11 UGB, Compact City

8/14/2019 11 UGB, Compact City

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Dept. of Architecture, Tunghai University Fall, 2006

Week11UGB/URA, Compact City,

Sustainable development Indicators

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Dept. of Architecture, Tunghai UniversityFall, 2006

Sustainable City

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UGB/URAUGB/URA

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Controlling Population GrowthControlling Population Growth

Cities can limit population growth within aCities can limit population growth within a

boundary by either using anboundary by either using an Urban GrowthUrban Growth

BoundaryBoundary or anor an Urban Service BoundaryUrban Service Boundary

Urban Growth BoundariesUrban Growth Boundaries

Delineates land to be developed and land to be

protected for rural uses

Purpose: Growth within serviced areas/preserverural areas

General timeline: 20 years

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LegendRural

Urban Growth Area

Poss. Urban Reserve

Highway

Poss. Highway

Highway location affectsland development patterns.

Potential urban reserve areas forinclusion into urban growthboundaries. They affect futuretransportation demand.

Standard land use forecastStandard land use forecastapproach is based on aspirationsapproach is based on aspirationsand consensus.and consensus.

Land use models reflect marketLand use models reflect marketforces and transportationforces and transportationimprovements, but most donimprovements, but most donttaddress possibility of alternativeaddress possibility of alternativeoutcomes.outcomes.

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Urban Growth BoundaryUrban Growth Boundary -- Portland, OregonPortland, Oregon Outlaw development outside urban boundaryOutlaw development outside urban boundary

Urban Service BoundaryUrban Service Boundary -- Boulder, ColoradoBoulder, Colorado Development is legal though city doesnDevelopment is legal though city doesnt providet provide

servicesservices

EffectEffect Reduces demand for residential land outside theReduces demand for residential land outside the

boundaryboundary Lower price of residential land outside boundaryLower price of residential land outside boundary

Increases demand for residential land inside theIncreases demand for residential land inside theboundaryboundary Higher price of residential land outside boundaryHigher price of residential land outside boundary

Restricts supply of laborRestricts supply of labor

Fewer jobsFewer jobs

Firms must pay higher wage rateFirms must pay higher wage rate

Reduces congestionReduces congestion66


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Growth management approachesGrowth management approachesUrban Growth Boundaries /Urban Growth Boundaries /Population capsPopulation caps

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INFILL DEVELOPMENTINFILL DEVELOPMENT

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WHAT IS INFILL DEVELOPMENT?WHAT IS INFILL DEVELOPMENT?

The creative recycling of vacant or underutilized landThe creative recycling of vacant or underutilized land

within cities and suburbs.within cities and suburbs.

Infill projects can include a single use type orInfill projects can include a single use type or

incorporate mixedincorporate mixed--use.use.

Two primary factors have brought forth the use ofTwo primary factors have brought forth the use of

infill development as a tool to help curb sprawl.infill development as a tool to help curb sprawl. Growth Management Programs in the 1970Growth Management Programs in the 1970s ands and

19801980s.s.

Back to the City MovementBack to the City Movement

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Why Infill?Why Infill?

Relieves pressure on rural landRelieves pressure on rural land

Increases the tax baseIncreases the tax base

Capitalizes on existing services andCapitalizes on existing services and

infrastructureinfrastructure

Decreases inaccessibilityDecreases inaccessibility

Removes vacant/blighted property that canRemoves vacant/blighted property that canweaken a neighborhoodweaken a neighborhood

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Types of Infill PropertyTypes of Infill Property

Vacant LandVacant Land : skipped over parcels, may have: skipped over parcels, may haveenvironmental constraints, owner problems, or an oddenvironmental constraints, owner problems, or an oddshape.shape.

Brownfield SitesBrownfield Sites: abandoned commercial or industrial: abandoned commercial or industrialproperties that have been left damaged.properties that have been left damaged.

Underutilized properties/Adaptive ReuseUnderutilized properties/Adaptive Reuse::rehabilitation of existing structures.rehabilitation of existing structures.

Teardowns:Teardowns: removal of existing building toremoval of existing building toaccommodate a better use.accommodate a better use.

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Legal ConstraintsLegal Constraints

Comprehensive Plans and Traditional Euclidean ZoningComprehensive Plans and Traditional Euclidean Zoningoften donoften dont encourage mixedt encourage mixed--use and have stringentuse and have stringentrequirements that would make innovative uses of the landrequirements that would make innovative uses of the landless feasible.less feasible.

The SolutionThe Solution Update regulatory measures to encourage infill.Update regulatory measures to encourage infill.

