113Britannia Rues the Waves
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Transcript of 113Britannia Rues the Waves
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Lesson 13
Britannia Rues the Waves
Advanced English Book 1
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Background Information
How Britain gained naval supremacySome facts & figures about the recentnaval expansion of the Soviet Union
North Sea Oil
Detailed Study of the Text
Language Points
Exercises Exercise
Exercise
Exercise
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Background Information
How Britain gained naval supremacy
Facts and figures
North Sea oil
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In mediaeval times, the trade of the worldand the center of maritime power lay in theMediterranean Sea.
The discovery of the Cape route to India and thediscovery of the American continent shifted thecenter from the Mediterranean to the AtlanticOcean.
The early major sea powers were the Netherlands,Portugal, Spain and France.
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Henry (1485-1509) laid the foundation ofthe British merchant navy.
Henry (1491-1547) founded the BritishRoyal Navy. He created ships specially mannedand commissioned to fight and his shipbuilders
designed a new kind of ship (firing broadsides),better adapted to the ocean and tomanoeuvring in battles.
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In 1588, Elizabeth (1558-1603) defeated theSpanish Armada, a fleet of 130 great ships, sent byKing Philip of Spain against England. There wasa running gun fight in the British Channel and the
Armada was routed. The remnant of the Spanishfleet later met a storm along the coasts of Scotland
and Ireland. Out of the 130 ships, only about halfreached home. This victoryestablished England asa major sea power.
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The battle of Trafalgar took place on October 21,1805, between the British fleet and the combinedFrench and Spanish fleet, off Spains Cape Trafalgar.
The British fleet, 33 ships in all, was commanded byAdmiral Nelson. The battle ended with the capture of20 French ships. Nelson was badly wounded and
died shortly before the battle came to and end. Thevictory established Britains naval supremacy whichwas unchallenged for over a century.
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The total tonnage of the Soviet maritime fleet in1950 was 2.1 million tons, ranking 21 in world
tonnage. Between 1971 and 1975, the Soviet UnionSpent $ 2.8 billion on buying 990 ships from Japan,Britain and other European countries. By 1979, theSoviet Union had a fleet of 7,997 ships, with a total
tonnage of over 32 million tons, accounting for 5.6percent of world tonnage. The average ship age oftwo-thirds of the fleet was under ten.
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The total volume of Russian seaborne trade in
1976 was 214.5 million tons, an increase of 370per cent over that in 1953. in 1976 alone, theSoviet Union netted 600 million dollars of foreign
exchange.
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Today Britain has discovered 50 oil fields inthe North Sea, with a reserve of 2.2 billiontons. Production began in the second half
of 1975 and went up gradually. In 1976production of crude oil reached 52.8 milliontons. It was estimated that by 1980
production would rise to about 110 milliontons. By then Britain would become self-sufficient in oil.
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Expressions & Patterns
1.Britannia rues the waves:
Britain is sorry that she has lost herdominance on the high seas; Britain regretsthat she no longer enjoys a naval supremacy.
Rue: repent of : regret having entered into;wish nonexistent
The waves: (poet. or rhet.) the sea
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Expressions & Patterns
grab: capture
the headlines: titles of important newsitems,
2.Britains merchant navy these days:
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Expressions & Patterns
3. Shipping is also a significant Britishsuccess story:
success story: persons rise from poverty, etc. tofame
4. the British fleet competition:
risk: expose to the chance of damage or loss
stiff: strong; great in degree; difficult to dealwith a stiff job; stiff reading
being elbowed out: a metaphor; being forced out
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Expressions & Patterns
5. and carving Western shippingcompanies:
carving their way into: a metaphor; making
their way into by cutting
undercut: sell goods more cheaply or work for
smaller wages than (sb. doing the same); sell orwork at lower prices or wages than
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Expressions & Patterns
E.g.
The social imperialists are bent on keepingthe situation tense in the Middle East.
There is no doubt that they are bent on thecomplete destruction of Hitler and Nazism.
6. who are bent on of the trade:bent on: strongly inclined or determined
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Expressions & Patterns
The phrase comes from Aesops fable. Severalbeasts joined the lion in a hunt; but, when thespoil was divided, the lion claimed one quarter inright of his prerogative, one for his superiorcourage, one for his dam and cubs, and as for
the fourth, let who will dispute it with me. Awed
by his frown, the other beasts silently withdrew.
7.the lions share: the whole thing or, nowpopularly, the biggest and best portion; thelarger or largest part, nearly all.
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Expressions & Patterns
8.in which Britain has a big stake:
E.g.
The simplest explanation for the Western nations
reluctance to support sanctions is their considerableeconomic stake in South Africa.
His office is not directly at stake in the March election.
stake: a share or interest, as in property, aperson, or a business venture
at stake: at issue, in question, risked More than the future of a province is at stake.
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Expressions & Patterns
9. in terms of: with regard to
E.g.
