11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A...

56
1 1 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics International Politics A HEARTILY A HEARTILY WELCOME! WELCOME! Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg / / University of University of Applied Applied Sciences Sciences

Transcript of 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A...

Page 1: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

1111

Master of Business Administration

Module Module Culture & Politics:

International PoliticsInternational Politics

A HEARTILY WELCOME!A HEARTILY WELCOME!

Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZProf. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ 2./3. December 20112./3. December 2011

Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-SiegHochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg / / University of University of Applied Applied SciencesSciences

Page 2: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

22

Road Map

Who we are Political Science > International Politics & Theories Culture (Amartya Sen) IP Agents > UN, States, Regional Groupings, NGOs … Ten Global Trends IP Theories UN incl. the Bonn based organizations > UNCCD Vision of a better world The Meaning of Development Neglect of Political System Issues (Wangari Matthai) Democracy and Human Rights

Page 3: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

33

International Relations in the 21st Century > Millennium Declaration + MDGs

Relationship between Democracy, Good Governance and Development

Foreign Relations and Development Cooperation of Germany and the EU – “new” global players

Factors Responsible for (mal-)development – role of elites

Three guest speakers: Peter Croll (BICC), Bärbel Dieckmann (Deutsche Welthungerhilfe), Ursula Mogg (former MP)

Cross-cutting: NGOs

Page 4: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

44

MBA NGO-Management, 3rd group, starting in September 2011

Page 5: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

5555

At the end of the MBA Programme „NGO Management“ you‘ll get your degree

Regarding the IP Module, you are expected to answer 5 or 6 questions in the written exam (Klausur) scheduled for January 20, 2012

Page 6: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

6666

Political sciencePolitical science is an academic discipline that seeks is an academic discipline that seeks to studyto study

1.1. politicspolitics

2.2. politypolity

3.3. policypolicy

scientifically and to address empirical (factual) and scientifically and to address empirical (factual) and normative (ethical) questions.normative (ethical) questions.

Source:Source: Ellen Grigsby (2009): Analyzing Politics. An Introduction to Political Science, 4th ed., Wadsworth Ellen Grigsby (2009): Analyzing Politics. An Introduction to Political Science, 4th ed., Wadsworth

Page 7: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

7777

International Politics / IPInternational Politics / IP

IP: One of the most exciting subjects to study IP: One of the most exciting subjects to study

It deals with some of the central issues that affect our lives on It deals with some of the central issues that affect our lives on our globe.our globe.

The academic discipline of IP has traditionally focused on The academic discipline of IP has traditionally focused on questions of questions of peacepeace and and warwar, ,

but in recent years this agenda has broadened to include but in recent years this agenda has broadened to include issues such as issues such as developmentdevelopment, , climateclimate and and environmentenvironment, , human rights, human securityhuman rights, human security and and culture/religionculture/religion..

Page 8: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

88

Some political scientists regard Some political scientists regard cultureculture as a as a potentially crucial factor shaping state and potentially crucial factor shaping state and international policies.international policies.

What is culture?What is culture?In 2001 the UNESCO General Conference affirmed that“culture should be regarded as the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group, and that it encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs.”

Page 9: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

9999

Amartya SenAmartya Sen: : How Does Culture Matter? (2004)

Given the pervasive influence of culture in human life - the real issue is how - not whether - culture matters:

1. Culture is a constitutive part of development.2. Human beings influence and shape culture – and they are influenced

by culture. However, culture is is not uniquely pivotal in determining our lives and identities.

3. Culture and cultural factors influence economic behaviour, participation in societal and political interactions as well as orientations and values – positively and negatively.

4. Culture is not a homogeneous attribute - there can be great variations even within the same general cultural milieu; culture does not sit still; cultures interact with each other.

5. We cannot both want democracy, on the one hand, and yet, on the other, rule out certain choices, on traditionalist grounds, because of their “foreignness“. There are institutional demands for cultural democracy.

Sen, born 3 November 1933, is an Indian economist who was awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions to welfare economics and social choice theory, and for his interest in the problems of society's poorest members.