Updating the comprehensive plan, or creating overlay zoning.Updating the comprehensive plan, or creating overlay zoning.Some cities also target blighted properties and begin theSome cities also target blighted properties and begin theappropriation process in order to streamline the process forappropriation process in order to streamline the process fordevelopers.developers.


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Financial ConstraintsFinancial Constraints

Traditional lenders are often skeptical to investTraditional lenders are often skeptical to invest

in economically depressed areas, and havein economically depressed areas, and havedifferent criteria for commercial, retail, anddifferent criteria for commercial, retail, and

residential development.residential development.

The SolutionThe Solution

As infill projects become more frequent and notablyAs infill projects become more frequent and notably

successful, lenders are becoming more open mindedsuccessful, lenders are becoming more open minded

to such projects, and developing strategies to dealto such projects, and developing strategies to deal

with them.with them.

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Some Programs to overcome these financialSome Programs to overcome these financialconstraints in US include:constraints in US include:

The Hope VI/Urban Revitalization DemonstrationThe Hope VI/Urban Revitalization DemonstrationProgram (URD)/Severely Distressed Public HousingProgram (URD)/Severely Distressed Public HousingInitiativeInitiative

The Federal LowThe Federal Low--Income Housing Tax CreditIncome Housing Tax CreditProgramProgram

The Federal Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)The Federal Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)

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Historic Preservation RequirementsHistoric Preservation Requirements

The rehabilitation of historic structures can beThe rehabilitation of historic structures can be

costly, and historic district requirements cancostly, and historic district requirements can

intimidate developers.intimidate developers.


Developers may be encouraged to take on suchDevelopers may be encouraged to take on such

projects upon learning that restored historicprojects upon learning that restored historicbuildings command some of the highest rents.buildings command some of the highest rents.

Tax incentives to encourage historic restoration,Tax incentives to encourage historic restoration,

developed their own tax incentive programs.developed their own tax incentive programs.

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The National Park Service (NPS) and theThe National Park Service (NPS) and theInternal Revenue Service (IRS), in conjunctionInternal Revenue Service (IRS), in conjunctionwith State Historic Preservation Offices (SHPO)with State Historic Preservation Offices (SHPO)offer the Federal Historic Preservation Taxoffer the Federal Historic Preservation TaxCredit Incentive Program.Credit Incentive Program.

This program offers a 20% tax credit for aThis program offers a 20% tax credit for a certifiedcertifiedrehabilitation of arehabilitation of a certifiedcertifiedhistoric buildinghistoric building, and a 10%, and a 10%

tax credit for the rehabilitation of any nontax credit for the rehabilitation of any non--residentialresidentialnonnon--historichistoricbuilding built before 1936.building built before 1936.

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Brownfield RedevelopmentBrownfield Redevelopment

BrownfieldsBrownfields can be expensive and timecan be expensive and timeconsuming to cleanconsuming to clean--up, and investors areup, and investors areespecially wary to lend money for redevelopment.especially wary to lend money for redevelopment.


A variety of programs are in place to encourageA variety of programs are in place to encouragebrownfieldbrownfield projects.projects.

USEPA :USEPA : BrownfieldsBrownfields Economic DevelopmentEconomic DevelopmentInitiative.Initiative.

The Conservation, Lender Liability and DepositThe Conservation, Lender Liability and DepositInsurance ActInsurance Act

Voluntary CleanVoluntary Clean--up Programs (VCP)up Programs (VCP)1818

Environmental ConstraintsEnvironmental Constraints

Wetlands, floodplains, odd shaped lots, and steepWetlands, floodplains, odd shaped lots, and steep

slopes are all possible reasons why parcels may haveslopes are all possible reasons why parcels may have

been skipped over in the natural course of development.been skipped over in the natural course of development.

The SolutionThe Solution::

Governing agencies can modify existing regulations onGoverning agencies can modify existing regulations on

parcels where infill would be desired.parcels where infill would be desired.

Strategies like clustering development can allow for one partStrategies like clustering development can allow for one part

of a parcel to be developed more densely in order to preserveof a parcel to be developed more densely in order to preserve

another portion.another portion.


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Community OppositionCommunity Opposition

There are two primary reasons why communitiesThere are two primary reasons why communities

oppose infill.oppose infill.

The fear of displacement of the poor when propertyThe fear of displacement of the poor when property

values rise as a result of new development invalues rise as a result of new development in

economically depressed neighborhoods.economically depressed neighborhoods.

Past experiences of poorly designed infill projects canPast experiences of poorly designed infill projects can

discourage neighbors.discourage neighbors.