1. In terms of significant agreements,Vance collected no more this time thanfrom his first Mideast trip.
2. We are better off in terms of capability.
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Expressions & Patterns
10. a new British ship was being launchedevery week:
E.g.
launch a satellite
launch an attack
launch a new enterprise
launch: set (a ship esp. one newly built) afloat
The verb launch, used figuratively, may be
translated into different Chinese verbs.
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Expressions & Patterns
11. stayed ahead of the competition by sophisticated ships
stayed ahead of the competition: have remainedin a leading position; have been the winners in the
competition
ahead of: in advance of; better than
sophisticated: complex, with the latestimprovements and refinements
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Expressions & Patterns
12. cut-throat: (of competition) intense,merciless
dodgy: (informal, esp. British English) risky andpossibly dangerous
13. shipping conferences moving goodsby sea:
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Expressions & Patterns
14. to weather the bad times: to be able topull through when where is a depression;to survive when economic conditions arenot favorable
weather: come through successfully; pass safelythrough (storm, difficulty)
times: the prevailing conditions of a particular
period
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Expressions & Patterns
15. they make it easier for the availabletrade:
scramble: rough struggle; a disorderly struggle orrush, as for sth. prized
16. the industrialized world had begun its slideinto the worst depression since the 1930s
(the depression in) the 1930s: referring to theworldwide great depression from 1929 to 1933. Itbegan with the New York stock market crash onOct. 24, 1929.
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Expressions & Patterns
17. mothballs:
literal meaning: marble-sized balls of naphthalene,stored with clothes (esp. woolens) to repel moths;
figurative meaning: a) the state of being stored, orkept in existence but not used
E.g.We shall have to put this idea in mothballs.
E.g. He keeps his car in mothballs during the winter months.
b) the state of having been put aside, as of nofurther use
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Expressions & Patterns
18. But with the world iron ore carriers.in the doldrums: (informal) in a low and sadstate of mind; in a state of inactivity
E.g.
At present (1958) Nato is in the doldrums.
The President was relying heavily on his energypackage to shake his Administration out of thedoldrums.
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Expressions & Patterns
19. the British shipping industry now began tofeel the pinch:
pinch: suffering caused by lack of necessary things,esp. money (esp. in the phrase: feel the pinch); a
painful, difficult, or straitened circumstanceE.g.
1. American farmers, feeling the pinch, raised loud
cries of protest.2. The Presidents economic sanction against the
Soviet Union should pinch in the months ahead.
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Expressions & Patterns
20. the going freight rate: currently acceptedcharge for sending the specified goods there
going: as charged at present; commonly accepted
buoyancy: the property (as of prices or businessactivity) of maintaining a satisfactory high level
rate: a charge or payment fixed according to astandard scale
21. provided there is still buoyancy in other
industries:
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Expressions & Patterns
22. they are also the routes the biggestinroads:
inroad: an injurious intrusion on or into; influence
of one party that undermines that of another
be out to: making a determined effort to; tobe trying to
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Expressions & Patterns
23. Developing countries regard a
merchant navy as national airline:
a status symbol: a sign which shows ones high
social position
to go for: to try to get
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Expressions & Patterns
hold on to: try to keep; not give or sell to sb. else; hang
on to
24. the key tactic behind its strategy ofholding on to the richest slice of the trade:
25. far from being the whole answer to theThird World threat:
far from: not at all
E.g. Your work is far from being satisfactory.
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Expressions & Patterns
E.g.
The newspaper account is far from being true (inmany points false).
far from: not at all
Far from (= instead of ) admiring his paintings, I
dislike them intensely.
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Expressions & Patterns
26. This demand has found UNCTAD:
1) UNCTAD: The United Nations Conference ofTrade and Development
2) find expression in : be expressed by means of
E.g.
1. At home, British outrage found expression innews headlines.
2. Growing mutual suspicion found its expression inincreased armaments and the preparation of plansfor war.
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Expressions & Patterns
27. Russia has expanded would justify:
justify: show a satisfactory reason or excusefro sth. done
1. A far more serious view was taken of thesituation than was justified.
E.g.
2. The results fully justified my faith.
3. He had justified every expectation.
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Expressions & Patterns
28. another one million tons should comeinto service before 1980.
should: Should is used here to indicate probability,likelihood.
E.g.
1. The new type of bus comes into service laterthis month.
2. The newly-built railway will come intoservice in a months time.
come into service: begin to serve the public;begin to be used; available
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Expressions & Patterns
29. The name of the game, for Russianships, is hard currency:
2. In the rough and tumble world ofprofessional basketball, survival is oftenthe name of the game.
E.g.
the name of the game: (colloquial) the crux ofthe matter; the thing that really counts: purpose
or essence of action etc.
1. Well, all right, I said, the name of the game is
trust: youve got to trust things.
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Expressions & Patterns
30. there is more to it than that for the
Russians:
That is more to it than purpose of the Russians.The Russians have other purposes as well.
