEROPHY

TAAnthoceros sp.

Capsule

Seta

Gametophyte

Sporophyte

-Polytrichum sp.PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA

-Marchantia sp.

Male gametophyte

Female gametophyte

PHYLUM HEPATOPHYTA

Marchantia sp.Antheridia(p)/Antheridium (s)

Female gametophyte

Archegonia (p)/ Archegonium (s)

Thallus Rhizoid

Gemmae cup

Anthoceros sp.

Sporophyte

Gametophyte

PHYLUM ANTHOCEROPHY

TA

Life Cycle of Polytrichum sp.

Life Cycle of Polytrichum sp.

1. Multicellular gametangia are formed at the tips of the leafy gametophytes .

2. Female gametangia (archegonia) produce a single egg.

3. Male gametangia (antheridia) produce numerous sperms.

4. When sperm are released from an antheridium, they swim with the aid of flagella through rainwater to the archegonia.

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Life Cycle of Polytrichum sp.

5. One haploid sperm fertilized with a haploid egg, forming a diploid zygote.

6. The zygote divide by mitosis and develops into the diploid sporophyte ( a stalk with a capsule or sporangium).

7. Spore mother cells within the sporangium undergo meiosis, producing haploid spores.

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Life Cycle of Polytrichum sp.

8. Matured sporangium releases spores and spores germinate and grow using mitosis, into protonema (pl. protonemata)

9. Protonemata develop into new gametophytes plants.

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Terrestrial Adaptation• Drying out

A sterile jacket developed around antheridia and archaegonia which prevent them from drying out

• ReproductionDelicate sex cells must be protected

-Gametangium

• Gaseous exchangePresence of stomata facilitate the

movement of gasses such as CO2 and O2 in and out through the cuticle

11.5.2 PTERIDOPHYTES

11.5.2 PTERIDOPHYTES

• Seedless vascular plants– Produce spores

• Has true roots, stems and leaves

Unique Characteristics

• Lignified vascular tissues– Transport system– Support

• Non flowering

• Photosynthetic

• Alternation of generation– Sporophyte• Vascular tissues occur • Dominant• More conspicuous

– Gametophyte• Reduced to a small, • simple structure

Types of Spore…

• Homosporous– Plants producing one type

of spore

– Develops into a bisexual gametophyte with both archegonia and antheridia

– Eg: Lycopodium sp.

• Heterosporous– Plants producing 2 types of spores• Megaspores– Large spores ----- female gametophyte

• Microspores– Small spores ----- male gametophyte

– Eg: Selaginella sp.

Megasporophyll

Microsporophyll

Megasporangium

Microsporangium

Megaspores

Microspores

Classification

1. Phylum Lycopodiophyta(Lycopodiumsp. Selaginella sp.)

2. Phylum Pteridophyta( Dryopteris sp. )

Lycopodium sp.

Dryopteris sp.

NEXT LECTURE

11.5.3 Gymnosperms

11.5.4 Angiosperms