Page 10: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

10101010

Willy Brandt (1913-1992)Willy Brandt (1913-1992)

History has taught us that wars produce hunger, but History has taught us that wars produce hunger, but

we are less aware that mass poverty can lead to war or we are less aware that mass poverty can lead to war or end in chaos.end in chaos.

While hunger rules peace cannot prevail.While hunger rules peace cannot prevail.

He who wants to ban war, must also ban mass He who wants to ban war, must also ban mass poverty.poverty.

Source:Source: North-South Report (1980): A Programme for Survival, North-South Report (1980): A Programme for Survival,

An Introduction by W. B.: A Plea for Change - Peace, Justice, Jobs. LondonAn Introduction by W. B.: A Plea for Change - Peace, Justice, Jobs. London

Page 11: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

11111111

The map on the front cover is based upon the PETERS projection rather than the more familiar MERCATOR projection:

Page 12: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

12121212

IP = International Relations (IR)IP = International Relations (IR)IRIR represents the study of foreign affairs and global represents the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states and regional groupings within the issues among states and regional groupings within the international system.international system.

It includes the roles of states, inter-governmental It includes the roles of states, inter-governmental organisations (IGOs), NGOs and INGOs, multinational organisations (IGOs), NGOs and INGOs, multinational companies (MNCs or TNCs). companies (MNCs or TNCs).

It is considered as a branch of political science, but It is considered as a branch of political science, but should be treated as an interdisciplinary field of study should be treated as an interdisciplinary field of study and research.and research.

It deals with global policy-making today and the It deals with global policy-making today and the complexities of economic and financial, social and complexities of economic and financial, social and political transformations that continue to reshape power. political transformations that continue to reshape power. 

Page 13: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

1313

Power, state, nation, and intergovernmental / Power, state, nation, and intergovernmental / international organizations – and for me democracy international organizations – and for me democracy – are key concepts of political science.– are key concepts of political science.

MNCs, IGOs and NGOs (non-state, voluntary MNCs, IGOs and NGOs (non-state, voluntary groups that pursue political objectives) are more or groups that pursue political objectives) are more or less important than states (?) less important than states (?)

[Violent non-state actors, including groups such as Al-Qaeda ( > [Violent non-state actors, including groups such as Al-Qaeda ( > “new wars”) or criminal organizations, for example drug cartels]“new wars”) or criminal organizations, for example drug cartels]

NGOs are challenging the nation-state's sovereignty over internal matters through advocacy for societal issues, e.g. human rights and the environment.

Page 14: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

1414

Have a look at the following ten trends which will influence and change international politics*

Trend 1: World Financial CrisisTrend 2: End of the G7/8’s MonopolyTrend 3: Climate ChangeTrend 4: Rearmament and Fragile StatehoodTrend 5: Religion as a FactorTrend 6: UrbanisationTrend 7: MigrationTrend 8: Inequality of “life chances”Trend 9: Internationalisation of Science/TechnologyTrend 10: New Governance Mechanisms(further trends mentioned and discussed in the class: Democracy,

Food (In-) Security, International Crimes, Social Media)

* Source: Development and Peace Foundation/Institute for Development and Peace (eds.) (2010): Global Trends 2010. Peace – Development – Environment

Page 15: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

1515

 Trend 1: World Financial Crisis

The world financial crisis is a major setback to socioeconomic progress in large parts of the world, demonstrating conclusively that neoliberal paradigms are a spent force.

The economic consequences are being felt not only by the wealthy economies but also, and especially, by developing countries that are heavily dependent on foreign trade (especially commodities) and foreign capital inflows.

The economic progress achieved in recent years, especially in Africa, is at risk of being reversed.

Many emerging economies will be weakened for a transitional period, although their significance as new drivers of the world economy will increase overall.

Page 16: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

1616

Page 17: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

1717

Trend 2: End of the G7/8’s MonopolyThe world financial and economic crisis has finally discredited the

G7/8’s monopoly on exclusive club rule.

The resurgence of more multilateral approaches is reflected in the G20’s assumption of key consultation and, in some cases, leadership functions.

Page 18: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

1818

Trend 3: Climate ChangeClimate change has become the main driver of global environmental

change, with far-reaching implications for societies, economies and the international system.

