11/ $. ˜' ( ) *+, -+) ˜ - جامعة الملك سعودG ˘ /X DsD @ W ˘
Transcript of 11/ $. ˜' ( ) *+, -+) ˜ - جامعة الملك سعودG ˘ /X DsD @ W ˘
�� �������� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�1� ������ ,�2016��1437 !�
– 19 –
����� ����� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�1�# # , 19 − 42 ������ ,�2016��1437 !�
����� �� �� � � ���� ������� ���� �����
������� � � �! � �"��� ��� #� $��% $��&� � ��� �
��' (�) *+, -+)�� $��./11
%&��� '( )* +,�- +./0� ��/�1 � 2 3*�� � 427�07�1436; !3*�� 6'47 2 03�02�1437 !�
���2345: 89 :; �<�, �� )= !>�. ?@�� A � B� C 2 %&� �� '( ) * +,� - +. /0� � �/�1 2 ��� �� %/ �*D( 2 �D�/�E� >�1, �� >�'F ��, 2 >�'��G�� >�1,� %/ �<�, �� �*D( )- H�I97�96 � ���� J70� K�, �� 6LM�� ���/ %/ N+��/1435�1436 ! P�DQ��R ��� � 8��G�� ��� �� ,� D@S� T�17
UF %/ ����8*����D�� �D�V 2 ��W4X �F,������ �D�V7 ,>�/�����7 Y�<�Z� �D�V7 ,J[(0�7 +,��\� �D�V7 P >� ']�� �� 8@�7; _ ' � 1�, � ����/ ) 8�Raju, 1977� �M9 a@��b-�c>�4�W�� , 7 6D�d@�� eQ�@- >,�fX:; g 9 ]�� >��� 8@� ����� h<�@�� i� j; ;��( 6IR >�']�� >U/��/>�' �0P67� eQ� @*�� >�klX7 ,
HmX�47P92 �%%( �o >�']�� 6/��/ ��p qDr ;���'8/ >�'F >U/��s )�H@t ����� %/ �0P70�>�1, �� 6Dt7 , 2 N� 9�'F 6 4X m� I9 mX :; � D�� � D�V 2 T�S0� >�D�I�� >�1,� %/ h<�@�� P eQ�@- >,�fX7�uvV w�/ � �4U( ��17 :; JU8@<U� x � 4U( �� 17 � (7 ,+���� T�@W/7 +���� �1,� >�'F x
�o as@*9 a@�� �D�I��7 +���� �1,� >�'F P y* / 2 b�, @�� � zD! B�{(X >�<,�| 2 yC���� >7�M@�� ��IR� �D'�W�� ,�F}� %/ Z� +,7~ �<�, �� )�7X7�M�@��� >�D�I�� ��W4X 2 >�'��G�� >�1, ��,< bI�*� u���7 �r�/ ���- ��'9� JUS %/ ��j7 ,>�']�� �( N�'�� %/ �D'W*�� m�p70 �� �, B�*FX 2 >�1,
��@��D�/�E� >�D�I�� P
�7��8�� �94:��: ,�D<�, �� >�,�8�� >�1,� ,�1�, �����/ ,�S� �� ��W9�� >�'F>�1, �� ��{9P _________________________________________________________________________________
Reliability estimate for university Scores in a sample of courses
in Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University in light of some of the variables
Basel Khamis Salem Abu Foudeh(1) Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University (Received 16/05/2015; accepted 15/11/2015)
Abstract: Reliability estimate for university Scores in a sample of courses in Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University in light of some of the variables. The study aimed to estimate the relaiability of the university Scores in the sample of the courses at the University of
Princess Noura Abdul Rahman for girl. The sample of the study consisted of scores in (96) of the courses presented in the first semester of
the academic year 2014/2015. The Courses were selected randomly cluster which comprises in the three sections in the Colleges of Education, Science, Computer and information, and business and management. To estimate the relaiability the researcher applied Raju
equation. The results of the analysis indicated the low reliability coefficients in general were the average for the consistency estimates (0.67).
The results indicated that (47.92%) of the courses acceptable reliability which are increases reliability coefficient for her (0.70). The scores in College of Education tends to be less reliability in the average compared to other colleges. The results of the chi - square test of
independence were existence of a relationship between the degree of reliability of the Courses and the level of Courses, and there is no
relationship between the degree of reliability of the Courses and the college to which they belong. The study recommended the need to reduce the negative effects of the problem of apparent disparity in the practices of faculty members in the grades awarded to students at
various colleges in the university departments, which reflected negatively on the reliability.
Key words: Reliability, Internal Consistency ,Raju equation, Scores courses, Grade inflation.
_________________________________________________________________________________
�1�%&��� '( )* +,�- +./0� ��/�1 ,�D�� �D�V ,bM*�� ��( �W8 , (�W/ j�@<X ������ ,�����W�� �D���� �I�s�� , Y #�84428� u ���� �/��� ,�11671�
(1) Assistant Professor, Dep. Of Educational Psychology, College of Education,
Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University.
