VTMED 6102 - Anatomy of the Ruminant

Spring - 2011

Linda A. Mizer, D.V.M., M.Sc., Ph.D.

Department of Biomedical Sciences

Course Introduction objectives

plan

assessments

resources

Course Introduction objectives

-develop an understanding of practical ruminant anatomy using our foundation of canine anatomy

plan

assessments

resources

Course Introduction goal

general schedule

-3 dissection periods a week, by body region

-neck -thorax

-head -abdomen

-thoracic limb -pelvis

-pelvic limb

-lectures to supplement laboratory material

course materials

grade breakdown

Course Introduction goal

general schedule

assessments

-midterm 30%

-final 50%

-project 20%

course materials

Course Introduction course materials

-handouts (laboratory/lecture notes combined)

-dissection cadavers (cow, calf, goat, sheep, alpaca)

-skeletons (cow, small ruminant)

-museum materials (on dry table in lab)

-wet specimens (current region on wet table, remainder lab storage)

-handout with all specimens/dissected structures listed

-bone cupboards (in hallway, one group per cubby)

Ruminant

A ruminant is an animal that digests its food many times. This food is usually tough plant material like grasses. Ruminants include cows, sheep, antelopes, and camels.

An animal that chews its cud; having even toed hooves and a four-chambered stomach, such as a cow, buffalo, goat, deer or llama.

Animals having four stomach compartments - rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasums - through which food passes in digestion. These animals chew their cud or regurgitate partially digested food for further breakdown in the mouth. Ruminant animals include cattle, sheep, goats, deer and camels.

Ruminant

An herbivore which uses gastric, as opposed to intestinal, fermentation to digest cellulose. See Artiodactyla for figure and further explanation.

A ruminant is any hooved animal that digests its food in two steps, first by eating the raw material and regurgitating a semi-digested form known as cud, then eating the cud. Ruminants include cows, goats, sheep, camels, llamas, giraffes, bison, buffalos, deer, wildebeest, and antelope. The suborder Ruminantia includes all those except the camels and llamas, which are Tylopoda. Ruminants also share another anatomical feature in that they all have an even number of toes.

Artiodactyla

The even-toed ungulates form the mammalian Order Artiodactyla. They are ungulates whose weight is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes, rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in perissodactyls.

Noun 1.Artiodactyla - an order of hooved mammals of the subclass Eutheria (including pigs and peccaries and hippopotami and members of the suborder Ruminantia) having an even number of functional toes.

Ruminant Phylogeny

Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Class Mammalia

Order Artiodactyla

Suborder Ruminantia

Family Bovidae Genus Bos Speciestaurus

Capridae Genus Caprin Species aegagrus

Ovidae Genus Ovis Species aries

Ruminant PhylogenyKingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Class Mammalia

Order Artiodactyla

Suborder Tylopodia

Family Camelidae

Genus Lama Species glama (llama)

guanicoe (guanaco)

Vicugna Species pacos (alpaca)

vicugna (vicuña)

F. Bovidae F. Ovidae vs.Capridae

F. Camelidae

Representative “Ruminants”

vicuñaalpacaguanacollama

F. Bovidae - meat breedsAngus cow and calf Hereford cow

Murray Grey bull Charlais cow and calf

F. Bovidae - meat breedsBelgian Blue bull Beefmaster bull

Blonde cow Longhorn cow and calf

F. Bovidae - dairy breedsHolstein Jersey

Guernsey Ayrshire

F. Bovidae - dairy breedsBrown Swiss Shorthorn

F. Bovidae - draft animals

F. Ovidae - meat breedsBarbados Dorper

Katahdin Texel

F. Ovidae - wool breedsHampshire Icelandic

Corriedale Swedish

F. Ovidae - wool breeds

F. Ovidae - hair breedsBarbados Wiltshire

St. Croix Katahdin

F. Ovidae - milk breeds

F. Capridae - meat breedsBoer Kiko

Tennessee Tennessee X Boer

F. Capridae - dairy breeds

Nubian Saanan

Toggenburg LaMancha

F. Camelidae

Fiber

External Features

Fig. 2.2, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials , 1999

External Features

Fig. 4.1 and 4.2, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials, by T.O.

McCracken, R.A. Kainer & T.L. Spurgeon, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999.

External Features

Fig. 5.2, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials,

by T.O. McCracken, R.A. Kainer & T.L. Spurgeon, Lippincott Williams and

Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999.

External Features

Position of Cervical Vertebrae

Fig. 5.4 modified, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials, by T.O. McCracken,

R.A. Kainer & T.L. Spurgeon, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999. Fig. 2-4, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials, by T.O. McCracken, R.A. Kainer

& T.L. Spurgeon, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999.

Palpable Structures

Fig. 5.4 modified, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials, by T.O. McCracken,

R.A. Kainer & T.L. Spurgeon, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999. Fig. 2-4, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials, by T.O. McCracken, R.A. Kainer

& T.L. Spurgeon, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999.