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The SolutionThe Solution::

try to mitigate the negative effects of infill developmenttry to mitigate the negative effects of infill developmentby insuring that there is a large affordable housingby insuring that there is a large affordable housingcomponent in the proposed development, setting aside acomponent in the proposed development, setting aside aportion for lowportion for low--income residents and offering tax breaksincome residents and offering tax breaksto those most likely to beto those most likely to be priced outpriced out..

involving communities from the proposal stage andinvolving communities from the proposal stage andencouraging their input can create an empoweredencouraging their input can create an empoweredcommunity who is able to use their bargaining power tocommunity who is able to use their bargaining power toget a development that suits their needs.get a development that suits their needs.

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Recognize Successful v. Unsuccessful Infill ProjectsRecognize Successful v. Unsuccessful Infill Projects

SUCCESSFUL INFILLSUCCESSFUL INFILL

incorporate mixedincorporate mixed--use, a variety of housing.use, a variety of housing.

weave a fabric of land usesweave a fabric of land uses that support eachthat support eachother into an existing neighborhood.other into an existing neighborhood.

designed to safety, and scaled to the pedestrian.designed to safety, and scaled to the pedestrian.

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The Can Company,The Can Company,

Baltimore MDBaltimore MD

The Can Company in Baltimore, MD is an example of adaptiveThe Can Company in Baltimore, MD is an example of adaptive

reuse on a formerreuse on a former brownfieldbrownfield site.site.

It was the first project to use MarylandIt was the first project to use Marylands VCP, as well as thes VCP, as well as the

Federal Historic Preservation Tax Credit Initiative.Federal Historic Preservation Tax Credit Initiative.

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Denver Dry Goods, Denver CODenver Dry Goods, Denver CO

The Denver Dry Goods building is an example of aThe Denver Dry Goods building is an example of apublic/private partnership that has renovated a historic structupublic/private partnership that has renovated a historic structurereto accommodate mixed use.to accommodate mixed use.

It offers affordable and market rate housing, as well as retailIt offers affordable and market rate housing, as well as retail andandoffice space.office space.

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Unsuccessful Infill DevelopmentUnsuccessful Infill Development

Unsuccessful infill may incorporate autoUnsuccessful infill may incorporate auto--oriented projects, andoriented projects, andbe dominated by super blocks, parking lots, and wide roads.be dominated by super blocks, parking lots, and wide roads.

These may come in the form of big box retailers, or large officeThese may come in the form of big box retailers, or large officebuildings in use only from 9buildings in use only from 9--5.5.


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How to Evaluate Infill Development ?How to Evaluate Infill Development ?

Does the program have an infill component?Does the program have an infill component?

Have they encouraged infill by:Have they encouraged infill by:

Changing an antiquated comprehensive plan?Changing an antiquated comprehensive plan?

Created zoning that allows for mixedCreated zoning that allows for mixed--uses?uses?

Identified sites for potential infill development, and aligned tIdentified sites for potential infill development, and aligned themhemwith economic goals?with economic goals?

Created incentives for the developer to choose infill overCreated incentives for the developer to choose infill overgreenfieldgreenfield development?development?

Is the city accepting infill in any form, or do they have guidelIs the city accepting infill in any form, or do they have guidelinesinesthat encourage:that encourage:

Transit and pedestrianTransit and pedestrian--oriented development?oriented development?

Design that fits the character of the neighborhood?Design that fits the character of the neighborhood?

MixedMixed--income housing and mixedincome housing and mixed--use?use?

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Habitat Conservation PlansHabitat Conservation Plans

Transferable development rightsTransferable development rights Voluntary conservation schemesVoluntary conservation schemes

Green offsetsGreen offsets

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Coastline Management PlansCoastline Management Plans

Plans for natural water system managementPlans for natural water system management

Land Use Agreements / Joint ManagementLand Use Agreements / Joint Management

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Compact CityCompact City

Rogers, 1998:33

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(dwellings, services, workplaces)(dwellings, services, workplaces)

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Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development

IndicatorsIndicators

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(1999)1999917561~579

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(Sustainable Development Indicators)(Sustainable Development Indicators)

SDISDI

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(OECD)(OECD)PSRPSR(pressure)(pressure)(state)(state)(response)(response)

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PressurePressure

human activitieshuman activities

trade, and consumptiontrade, and consumption

The pressures Human Society

puts on the environment, as a

result of:

These activities, or Driving Forces, result in direct

pressures on the environment such as: pollutionpollution

resource depletionresource depletion

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StateState

Condition (typically of the

environment) that results

from the pressures,

e.g.pollution levels,

degree of land degradation

or extent of deforestation

These changed conditions may, in turn, affect

human health and well-being

One therefore needs an understanding of both

the State of the Environment as well as the

direct and indirect effects - or Impacts


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ResponseResponse

Relates to actions taken by society

either individually or collectively,

to prevent or mitigate against

negative environmental

impacts,

to correct existing damage,

or, to conserve natural resources

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Responses IncludeResponses Include