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box (84428) , Postal Code: (11671)
g7I�\� ����: [email protected] e-mail:
�X ��< b D� 6 <� +��=: ����� %/ �*D( 2 �D�/�E� >�1, �� >�'F �� 89PPP
– 20 –
������
�7 ����� >�W<��� �[@!� ���@� N� /�� �DsD��@� �D�X �'W ;�UG�� 6DLd@�� ���89 �D��<� ��� � ) M�@S� [ k/7 ,���8@�� eQ�@- :; *@W9 a@�� >�,��8�� ��@ � a @�� >� /����� �m� = ,� 9�7�X7 ��� 8@�� �D�� <X ���_X wD� �� �D��<0� ��! JUS %/ �kD�; 6��@��
�DsD��@�� �D�s��� PR �� D8�� >�7�X u��97 �� ( 6I .=�9 2 N�D<�<X N�,7� #�L�� �17 �( >�,�'@S��7 j� �7 ��� 8@�� � D�s( ¡'W 9 a @�� >� /����� �� ! �� D8�� >�7�� � 8]�� �1,� >���p� [�I= ,>�,��8��>�,�� 8�� � 4� >���p� ,>� /����� w � 2 �/ �@W��
� ,���R ��2007# ,� P256 P� ��� -,�F .R �7%1�!7 �Thorndike & Hagen, 1986 � 1�� � �-X :;
��� 89 2 >�,� '@S�� �� �@ <� % ( ¢� <�*/ ¢6� 2 7X ��/�E� 2 J�'8�� ��M�� ���= �mX qDr ,6DLd@�� 2 � k88£ a @�� � 1, �� B� C 2 ,� 8@� x�/ ¤L
�/ ,�'@S�P % / . ]I�� N[ k/ N� <�<X >�1, �� 6IR 97
�� >�W <��� 2 >�,��8��7 >�B��1\� w D� 2 � �� ��- �k17 %/ >�1, �� �� 89 �mX qDr ,�D��@�� 6r��/ � d@� � /�o� 6Q� <��� rX � �9 �DsD��@�� >�W<��� � Ds���V0� >���@W �� B�=��� 2 ���G�� +B�MV T�@W/ � ( � 9, 8 � �'*@��7 ,>�W <��� � �9 � k'�G@9 a @��
�D�'8@W�� �@<�,� 2 ¥��*��� ,����<1995�# , P72P� ���G�� >�1,� �, mX :; x��� A� ��*�7 �MW �M � 4U( >�j �� Ir0 w{ � �DQ�Lr; �D�s( T� � x r 2 ,�, �� �MW �= 7X � DsD��@�� �W <��� �� Ir0 N� D�V w{ ak= ;N�/�t bI��� �S}� A�'��
�DsD��@�� �W<��� �MW�= %sC �@MW�=7 �, �� � ,+��(2010# ,� P304�P
+ /��r7 +�� ( .R�7�1996# ,� P440 � :; � �'*@�� ,� D�sV 6 s�9 �, �� �k�{� a@�� �1, �� �mX j; ;6 s��� m� D/ 2 � '�G�� ¥� �* 7X � (X T�@W s � '�G�� �� /X � DsD��@�� �W <��� �D�7�W/ T / bI�9 >� <,[�� � D���= T /7 ,,� /0� B� D�7X7 �kW M-X
��j7 ,��/�E� 2 �DW�, @�� % / � 1, �� � D�; u��9 �� ¥� �*7 ws@��� 7 �kW M- � �/�E� ¡ ��@9 >�,�� 4
+��R*�� �� !0� ¡D8¦ 2 ��R= 7X ���G��P +�� ( y C��7�2010# ,� P304 � 6 ��¦ mX
u��� 6IR�� ,�'@S�� ���� 2 �Id@�� 7X >�1, �� u��� T �� %sC >�1, �� w�p�9 2 ��G@�� :; u���
W<��� �� ¦ >�1, �� �MW�M� N�V�k@-� � �� ,�DsD��@�� � J�r N�§�W9 ���G�� .]� 4 ;¨�k@-�� ��o ��D@-7 ,�kD= 2 ���r %/ �6V �IR�7 ,� �X �sD4 �1, �� m�V �j; �/ �j; � 1, �� �D�� �DIR@�� ���7 ,�9�, 8� �k�D]t T /
N�{M�*/ �d�� �( ���'*@�� ��, 4 )-�VP
�� �������� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�1� ������ ,�2016��1437 !�
– 21 –
X >� �9 8�7 6DL ¦ ��D4 2 >�1, �� �s�- B� G(; � D�s( �mX q Dr ,a�/� E� �D ��@�� 2 � '�G�� % / �� ! B�1 ��]s �9 xD�/�E� YUG�� >��� 8@�� +�� 1 � � I£ u� �� ,�D��� ak= ;B��0� �DD89 �D�s( �!,� /X B� D�7X7 �kW M-X � '�G�� �� /X �W <���
�M�@��� 6s��� >��� 2 x/ �@W��7(Grounland &
Linn, 1990)P � DG�� .R �7 �1994� � 4 >� �/�E� �mX :;
,� '�G�� >� 1,� �� 8@� �M�@� �Ds��89 ©j[- > s@(��k*/ : �7�Z� ���-7 ,u�z�� ���*�� � ! ,� ,© ,Y ,X �
