114 – M. eiosis & Sexual Reproduction · Regents Biology! Cell division/Asexual reproduction !...
Transcript of 114 – M. eiosis & Sexual Reproduction · Regents Biology! Cell division/Asexual reproduction !...
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Regents Biology 2007-2008
11.4 – Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction
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Regents Biology
Objectives § Summarize the events of meiosis.
§ Contrast meiosis and mitosis.
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Regents Biology
Cell division/Asexual reproduction § Mitosis - produce identical cells/
clones Ex: - single-celled
eukaryotes (yeast, protists)
- simple multicellular eukaryotes (hydra)
§ What might be some advantages of asexual reproduction? Disadvantages?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofxDIS7fbCE
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Regents Biology
How about the rest of us? § What if a complex multicellular organism (like us) wants
to reproduce?
§ Do we make egg and sperm by mitosis?
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Regents Biology
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Regents Biology
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Regents Biology
Meiosis – production of gametes § chromosome number must
be reduced (2n → n) § fertilization restores
chromosome number (n → 2n)
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Regents Biology
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Regents Biology
2nd division of meiosis separates sister chromatids
1st division of meiosis separates homologous pairs
Double division of meiosis
DNA replication
Meiosis 1
Meiosis 2
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Regents Biology 2n = 8
2n = 4
Preparing for meiosis § 1st step of meiosis: DNA
replication § DNA replicated in S phase of
interphase of meiosis (just like in mitosis)
M1 prophase
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Regents Biology
2n = 4 Meiosis 1
2n = 8 prophase 1
§ 1st division of meiosis separates homologous pairs
1n = 4
telophase 1
2n = 8 metaphase 1
reduction
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Regents Biology
Meiosis 2
1n = 4 metaphase 2
1n = 2
telophase 2
prophase 2
1n = 4 § 2nd division of
meiosis separates sister chromatids
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Regents Biology
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Regents Biology
Trading pieces of DNA § Crossing over - during prophase 1, sister
chromatids intertwine - homologous pairs swap
pieces of chromosome - DNA breaks and re-attaches
§ Advantages?
tetrad
synapsis
prophase 1
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Regents Biology
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
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Regents Biology
Variation from crossing over § Crossing over creates completely new combinations of
traits on each chromosome – genetic recombination! § creates an infinite variety in gametes
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Regents Biology
Variation from random fertilization § Sperm + Egg = ? § any 2 parents will produce a zygote with over 70 trillion
(223 x 223) possible diploid combinations
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Regents Biology
Sexual reproduction creates variability Sexual reproduction allows us to maintain both genetic similarity and differences
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Regents Biology
Sperm production Epididymis Testis
Coiled seminiferous tubules
Vas deferens
Cross-section of seminiferous tubule
spermatozoa
spermatids (haploid)
secondary spermatocytes
(haploid)
primary spermatocyte
(diploid)
germ cell (diploid)
MEIOSIS II
MEIOSIS I
- a continuous and prolific process - each ejaculation contains ~
100-600 million sperm
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Regents Biology
Egg production
Meiosis 1 completed during egg maturation
Meiosis 2 completed triggered by fertilization
ovulation
- eggs in ovaries halted before anaphase 1
- meiosis 1 completed during maturation
- Meiosis 2 completed after fertilization
- 1 egg + 2 polar bodies unequal divisions
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Regents Biology
Egg Production
MEIOSIS I
MEIOSIS II
first polar body
second polar body
ovum (haploid)
secondary oocyte
(haploid)
primary oocyte
(diploid)
germinal cell (diploid)
primary follicles
mature follicle with secondary oocyte
ruptured follicle (ovulation)
corpus luteum
developing follicle
fertilization
fallopian tube
after fertilization