Regulatory action &Regulatory action &

Instruments of PolicyInstruments of Policy Public opinion & consumer preferencePublic opinion & consumer preference

Changed management strategiesChanged management strategies

Environmental or research expenditureEnvironmental or research expenditure

Provision of environmental informationProvision of environmental information

Do Not IncludeCoping Strategies: These tend to be State or Impacts, are less

easy to influence with policy instruments,

and are symptoms rather than causes

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There are a number of different

diagrams illustrating PSR

PressurePressure--StateState--ResponseResponse

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Adapted from: Pinter et al,

UNEP, IISD & Ecologistics

International, 1999

Condition

of the

Environment

Response to

Prevent / Reduce

Negative Impact

Human

Activities

that

Influence

the

environment

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Development of PSRDevelopment of PSR

PSR:

Pressure - State - Response

DSR:

Driving Force - State - Response

DPSIR:

Driving Force - Pressure - State - Impact - Response

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PSRPSRDSR (Driving forceDSR (Driving force--StateState--Response)Response)

linkages between pressures and responses, between the state andlinkages between pressures and responses, between the state andthe pressures, and from the state to the responsethe pressures, and from the state to the response

to better understand the consequences of policy and technologyto better understand the consequences of policy and technologyinterventionsinterventions

http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/dec/toolbox/Refer/EnvIndi.htm#DSR

Driving forces:Driving forces:

What is causingWhat is causingenvironmental conditionsenvironmental conditionschange?change?

State:State:

What are the effects ofWhat are the effects ofhuman being activities onhuman being activities onthe environment?the environment?

Responses:Responses:

What actions are beingWhat actions are beingtaken to respond to thetaken to respond to thechanges in the state ofchanges in the state ofenvironment?environment?


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Driving forces, such as industry and transport, produce Pressures on the environment, such as polluting emissions, which then

degrade the State of the environment, which then Impacts on human health and eco-systems, causing society to Respond with various policy measures, such as regulations, information

and taxes, which can be directed at any other part of the system 4444

(Toward(TowardSustainableSustainableEurope)Europe)

(Sustainable(SustainableSeattle)Seattle)

(UKSDI)(UKSDI)

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4646

(Environmental Sustainability Index, ESI)(Environmental Sustainability Index, ESI)

(World Economic(World EconomicForumForums Global Leaders for Tomorrow, GLT)s Global Leaders for Tomorrow, GLT) (the Yale Center for(the Yale Center forEnvironmental Law and Policy, YCELP)Environmental Law and Policy, YCELP)(Columbia University(Columbia UniversityCenter for International Earth Science InformationCenter for International Earth Science InformationNetwork, CIESIN)Network, CIESIN)20002000

(Environmental System)(Environmental System) (Reducing Stresses)(Reducing Stresses) (Reducing Human Vulnerability)(Reducing Human Vulnerability) (Social and Institutional Capacity)(Social and Institutional Capacity) (Global Stewardship)(Global Stewardship)

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4848

ESI


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20052005ESIESI20042004--20052005

5050

20052005

5151

19921992(Friends of the Earth(Friends of the Earth

Netherlands, FOEN)Netherlands, FOEN)(Action(ActionPlan Sustainable Netherlands)Plan Sustainable Netherlands)

2010201020102010(())

5252

5353

1.1.

//

2.2. ((1996)1996)

3.3.

4.4. //

5.5.

6.6. 5454

(Ecological Footprint)(Ecological Footprint) 19941994Rees &Rees &

WackernagelWackernagel ==**


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www .elements.nb.ca/ .../ janice/ harvey.htm

www.elements.nb.ca/ pub/ forum/ footprint/ ef.htm

http://www.ew.govt.nz/enviroinfo/indicators/community/sustainability/ecofoot/report.htm

5656

EF

5757

==++

5858

EF,A A(i) = (P+ I - E) / (Y*N) (i=1,2,3,4)

(equivalent factor)w

carry capacity of region,Y)

5959

Cropland Grazing Land Forest Built-up Land Fishing Ground Energy Land

6060

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6. CO2


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2.22.21.81.8--0.40.4

4.34.30.20.2--4.14.1

http://http://www.myfootprint.orgwww.myfootprint.org//

http://http://www.footprintnetwork.org/index.phpwww.footprintnetwork.org/index.php

11 UGB, Compact City

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