ª�8*�� :; �1� u����4 ,3 ,2 ,1 ,0� �� �*�� ���V7 , a�M��� ���*��7 ,�<�, ,y1�- � D1 ,p�@| , D1 ,N� 1
�D�C ,h<�@/P� J� ��� �� ! 2 xs@k�� A� *( �(�*4 ¨�*!7 >�,� '@(� �@ � [-; ,�S« �( >�1,� ���- 6D{M9 �m�
�k*/ :� ��-�I/;7 ,�k=� !X7 ,� �/�E� �MW �= P .R 97 *W���1992� � �D ��@�� >�W <�/ 2 � '�G�� �DD89 �mX
�� �L8*� �-X ��<X �( 8*�� �C�( ¬���� q Dr ,>�'] % / � (�s� �'W � �j7 ;�8W@/ eQ�@- �*( �MW� �
�k*/ ,6/����� : 4 �k{ �'= ;x*d@s�� x �U@S�� � S}� A�' �� [* D ,>�1, �� y* / 2 N[�� V m� I� %d@ s�� T � ��W 9�� � ( ���V ,�kd*/ 2 N�� R@/ bM*� N�M�@� >�1,� ,�'@S�� bM*� aG�� 8= , r����
��1\��M�@� >�'<�*/ 2P
*W �� >� Vj 8��1992� � �� 89 � �- mX ,J�sR ��7 �D(� C��� % ( �@'9 �D�/�E� >�1, �� 2 >��� 8@�� � �- J�r ���{8�� %/ � ��� ,�]9 qDr �D{ 8V ,�'W @I�� >�(�W �� ���- ¡'G9 a@�� >��/�E� 2 � Ds���� ��W 40� �k/ 89 a @�� >��� 8@�� 2 +��?��
E� �� !>� �/� P � D� ,� fX7�Bligh, 1988 � �mX :; mX uX ,>�']�� �L8*� a�/�E� �D��@�� 2 YUG�� ���89 �zD! B�{(X �U@S� :; ��j w1��7 ;�8W@/ .® ��Q�@- ��-� V m; ¯ @r >�1, �� B�G(; 2 �k*D [D= b�, @�� � �*�� >� k17 �U@ S� N�� �- ;,�8�� bM- m�<, �
����� >�MW�M��7� ° m� */�� a@�� P 6 /��( ¨� *!7 kE�V �'�G�� >�1, �� B�G(; �D�s( 2 6S� @9 T�SX ¨�� <7 ,B��0� % �W¦7 ,��*�� 6s��� ��r7 ,J7�'��
g7��@�� �'�G���Barnes, 1985, p. 46 - 49P� 7� �� 89 a = � 9 (X ¨. �Birk, 2000 �
:; >,� fX ��{ 9 �� 17 >� �/�E� >� 1,� 2 ��7�D���� !��� ,��( aM= 1984 � X ±��1 ¢� <�,� ) � (
� D�V YU _ �,� Board Hx '9 J�L r � oUS % / �28�% � 1,� �( YUG�� %/ �X�,�� ( 27 � 1999�� 7 ) ?� �kW M- � 1, �� � ( 6L r % / mX x '9
�k@'W-� 39�%; �uX �!, 4 +���p ¨�*! mX �11�% JU S �15 ��*< P
�X ��< b D� 6 <� +��=: ����� %/ �*D( 2 �D�/�E� >�1, �� >�'F �� 89PPP
– 22 –
� [D=7 .R � � D�/�E� >�1, �� ��{ @ ¡��@I<�1� �Schwager, 2012� ��{ 9 J� r � @��8/ 2
YUG�� >�1, ����/�� �9�W *D/ � ��7 � (�s� :;0� %/ Y�'<� >�1, �� ��{@� k*/ ,�D�/�E�: < a�
� °UG ²� M@rU� � DsD��@�� >�W <���7 , �� �@ <� ��M9�/ >[DD89 �( J�Ld�� �D����� >� ��� 6 '4 %/
�W <��� � DsD��@�� � D�s��� YU G�� P7 �� �@ <�� y* � �� <�V � D9����7 � D�=� �� 6 /����� ���@��
YU G�� >�1, �� 8= , s���� A � � ���x :; 6/����� A� �� �@<�,6]/ : �� �@-�7 � ��G�� +��]/
y*� ��<�V >�³�ds�� �,�{rYUG�� >�1, �� ,9 ���V <,�|7 >�<�D< .D? >� � zD! B�{ (X A �
y*� b�, @��YUG�� >�1, ��, � 9� u� �� � /0� ��M9,� �D�( ��M�-� 7X��� �/P
a @�� 6 /����� � !X % / >�']��7 � L�� � ��7 ,�'@S� 2 ¡8d@9 a@�� >�-�D'�� ��*� �<�*�� mp��� � ¦ �� ?�� >� -�D'�� � sQU/ :; � L �� .R � qDr ,�/
� �1X % / � �@W@< u��� � k= >� ']�� � /X ,� 1, �� N� 9�'F � ]V0� >�-�D'��= ,>�-�D'�� �4 � aQ�Lr\� ´���
N�9�'F 640� >�-�D'�� %/ �(X N�-p7 ¯G�9P ,>� ']�� 6 /��/ �� 8@� � 8��_ %/ �]VX ¨�*!7
,��8@ <�� >� 'F 6/��/ ¨�*k= �m�IW ��� �Stability � x ª� '9,�� 6 /��/ Y�W r � ( � 9�I= ��89 u���
1,� +��(;7 �8D'G9 *( ,�'@S�� �( �'�G�� �(�s� >� ,:70� +� �� 2 ¡D'G@�� �( �D*/p += ,7�/ � �8D'G9