Initial Dissection

Cutaneous fascia & muscles

Fig. 2.5, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials, by T.O. McCracken, R.A. Kainer & T.L. Spurgeon, Lippincott Williams

and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999.

Cutaneous trunci m.

Deeper mm.

Fig. 2.6, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials, by T.O. McCracken, R.A. Kainer & T.L.

Spurgeon, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999.

Deeper mm.

Fig. 2.6, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials, by T.O. McCracken, R.A. Kainer & T.L.

Spurgeon, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999.

Deeper mm.

1. omotransversarius m.2. brachiocephalicus m.

2a. cleidobrachialis m.2b. cleidomastoideus m.2c. cleidooccipitalis m.

3. sternocephalicus m.-sternomandibularis m.-sternomastoideus m.

Jugular Groove

boundaries of jugular groove1. cleidomastoideus m.2. sternomandibularis m.3. sternomastoideus m.

Jugular Groove

boundaries of jugular groove1. cleidomastoideus m.2. sternomandibularis m.3. sternomastoideus m.

Trapezius muscle - Accessory nerve

Key - Trapezius m.a. cervicalis m.b. thoracis m.

Accessory Nerve

Key 1. omotransversarius m. (reflected)2. brachiocephalicus m.3. sternocephalicus m.4. rhomboideus cervicis m. 5. serratus ventralis cervicis m.6. superficial cervical lymphocenter7. accessory nerve (XI)

Superficial Cervical Lymph Node

Key 1. omotransversarius m. (reflected)2. brachiocephalicus m.3. sternocephalicus m.4. rhomboideus cervicis m. 5. serratus ventralis cervicis m.6. superficial cervical lymphocenter7. accessory nerve (XI)

Hemal Lymph Nodes

Nuchal Ligament Exposure

Key 1. rhomboideus cervicis m.2. omotransversarius m.3. serratus ventralis cervicis m.4. splenius m.

Nuchal Ligament Exposure

Key 1. rhomboideus cervicis m.2. omotransversarius m.3. serratus ventralis cervicis m.4. splenius m.5. funicular portion of lig. nuchae

Nuchal Ligament Exposure

Key 1. rhomboideus cervicis m.2. omotransversarius m.3. serratus ventralis cervicis m.4. splenius m.5. funicular portion of lig. nuchae6. semispinalis capitis m.

Nuchal Ligament - Comparative

dog ox

Figs.299 & 300. The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals, Vol 1, The Locomotor System of the Domestic Mammals, by R. Nickel, A. Schummer, E.

Seiferle, H. Wilkens, K.-H. Wille, J. Frewein, Springer Verlag, 1985

Nuchal Ligament - Dorsal View

Key 1. spinous processes, thoracic2. semispinalis capitis m.3. funicular portion of lig. nuchae

Nuchal Ligament - Laminar Component

Key 1. spinous process, thoracic2. semispinalis capitis m.3. funicular portion of lig. nuchae4. laminar portion of lig. nuchae

Ventral Neck

Key 1. sternothyrohyoideus m.2. sternohyoideus m.3. sternothyroideus m.4. carotid sheath5. trachea6. thyroid gland7. common carotid a.8. vagosympathetic trunk

Ventral - Lateral Neck

Key 1. sternothyrohyoideus m.2. sternohyoideus m.3. sternothyroideus m.4. carotid sheath5. trachea6. thyroid gland7. common carotid a.8. vagosympathetic trunk

Thyroid Gland

Key 1. sternothyrohyoideus m.2. sternohyoideus m.3. sternothyroideus m.4. carotid sheath5. trachea6. thyroid gland7. common carotid a.8. vagosympathetic trunk

Thymus - Calf

Fig.2.20modified, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials, by T.O. McCracken,

R.A. Kainer & T.L. Spurgeon, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999.

Ventral-Lateral Neck

Key 1. serratus ventralis m.2. longissimus cervicis m.3. longissimus atlantis m.4. longissimus capitis m.5. semispinalis capitis m.

Alpaca Neck Highlights

Alpaca Neck Highlights

Alpaca Neck Highlights

Alpaca Neck Highlights

Fig. 5.12, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials, by T.O.

McCracken, R.A. Kainer & T.L. Spurgeon, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia,

1999.

Alpaca Neck Highlights

Alpaca Neck Highlights

Key1. trapezius m.2. brachiocephalicus m.3. rhomboideus m.

Alpaca Neck Highlights

Specimen Storage

Alpaca Neck Highlights

Key1. trapezius m.2. brachiocephalicus m.3. rhomboideus m.

Alpaca Neck Highlights

Key1. trapezius m.2. brachiocephalicus m.3. rhomboideus m.4. ligamentum nuchae5. epaxial mm.

Alpaca Neck Highlights

Key1. trapezius m.2. brachiocephalicus m.3. rhomboideus m.4. ligamentum nuchae5. epaxial mm.

External Features

Fig. 2.1, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials , 1999

Body Regions

Fig. 2.3, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials , 1999

F. Camelidae