In vulnerable regions of the world, it is likely to trigger new conflict constellations as a consequence of food crises, a decrease in freshwater availability, storm and flood disasters, and crisis-induced migration.

Page 19: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

1919

Trend 4: Rearmament and Fragile Statehood

Security, as a policy field, is characterised by shifting and sometimes inconsistent trends:

Armed conflicts have been in decline since 1993.

But numerous countries continue to experience sporadic outbreaks of violence and are affected by fragile statehood; this applies especially to sub-Saharan Africa.

In parallel, a decade of rearmament has been observed since the end of the 1990s.

Multilateral arms control is in crisis, and a further proliferation of nuclear weapons is likely.

[New threats for peace[New threats for peace > > Conflict prevention – human security]Conflict prevention – human security]

Page 20: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

2020

Page 21: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

2121

Trend 5: Religion as a Factor

The West has long underestimated the significance of religion as a factor in international and transnational relations.

In the academic discipline of “international relations” in particular, exercise of power and willingness to cooperate have generally been analysed in terms of the rational calculations of a “homo economicus”.

By contrast, the assumption of power by Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran back in 1979 and the ending of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan by mujahideen fighters were some of the first signs that global politics is crucially influenced by politico-religious identities and ideologies as well.

Page 22: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

2222

Page 23: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

2323

Trend 6: UrbanisationThe urbanisation process is steadily continuing.

As of 2007, more of the world’s people live in cities than rural regions, with most urban growth taking place in the emerging economies and developing countries.

The rise of megacities, most of which are located in the developing countries, poses a major development challenge.

Page 24: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

2424

Trend 7: Migration

The number of international migrants has increased threefold since 1960.

Although the proportion of migrants in the world population is fairly stable, the relative importance of migrants in the “ageing” industrial societies is increasing.

Migration has become the central human factor in transnational globalisation and, in view of the substantial rise in the number of women migrants, is increasingly acquiring a “female face”.

As the dark side of globalisation, human trafficking has become a multi-billion-dollar industry.

Page 25: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

2525

Page 26: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

2626

Trend 8: Inequality of “life chances”

There continues to be extreme inequality of “life chances” between and within world regions and societies, with the gap continuing to widen in some cases.

Sub-Saharan Africa in particular is lagging further and further behind; this region has bucked the global trend in that life expectancy here is decreasing, and as in South Asia, the health MDGs, for example, will not be achieved.

In contrast, East Asia is a “winner region” – albeit accompanied by growing social polarisation.

Page 27: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

2727

Page 28: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

2828

Trend 9: Internationalisation of Science/TechnologyScientific and technological progress is becoming increasingly

“internationalised” in its organisation.

This is an outcome of greater market openness, but it is also a response to global problems.

The ongoing conflicts of interest over rules to protect intellectual property rights remain difficult.

Page 29: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

2929

Trend 10: New Governance Mechanisms

The hierarchical approach to global governance is increasingly being supplemented – and indeed in some cases supplanted – by new horizontal governance mechanisms.

These may be exclusive or inclusive in terms of the participation of various actors.

They often facilitate solutions to problems where multilateral processes have stalled and hegemonic approaches are likely to fail.

But they are not a panacea: multilateral governance structures remain indispensable in order to maximise coherence and provide a legitimate framework for action.

Page 30: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

3030

Page 31: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

31313131

Main IP Theories

1. Realism

2. Idealism / liberalism

3. Institutionalism

4. Regime theory

5. Marxism

Page 32: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

3232http://www3.uni-bonn.de/einrichtungen/universitaetsverwaltung/organisationsplan/archiv/175-jahre-karl-marx-an-der-universitaet-bonn/at_download/file

1818-1883

www.dradio.de/images/32856/square

Page 33: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

3333

Two models of analysis for interpretation of international relations have been very influential:

A. Realism asserts that

1. Governments cannot count on the existence of a peaceful and cooperative human nature to produce harmonious interactions.

2. States exist in a condition of anarchy in which there is no ultimate enforcer of rules.

3. Foreign policy must be based on a state's need to protect and advance its own power, not on morality (if power and morality come into conflict). (“Realpolitik”)(“Realpolitik”)

4.4. SStates are self-interested, power-seeking rational actors, who seek to maximize their security and chances of survival.