+ M�� � �9 JUS N�@�F �sW�� m�I9 mX �M� qDr P�=�I@�� >�'F 6/��/ ¨�*!7 �Equivalence � �@ � qDr
�( �'�G�� %/ �*D( >�1,� x ª�'9,�� 6/��/ Y�Wr,�'@S�� ,� '@S� � ( ��� 1,�7 �9�'F Y�Wr Y�®���
7X �sW �� b M- bD 8�7 ,J70� ,� '@SU� Bµ�I/ �S« � (�s��� b M- �( m�,�'@S�� ¡'G� qDd ,�D����
a */p 6 ��M7 ) 4��� bM* P >� 'F 6 /��/ ¨� *!7 �=� I@�� ,��8@ <��Stability – Equivalence � �� 897
x ª�'9,�� 6/��/ Y�Wr �( �9�I= �(�s� >�1,� �� 17 w / ,� '@SU� x@z=� I@/ x9,� � � ( >�']��
¡ D'G@�� ±¶ H� / x N�D'W - 6 ��_ a*/p 6��= � ,+�� (2010# , P341 − 344 P� J� ��� ��! 2 +,�f\� , c7
,>�,� 8/ %/ �*<,� �/ �<�,� m �� � >�'��G�� mX :;�= ¬�@��7 ,�WM- ,�8s�� �z=�I@/ ,�� 1�9 � [V %/ ��-
� z=�I@�� ,�L��7 +��(\� a±@8��_ �� �@<� %Is�� .®�D�/�E� >�1, �� >�'F �� 89 2P
� a @�� �S� �� ��W9�� >�'F >U/��/ ¨�*!7 �� ! % /7 ,+ r�7 +� / ,� '@S�� ¡ D'G9 �; � �G@9
>U/���� : � M�X ·� '-7�V 6 /��/7 ,�DML *�� � 8��G�������/ 6]/ ,�8@R�� >������7,��V - m�<�,�R @�,
207 21 Y�W r � ( +� IM�� ��897 ,m�t�1 �����/7 ,
�� �������� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�1� ������ ,�2016��1437 !�
– 23 –
2 � �S� �� >�� 8M�� w D� � ( ª� '9,�� >U/� �/,� '@S�� � ,+�� (2010# ,� P344 – 352� � � *!7 ,
2 �V� �� �8�< �S� �� ��W9�� ��_ �� �@<� %Is� ª´ ¡ 8¦ � �� N���- ;�D�/�E� >�1, �� >�'F �� 89
@��� D�/�E� >�1, �� >�-�I� �=�I �Qualls, 1995� ,¨��� .R�7 �Duke, 1983 � � D�/�E� >�4�W �� �mX :;
2 %�� '@�� 6 D�¦ � D�X % / 6�8� ��!7 , N�z=�I@/ )WD� >�1, �� � /0� ¡ ��@� �/ *( >�']�� >�´�/ �� 89
� D�/�E� P % ( +�=�� @�� >� <�D8�� � �D'_ ) -�V � �7�/�E� >�1, �� >� ']�� �� 89 ¡Q��_ ���'@<� ¸@89 �D
T� SX �D�� <X %( qd'�� %/ � � m�V ;�V��� �8�<�D�/�E� >�1, �� >�']�� �� 8@�P
>� -�I/ x up�� @�� % / ©j[ - �FUF ¨�*!7 a! ©j[*�� ��!7 ,�D�I�� �1, ��(Feldet & Brennan,
1989) :aID <UI�� up��@�� ©j�s- : ©j� s*�� �� !7 9 �]VX �D�W Z� >�G <�@�� u7�W 9 � �G@� j; ;N�� R
�G�� >�1, ��7 �D8D8Z� >�1, �� >���p�9 >�*��'97 �kW 9 mX � ¹ uX ,� D�I�� � 1, �� � -�I�� B�� 1º� %�� '9 %/ �WM- ,� 8�� �DQ�k*�� �1, �� �-�I�� B��10� ,� D�I�� � 1, �� � G�� >�1, ��7 �D8D8Z� >�1, ��
7 .® ©j�s*�� ��!7 >�1, �� 2 ��=�9 ��L�7 ,a�4�� D�/�E� P�=� I@�� up�� @�� ©j� s- ¨� *!7 : �� !7
�D�W Z� >�G <�@�� u7�W 9 % / , H� d@� ©j� s*��
u7�W 9 � �G@� � -X �; ,� G�� >�1, �� >� *��'97 �-�I�� B��1º� �D8D8Z� >�1, �� >�*��'97 >�G<�@/
�/ �� �@<� ©j�s*�� ��! ysW�7 ,�D�I�� �1, �� ���� b�� �7 � =�- .R �7 ,� M�X ·� '-7�V(Novick &
Lewis, 1967) � D�I�� � 1, �� >� 'F 6 /��/ �mX :; N�� Dd@/ N��� 89 a G�� � M�X ·�'-7�V �����/ �� �@<� ¡ 8d@� � j; ;� D�( m� I� mX � ¹ � | 6 4X uX ,N�D'�<
©j�s*�� ��! �D�( ��8� u��� ��=�� P ©j�s- ¨�*!7b-��@�� up��@�� % / N� �X ©j� s*�� ��! ��G@� � j; ;
mX � M� � *I� ;x1j�s*�� UV 2 �8�W�� >�'�G@�� ysW�7 ,�kWM- >�,�k�� bD89 �D�I�� �1, �� >�-�I/ N� �M¦ 6 40� � 1�, � ����/ �� �@ <� ©j� s*�� �� !