E.g. The former allies are now sworn enemies. But therewas more to it than that: Vietnam has become SovietRussias pawn in Southeast Asia.
E.g. He turned and went out, cursing his own stupidity. And
yet as he walked towards the barn, he knew in his heart thatthere was more to it than that.
E.g. There is more to the vote than approval of thecanal treaties.
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Expressions & Patterns
31. this is also part of a general Soviethydrographic policy to map the oceans ofthe world:
40%
hydrographic policy: a plan to study and map the
oceans with reference to their navigational andcommercial uses
32. How can Western shipowners react if they did the same:
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Expressions & Patterns
33. There is a limit, of course, to what anyBritish government can do on its own:
limit: line or point that may not or cannot bepassed; greatest or smallest amount, degree, etc.
of what is possible
1. We must set a limit to the expense of the trip.
E.g.
2. His greed knows no limits.3. Are there no limits to your tolerance?
4. So far, it achieved only limited success.
5. They would surely fight if pushed to the limit.
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Expressions & Patterns
34. on ones own: (colloquial) by ones owneffort or on ones own initiative; by itself
E.g.
1. She lives on her own.
2. Hes working on his own.
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Expressions & Patterns
35. churn out: (informal) produce a largequantity of sth; produce in quantitywithout quality; produce in a regular flowwithout much thought or expression,
usually with some abundance
This factory churns out lots and lots of cars a day.
E.g.
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Expressions & Patterns
36. Smaller shipping lines do not have theresources to diversify:
diversify: expand (a business, line of products, etc.)by increasing the variety of things produced or ofoperations undertaken
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The following words are initials oracronyms formed from the first letters of
a series of words. Write out the full formsfor the following and put them into
Chinese:
Exercises
Model:
1)UNCTAD---United Nations Conference on
Trade and Development
2)EEC---European Economic Community
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Exercises
English ChineseNATO-North Atlantic TreatyOrganization
()
OAS-Organization of
American States
OAU-Organization of AfricanUnity
()
ASEAN-Association of
Southeast Asian Nations
()
OPEC-Organization ofPetroleum exportingCountries
E i
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Exercises
English ChineseSALT-Strategic ArmsLimitation Talks
UNESCO-United Nations
Educational, Scientific andCultural Organization
M.I.T-MassachusettsInstitute of Technology
BBC-British BroadcastingCorporation
V.I.P-very important person
E i
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Exercises
English ChineseGMT-Greenwich mean time
GNP-gross national product
KGB-(Committee of StateSecurity) ()
ICBM-Inter-continentalballistic missile
Laser-light amplification bystimulated emission ofradiation
Radar-radio detecting and
ranging
E i
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Exercises
Replace the italicized words or expressionswith idiomatic, colloquial expressions fromthe text:
1. Nowadays, happenings in that country are given
prominencein the papers. ( )grab the headlines
2. In many regions of the world, the old colonial powerswere being pushed outby the late comers--- Germany
and the United States. ( )were being elbowed out
3. The Saudis pressed fora larger share ofthe profits madeby the big American oil consortium in Saudi Arabia.
( )the lions share
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E i
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Exercises
7. Many Western economists do not agree that another energycrisis will come in the near future.
( )is around the corner
8. The writer constantly felt the hardships causedbypoverty in his late year. ( )the pinch of poverty
9. Since British companies invested large sums ofmoneyin the scheduled liner-freight services, they didnot suffer so much as Norway and Greece in thedepression. ( )big
E i
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Exercises
10. Some smaller bankers had to admit defeatin the cut-throat competition among banks. ( )throw in the towel
11. It is a loss that can neverbe compensated. ( )made up
12. Very often depressionin one area of economy quicklyaffects other economic sectors. ( )a slump
E i
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Exercises
Translate the following into English(Chinese on Page 248)
1. Oil is the vital lifeline of the national economy
in many Middle Eastern countries.
2. The Third World countries are bent ondeveloping their industries independently.
3. Some Western countries were afraid that the oil-producing countries would drive them out ofbusiness by undercutting them.
E i
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Exercises
4. The British government promised to put up themoney needed to solve the problem ofunemployment.
5. Saudi Arabias proved reserves of oil are by farthe greatest in the world.
6. The Chinese people stood the test of the
Cultural Revolution.7. These veteran soldiers have all weathered thetest of may battles during the Second World War.
E i
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Exercises
8. We are still a long way from the goal of thefour modernizations.
9. Many scientists and technicians are out to
learn foreign languages so as to be able to readfirst-hand reference materials.
10. The U.S. Congress ratified the treaty, thus
bringing it into force at once.
E e cises
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Exercises
11. A new telegraph building will be completedand put into service soon.
12. Iraqs expansionism was under attack from thepress all over the world.
13. The military expenditures of that countryincrease at a rate of 4% to 5% every year.
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The End