5. International political relations are prone to conflict; state security is understood primarily as military security.

Cf. Ellen Grigsby: Analyzing Politics. An Introduction to Political Science, 4., rev. ed.., Wadsworth 2009, 251-288, 256

Page 34: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

3434

B. IdealismIdealism (or liberalism) asserts that (or liberalism) asserts that

1. States / governments should pursue ethical and moral principles in foreign policy.

2. Human nature is rational and capable of peace.3. States mutually gain from international cooperation; they

should promote human security (“quality-of-life security”).

4. International organizations and institutions have the capacity to promote peace and human security, human rights and democracy. The international “regimes” affect the behaviour of states or other international actors (< Regime theory).

5. States tend to exist in a world that looks increasingly interdependent to many idealists such as liberal institutionalists.

Page 35: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

35353535

Source: Robert Kappel (2010): On the Economics of Regional Powers: Comparing China, India, Brazil, and South Africa (GIGA), Hamburg

The Multipolar World and Transnational NetworksNetworks are exercising increasing influence. As a result of international regimes, suprana-tional institutions, and transnational networks (TNNs), the nation-state’s power is limited.

< Emerging Powers

[BRICS]

Page 36: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

36363636

The unique organization whose activities are The unique organization whose activities are universally legitimized.universally legitimized.

The UN plays a critical role in developing The UN plays a critical role in developing values and norms important for a broad range values and norms important for a broad range of activities of states and non-state actors.of activities of states and non-state actors.

The most international address for IP is the The most international address for IP is the UN (* 1945) in New York with the 192 UN (* 1945) in New York with the 192 member-states member-states (Idealism + Regime theory)(Idealism + Regime theory)::

Page 37: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

37373737

The work of the United Nations:The work of the United Nations:www.un.org/en/aboutun/index.shtml www.un.org/en/aboutun/index.shtml

1.1. reaches every corner of the globe reaches every corner of the globe 2.2. best known for peacekeeping, peacebuilding, conflict prevention best known for peacekeeping, peacebuilding, conflict prevention

and humanitarian assistanceand humanitarian assistance3.3. there are many other ways the United Nations and its System there are many other ways the United Nations and its System

(specialized agencies, funds and programmes) affect our lives and (specialized agencies, funds and programmes) affect our lives and try to make the world a better place. try to make the world a better place.

4.4. works on a broad range of fundamental issues > works on a broad range of fundamental issues > - sustainable development, environment and refugees protection, - sustainable development, environment and refugees protection,

disaster relief, counter terrorism, disarmament and non-disaster relief, counter terrorism, disarmament and non-proliferation, proliferation, - promoting democracy, human rights, gender equality and the - promoting democracy, human rights, gender equality and the advancement of women, governance, economic and social advancement of women, governance, economic and social development and international health, clearing landmines, development and international health, clearing landmines, expanding food production, and more, in order to achieve its goals expanding food production, and more, in order to achieve its goals and coordinate efforts for a safer world for this and future and coordinate efforts for a safer world for this and future generations. generations.

Page 38: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

3838

Page 39: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

3939

Very important directions for a better life – Very important directions for a better life – for a vision of a better world - are to be for a vision of a better world - are to be found in:found in:

A. The UN Charter A. The UN Charter

B. The Universal Declaration of Human B. The Universal Declaration of Human RightsRights

C. The Millennium Declaration and the C. The Millennium Declaration and the MDGsMDGs

Page 40: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

40404040

A. Charter of the United Nations, signed on 26 June 1945

Objectives of the United NationsObjectives of the United Nations

PREAMBLEWE THE PEOPLES …HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS TO

ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS

1. To maintain international peace and security,

2. To bring about by peaceful means adjustment or settlement of international disputes,

3. To develop friendly relations among nations,

4. To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems.

Page 41: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

41414141

BB. . Universal Declaration of Human RightsUniversal Declaration of Human Rights, 10.12.1948, 10.12.1948

PREAMBLEPREAMBLE

Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, …foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, …