�Raju, 1977 P� ¯ *�s ,�W -��@/ >�<�D8�� )-�V �j; ¬�@��7 :
�/�9 �DGS �4U( ��17 � -�= ,� D8D8Z� >�1, �� x b-� �@�� >� 'F �� 8@� � 1�, �����/ �� �@<� %Is� >� <�D8�� �� ! �� s� % ( �c�*�� >�1, �� �S� �� ,�/���/ >�<�D8�� ��o �D'W*�� m�p70� m�I9 mX �G�´ >�G <�@�� �U@ S� >� <�D8�� b-� c ysW � qDr
D8�� B� GSX 2 >� *��'@��7 � D8D8Z� >� *��'@��7 ,�� ,� D�4���� :; Y� 4X >� <�D8�� b-� c m� I� ¬�@��7 N� 8��@/ � /0� m� I� �/ *( �*( ��= �� ���kW %Is�7
�D�/�E� >�1, ��� ,����<1995# ,� P75P�
�X ��< b D� 6 <� +��=: ����� %/ �*D( 2 �D�/�E� >�1, �� >�'F �� 89PPP
– 24 –
>� ']�� g @ �8��@�� >�1�@*@<�� > *@<� 8� >� <,[�� 2 >�=U@S� ��17 �( �D�/�E� >�1, ��
�7 ,� Ds��8@��@W 9 * +´� '�� >��W Z� b <X � ( >� ']�� Y�W Z ��7�'�� >�7�d��= ,>�']�� >�´�� �� 89 mX :; ��j ����7 ,N� 1 ��D�4 �D�/�E� >�1, �� 2 >� ']�� �� 89 ���kW bD� �D�/�E� >�1, �� >�'F
>�,�'@S���Sawyer, 1989�P x �=�I@�� � ( ,�'@(�� �S�9 �1�, �����/ �m;
�I/ ¯ @r �k/� �@<� %Is�7 ,�D�/�E� >�1, �� >�- � 1, �� >� -�I� m�p70�7 >� *��'@�� m� I9 �/ *(
�W -��@/ .® �DQ�k*�� �Raju, 1977, P. 559� ¡ 'G*�7 , +. /0� � �/�1 2 � D�/�E� >�1, �� �( wC��� ��! eQ� @*�� ��R V %s{ @9 q Dr ,%&��� '( )* +,�-
(X % / »6 I� �D(�M�� >�1, �� �*W �� J[� >� '1�����*W�� J[(X m�d@/�7 w�,�R��7 � ,�'@S�� �1,� ���V7
>�'F %( >�´�/ �( J�LZ� %Is� ���7 ,aQ�k*���1�, �����/ �� �@<� �D�/�E� >�1, ��P
'( ) * +,� - +. /0� � �/�1 > s@(� 8� >� 1,� �� 89 2 p�/��� >�1, �� �� �- %&� ��
m�I9 qDd ,>�'��G�� a! ��W/ 6I� �DQ�k*�� �1, �� J[ (0� >� 1,�7 aQ� k*�� m� d@/�� >�1,� ��s� � *!7 ,>�'1����7 �V,�R�� �1,� :; �=�C\� �D�LM�� � ( >�1, �� 6D�W @ b�, @�� � zD! �{ ( �� 8�
J70� ,�'@S�� 2 �'��G�� �1,� �kD= N�*D'/ ���S ��RV���7 w�,�R�� 27 ,g�]�� ,�'@S��7 ,�'@S�� 27 ,>�'1�
2 � '��G�� ±�1,� >�1, �� ��! ��s� 6]s�7 ,aQ�k*�� m�p70� mX :; J� ��� �� ! 2 +,� f\� , c7 ,,� 8�� �{( %/7 ,�S« :; ,�8/ %/ �M�@� J[(0� ��o �D'W*��
�S« :; b�, 9 �zD!P ���R�� .R�7�2007# ,� P260 � � ( � -X :;
[�( ¨�,�; %/ �®��� � 1��9 a @�� >UIRs�� ��D8�� B �k@�7�¼7 ,>�-�D'�� ��o >�']�� �!�� 89 *( x�?@R�� %I/X 8= ;>�']�� �� 89 %/ %It �D�s( ¡Q��_ ��8@f� >�1, �� >�'F �� 89 )�7�*9 a@�� >�<�, �� m� J�8�� �D���� >�<�, �� ���/ )�7�*9 j; ;N� 1 +,��- �D�/�E�
E� >�1, �� > L 9 a@�� � N�DM �7 ±�D�� <X � D�/� �<�,� 6]/ ,>�1, �� ��! w�p�9 ��D'_ ��7 T �@9
��½��7 �U( �X �!��1X �1985� � B��1� �� 4 qDr � D�� � D�V 2 � '�G�� >��� 89 w�p�@� �D�D�¦ �<�,�
J70� 6L M��1982�1983 *W �� � ��1X � <�,�7 ,� �1992� �p�@� � D�D�¦ � <�,� B��1� ) /�4 qDr w �
����� �G4 ��/�1 2 YUG�� >��� 891990 �<�,�7 ,� + /��r7 +��(�1996� � )= ! a@�� � ( �� �@�� :;
2 �D <�, �� >�,� 8�� 2 >�1, �� w �p�9 ¤Q� LS + s@��� >�(�W�� ���- B�C 2¨�/.�� ��/�1 P
� �� '�� � G8- )-�V a@�� �D���� >�<�, �� %/7
�� �������� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�1� ������ ,�2016��1437 !�
– 25 –
�E� >�1, �� >�'F �� 8@����� < � !��1X � <�,� �D�/ �1995� �m��*� : 2 � D�/�E� >�1, �� >�']�� �� 89
6L M�� JU S ¨� /.�� � �/�1 2 >�4�W �� %/ �*D( ����� g�]�� K�, ��1992�1993 �� ! )= ! qDr ,�
% / � *D( 2 �D�/�E� >�1, �� >�'F �� 89 :; �<�, ��>�-�D )-�I97 ,¨�/.�� ��/�1 2 >�4�W�� � <�, ��
>�1,� %/ �1458 � 2 � '��_7 N�'��_�48 � % / � N4�W /�M�@� �D<�,� >���@W/� ,�]��F �*< ,�D-�F �*< ,:7X �*<
���, �*<� �D�/�1 >�D�V w,X 27 ,� ,�� ���� ,Y��}�m�*M��7 �D�� ,��L@4��P�
,� 1�, � ����/ ¡ D'G9 T� 1 >� ']�� �� 8@�7t :; �<�, �� eQ�@- >�klX7 2 >�1, �� w�@�56 �% %/
��� qDr ,>�']�� %/ ���'8/ �1, �D�/�E� >�4�W�� %( �o >�']�� 6/��/�70�% >�D�V 2 >�1, �� 6Dt7 ,
% / h <�@�� 2 N�9�'F �(X ±m�I9 m0 ��L@4��7 Y��}� [D =7 ,m� *M��7 � D��7 �� ���� >� D�V 2 >�1, ��
¾3 9 � �= K�, �� T�@W�� ¡��@� �� 17 :; eQ� @*�� mX % / �®� �� � ( >� ']�� T�@W / x 7 � *D �4U( T�@W / 2 � D�/�E� >�1, �� >�']�� 6/��/ h<�@/
T�S0� >��*W�� N�-,�8/ �*/ �(X :70� �*W��P ����< ��47 �2001� �m��*� �<�, : 6 D�¦ �FX
��W 9�� >� 'F � ( � D�/�E� >�4�W�� 2 �'�G�� eQ�@- �� :; � <�, �� )= ! 8= ;�D�/�E� >�1, �� �S�
� ( � D�/�E� >�4�W�� 2 �'�G�� eQ�@- 6D�¦ �FX � ¦ )-�I9 47 ,�D�/�E� >�1, �� �S� �� ��W9�� >�'F 2 � '�G�� �D(�M��7 �DQ�k*�� >�1, �� %/ �<�, �� �*D(
�1087 � �� ���� � D�V 2 �kW �, 9 T�1 >�4�W� N�'�f�D-�W -\� � D���� >�,� /\� � �/�1 2 � D([@1��7
K�, �� �� ��� JU S + d@��1997�1998 47 ,�J70� 6L M�� �±�f 2 �'�G�� >�1,� > �, �530 �
[* D ,� '�G�� eQ�@*� �D�D�¦ �<�,� J7� ��D8�� 6'4 �'�f g� ]�� 6L M�� �±�f 2 �'�G�� >�1,� > �,�557 �
�� � <�, �� B�� 1; � �'� f � '�G�� eQ� @*� � D�D�d@�Ds��8@�� >�<,[�� xW¦ 2 �k*/ +��M@<��7 P �� 8@�7
� ����/ ¡D'G9 �9 ;�'�f 6V 2 �D�/�E� >�1, �� >�'F >�1, �� mX :; 6 D�d@�� eQ� @- >� klX 47 ,�1�, ,>� ']�� %/ wM9�/ T�@Ws wH@s@9 x�LM�� 2 �D�/�E�
2 >�']�� J �/ ��� qDr�58 �% % / � ( >�4�W ���0.70� 2 �DQ�L r; � ��� >�j �7� = 1�9 � -X [V ,
6L M�� 2 � (X m�V j; ;x�LM�� x >�']�� >���p�9 wM9��� >�']�� >�j >�4�W�� �'W- )�M9,� qDr ,g�]��
% / � '�G�� eQ� @- 6D�¦ %/ +��M@<�� ��D@- �53 �% 2 :; J70� 6LM���62 �%g�]�� 6LM�� 2P
� ��47���R� �2007� �m�� *� � <�,� B��1� : ,) D'�� J« ��/�1 2 ����� %/ �*D( >�1,� >�'F �� 89
qDr)= ! ��! �<�, �� :; �� 89 >� 'F >�1, ��
�X ��< b D� 6 <� +��=: ����� %/ �*D( 2 �D�/�E� >�1, �� >�'F �� 89PPP
– 26 –
�DQ�k*�� �*D�� �-�I/ %/� 64 � N+��/ % / � <�, �� ��� �� �r7�G��2 6LM�� K�, �� J70� %/ ����� a�/� E�
2001�2002 2 �� �/�1 J« �,) D'� T /7 �U@ S�
>��� 89 >� ']�� �U@S� T�@W / +�� �� % / � k1 �U@S�7 �D�I�� a@�� as@*9 �o +���� %/ �k1 �D-�F , 47
T�1,�D@S� ����� �8��G�� �DQ��R ��� � ���8*��� % /
��W4X ��/�E� ,�M�@��� qDr �9 ,�D@S� w,X ���/ % /
6V �W4 as��� VX Hp�/� ( � ( >���@W �� ���D <�,
��,0� , 47 >�klXeQ�@*�� T � �� �@ <� Y�� <X �1�,�Raju, 1977 ��� 8@� >�']�� g 9 >U/��/ >�'F
>�1, �� 6IR ,�� ( q Dr i � h <�@�� �� ���
>��� 8@� >� ']�� �0.66�7 ,>,� fX eQ� @*�� :; mX �31.25 �% %/ h8=����� w@s@9 >U/��s >�'F ���'8/ ,
>,�fX7 eQ�@- �/ uvV wJU8@ <U� :; � ( �� 17 �4U( x >�'F �1,� +�� �� � D�I�� 7X +�� �� T�@W /7
�o as@*9 a@��P ��� 1 � X T� 1X7 �2009� �m�� *� � <�,� :
% / � *D( 2 � D�/�E� >�1, �� ��/�ID < � <�,� )= ! q Dr ,� r�@M�� � 8�� � �/�1 2 >�,� 8��
�ID < �D�D�¦ +,�� B�G(; :; �<�, �� >�1, � ��/ ,� r�@M�� � 8�� ��/�1 2 >�,�8�� %/ �*D( 2 �'�G��
>� 1,� % / � <�, �� >�-�D )-�I97 �4115 � N� '��_ �( x( Hp�/ �'��_7�52 � >���@W �� � �@� %/ N�'�f
�D<�, �� �:7X �*< - � D-�F �*< - � ]��F �* < − �* <���,� � �,0� ��/�E� e/�� �(7 ,��\� �� ���� � �,�
����L@4��7 - �D��− �D8D'G@�� ������7 �D1���*I@�� −� D([@1�� � / �� � :; � <�, �� eQ� @- >,� fX7 ,
. ?@/ :; T� �9 >�1, �� >�G<�@/ 2 �7�= ��17 >�1,� mX uX ,�D�� e/�-� y��L� K�, �� e/�-��� �� 17 :; ��� V eQ�@*�� >,�fX7 ,�D��( )-�V �'�G��
�7�= :; T��9 �'�G�� >�1,� h<�@/ 2 N�DQ�Lr; ���� q ��]�� T�@W�� %/ »6V y��L� K�, �� T�@W�� .?@/ >,� fX 8= >�1, �� >� '] ¡ ��@� [D =7 ,w����72 >� ']�� % / ���'8/ �1, >�1, �� w@t :; eQ�@*��
�88 �% % ( � o >� ']�� 6/��/ ��p qDr ,>�4�W�� %/�0.70�,�fX7 , �D�U8@ <� :; uvV w�/ ,�'@S� eQ�@- >
�D�; as@*� u��� K�, �� e/�-��� %( >�']�� >U/��/,�8s�� K�, �� T�@W��7 ,�8��P
,� I(7 u�s��� ��47 �2014� � � <�,� B��1� m��*� : >�']�� >��� 89 �( �D<�, �� �'�R�� ��r �FX
>�1, ���D�/�E� )= ! qDr , �R I�� :; �<�, �� >� ']�� >��� 89 � ( �D <�, �� �'�R�� ��r �FX %(
>�1, �� ,�D�/�E� 8�7 >�@(��1, �� a@�� �D�/�E� ��W�� ���¿ 2 ���G�� �kD�( 6L£ �1,� ��]s � 'V�/
B��1X %/�W-��@/ (Congeneric) a! :�1,� ,�'@S�� ,J70� ,�'@S�� �1,�7 ,g�]���1,�7�V,�R�� �1,�7 ,
�� �������� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�1� ������ ,�2016��1437 !�
– 27 –
��'@S� ,aQ�k*�� T� 1 47 , �� �@ <� � ��'F �� 89m�p70� �=7��/ �]V�= B��1X �FU]� �1�, �����/P
7�<�, �� ���®X ¡D8d@�; ,�D@S� �9 �63 � �'�f N�DQ��R ( �D <�,� 2 � r7�G�� �D <�, �� ��R �� % /