……the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom freedom of of speechspeech and and beliefbelief and freedom from and freedom from fearfear and and wantwant … … (< so-called 4 (< so-called 4 freedoms)freedoms)

Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, …standards of life in larger freedom, …

Now, Therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS Now, Therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTSUNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations …common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations …

Page 42: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

4242

C. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly[without reference to a Main Committee (A/55/L.2)]

55/2. United Nations Millennium DeclarationThe General Assembly Adopts the following Declaration:United Nations Millennium DeclarationI. Values and principlesWe, heads of State and Government, have gathered at United

Nations Headquarters in New York from 6 to 8 September 2000, at the dawn of a new millennium, to reaffirm our faith in the Organization and its Charter as indispensable foundations of a more peaceful, prosperous and just world.

2. We recognize that, in addition to our separate responsibilities to our individual societies, we have a collective responsibility to uphold the principles of human dignity, equality and equity at the global level. As leaders we have a duty therefore to all the world’s people, especially the most vulnerable and, in particular, the children of the world, to whom the future belongs.

Page 43: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

4343

6. We consider certain fundamental values to be essential to international

relations in the twenty-first century. These include:

1) Freedom

2) Equality

3) Solidarity

4) Tolerance

5) Respect for nature

6) Shared responsibility

Page 44: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

4444

In order to translate these shared values into actions, we have identified key objectives to which we assign special significance:

I. Peace, security and disarmament

II. Development and poverty eradication

III. Protecting our common environment

IV. Human rights, democracy and good governance

V. Protecting the vulnerable

VI. Meeting the special needs of Africa

VII. Strengthening the United Nations

Page 45: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

4545

The eight MDGs 2000/2001, UNGoal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

Goal 4: Reduce child mortality

Goal 5: Improve maternal health

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

Millennium Declaration, Sept. 2000: Peace, Security & Disarmament; Human Rights, Democracy and Good Governance # culture

The German government's contribution to the realization of these goals is enshrined in its cross-departmental Program of Action 2015, for which the BMZ is the lead ministry.

Page 46: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

4646

The MDGs may pave the way to a more

peaceful, prosperous and just world.

They are a – restricted, faulty – vision for a better word.

The MDGs do not directly address some important issues such as democracy or peace – and some problems are underestimated (e.g. the instability of financial markets, population increase).

Essential goals/targets/indicators are missing from the MDGs – especially in areas of industrialized countries’ commitments.

The goals are ambitious - but progress is possible.

Page 47: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

4747

Goal 1Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Target 1: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day 

Target 2: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, incl. women and young people

Target 3: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger 

Page 48: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

4848

How to measure development?

The two most prominent figures are given by the

WORLD BANK (GNI per capita)

and the

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (Human Development Index)

Page 49: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

4949

World Bank (2011): World Development Report 2012, Washington

Gross national income (GNI) per capita is used to determine the following income classifications:

1. low income, USD 1,005 or less in 2010;

2. middle income, USD 1,006—$12,275;

3. high income, USD 12,276 and above.

A further division at GNI per capita USD 3,975 is made between lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income economies.

Page 50: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

5050

1. LICs (USD 1,005 or less in 2010): Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, D.R. of Congo, Kenya, Nepal, Nigeria, Tanzania

2.a LMCs (USD 1,006-3,975): Angola, Cape Verde, India, Morocco …

2.b UMCs (USD 3,976-12,275): Botswana, China, Cuba, Colombia, FYR Macedonia, Mexico, Peru, Russian Federation …

3. HICs (USD 12,276 and above): Barbados, Croatia, Rep. of Korea, Germany, Taiwan, USA …

Page 51: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

5151

UNDP: Human Development Reports since 1990UNDP: Human Development Reports since 1990

UNDP’s Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite index measuring average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development:

1. a long life (life expectancy)2. access to knowledge (literacy rate), 3. a decent standard of living (using the power

purchasing parity exchange rate).

Silent on the quality of the political system

Page 52: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

5252

Calculating the HDI

Page 53: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

5353

Four groups of HDI countriesLow/medium/high/very high HD: A classification of countries based on

the value of the HDI according to the most recent data. The ranges are

1. 0.942-0.793 for very high HDI: 47 countries or areas: e.g. Norway (rank 1), USA (4), Germany (9), Rep. of Korea (15), Greece (29), Barbados (47)

2. 0.783-0.698 for high HDI: 47 countries: Uruguay (47), Cuba (51), Mexico (57), Russian Federation (66), Costa Rica (69), Mauritius (77), FYR Macedonia (78), Peru (80), Brazil (84), Colombia (87), Iran (88), Tunisia (94)

3. 0.698-0.522 for medium HDI: 47 countries: Jordan (95), China incl. Taiwan (101), Egypt (113), Botswana (118), Namibia (120), South Africa (123), Indonesia (124), Morocco (130), India (134), Cape Verde (133), Ghana (135), Bhutan (141)

4. 0.510-0.286 for low HDI: 46 countries: Solomon Islands (142), Kenya (143), Bangladesh (146), Tanzania (152), Nigeria (156), Nepal (157), Uganda (161), Sudan (169), Afghanistan (172), Zimbabwe (173), Mali (175), Burkina Faso (181), Chad (183), D.R. Congo (187)

UNDP (2011): Human Development Report 2011, New York

http://link.brightcove.com/services/player/bcpid43942729001?bctid=659474810001 – Video Report 2010

Page 54: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

54545454

Neglect of political system Neglect of political system issuesissues

Page 55: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

55555555

Development theories (modernisation, dependency) laid Development theories (modernisation, dependency) laid no great emphasis on the question of political no great emphasis on the question of political systems.systems.

Very often, development meant economic growth.Very often, development meant economic growth.

During theDuring the Cold War, the “West” and “Cold War, the “West” and “East” were East” were primarily looking for friends in the Third World and primarily looking for friends in the Third World and didn’t care much about the question if their “friends” didn’t care much about the question if their “friends” were democrats or dictators. were democrats or dictators. (aid darlings – aid (aid darlings – aid orphans)orphans)

Page 56: 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ.

56565656

Wangari Maathai – Nobel LectureWangari Maathai – Nobel LectureOslo, December 10, 2004Oslo, December 10, 2004

http://nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=867http://nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=867    Although initially the Green Belt Movement’s tree planting activities Although initially the Green Belt Movement’s tree planting activities did not address issues of democracy and peace, it soon became clear that did not address issues of democracy and peace, it soon became clear that

responsible governance of the environment was impossible without responsible governance of the environment was impossible without democratic space. Therefore, the tree became a symbol for the democratic democratic space. Therefore, the tree became a symbol for the democratic struggle in Kenya. … Through the Green Belt Movement, thousands of struggle in Kenya. … Through the Green Belt Movement, thousands of ordinary citizens were mobilized and empowered to take action and effect ordinary citizens were mobilized and empowered to take action and effect change. They learned to overcome fear and a sense of helplessness and change. They learned to overcome fear and a sense of helplessness and moved to defend democratic rights.moved to defend democratic rights.

In time, the tree also became a symbol for peace and conflict resolution, In time, the tree also became a symbol for peace and conflict resolution, especially during ethnic conflicts in Kenya when the Green Belt Movement especially during ethnic conflicts in Kenya when the Green Belt Movement used peace trees to reconcile disputing communities. used peace trees to reconcile disputing communities.

As we progressively understood the causes of environmental degradation, we As we progressively understood the causes of environmental degradation, we saw the need for good governance. saw the need for good governance.

Culture plays a central role in the political, economic and social life of Culture plays a central role in the political, economic and social life of communities. Indeed, culture may be the missing link in the development communities. Indeed, culture may be the missing link in the development of Africa. Culture is dynamic and evolves over time, consciously of Africa. Culture is dynamic and evolves over time, consciously discarding retrogressive traditions, like female genital mutilation (FGM), discarding retrogressive traditions, like female genital mutilation (FGM), and embracing aspects that are good and useful.and embracing aspects that are good and useful.

  Wangari Maathai – Nobel LectureWangari Maathai – Nobel Lecture

Oslo, December 10, 2004Oslo, December 10, 2004http://nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=867http://nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=867