,� 1 ��/�1� g� ]�� K�, �� 6L M�� 2011� 2012� w4���21� »6I� �'�f R�� %/ ±� � �G <�@��7 +.?L ��
+. 'I��77 , :; �� ( 6IR � <�, �� eQ� @- >,� fX >� ']�� T�@W / ��M�-�>�1, �� q Dr � D�/�E�
:; ����� h<�@�� 6�7�0.55� HD7 , ) * eQ� @*�� � / mX �@'W -�25%� R �� % / ±� N�{ M�*/ ) -�V �D <�, �� � >�']���@'W - � / m� V 47 , �65 �%/ � ��'8/ . ® � k*>�']��,X .R @= �D <�, �� �'�R �� ��r T�@W/ �( �/
R �� 2 >� ']�� h <�@/ mX :; � <�, �� >� -�D ±� �+.?L �� �0.68� :; A M�-� [D = ,�0.41 � R �� 2 ±� � ,+.'I��7 eQ�@*�� >,�fX 2 �'�G�� >�1,� mX R �� ±� �
w@s@9 +.?L�� N� -,�8/ >� ']�� % / N�D'W - �D��( �1, �7 �G<�@�� �±�R��+.'I�P
7 ±À¦ � � D�/�E� >�1, �� >�']�� �� 89 �D{4� D�X 2 +. 'V � ��/ �mX q Dr ;� D'*10� J7 ��
2 )-�V >�<�, ���ks�{ 97 >�1, �� ��M9,� J�� , 2 � 1�, � ����/ �� �@ <� � ( mX q r�'�� 8@��7 �� 89 mX �'W m� I� 4 �D�?�� >�<�, �� >�D�X
� D�/�E� >�1, �� >� ']�� ��/�ID < N��IR / ��9
bD � � D�/�E� >�1, �� >� 'F �� 89 �mX j; ;+ 8�/ �D�� <X ¨� *k= ,>�,� '@S�� 2 >� ']�� �� 89 ���kW s@�9 a @��7 ,>� ']�� �� 8@� +.]V �DC��, >����/7
>�C�=�� ¡8¦ T / �( ����� 89 �4�P � <�,� J� ��� �� ! 2 �D'*10� >�<�, �� %/7
D / � !��1Xm7� S«7 m[� (Millman et al., 1983, p.
423 – 429)m��*� : >�1, �� ��{9 �F�9 T / �<�,� 47 ,>�1, �� �� ��� J ��� h <�@/ �D4� L/ �( � '�_ % / � *D( � ( � <�, �� �� ! ¡ D'G9 T� 1 47 ,6 -,�V � �/�1 2 .@W 1���7 ���,��� I'��
s@�9 >�1, �� �D4� L/ mX �<�, �� eQ�@- >�klX :; mX eQ� @*�� ) *HD7 ,� �@W �� �� 8@�� ���- �( �/ » r
%/ AM�-� 4 YUG�� ����� J ��� >�'F �0.745 � :;�0.674 �ª� 8- b � % / m�I@� ��D8/ �� �@<� *( �A, B, C, D, F� 6 4X >� ']�� 2 ��M�-�� m�V [*D ,
% / m H� I/ �D D8@�� �� D8/ �� �@<� *( �13 � � G8-�A+, A, A-, B+, B, B-, C+, C, C-, D+, D, D-, F �
% / >� ']�� AM�-� qDr �0.777 � :;�0.736� 47 , :; u�� � >�1, �� 2 ��{@�� HmX :; �<�, �� >,�fX % I�7 ;>��� 8@�� ����� J ��� >�'F 2 6D�4 ��M�-� J ��� 7X >��� 8@�� >� 'F 2 �DQ�L r; ���� �� bD�
@�� HmX7 ,YUG�� ����� �/ *( N�r�C7 �]VX m�I� ��{ mX7 ,ª� 8- b s�� �� �- � ( N[Q�4 �� 8@�� ���- m�I�
�X ��< b D� 6 <� +��=: ����� %/ �*D( 2 �D�/�E� >�1, �� >�'F �� 89PPP
– 28 –
�� �- w¾'H@9 >�1, �� �6V m�I9 �/ *( N�.]V �F�@� >�']�� �A, B �h8= P
�*�� V T�1X7 �Collins, 1998 � J� r N� <�,� � ��-�]�� � �r��� � '�_ x >�1, �� �D{4 2 J�d@��
,¬���� �D��@�� �'�_7 mX eQ�@*�� >�klX 47 2 � ?��'�� 2 6F�| B��X ���8� � ���-�]�� ��r��� 2 � ��G�� �D D89
� D�/�E� � �r��� j; ; Hx '9 YU _ >� 1,� J �/ mX � *I�� Y� ?�� >� �/�1 2 :70� �*W ��� i �
�65.3 �%+ M�� JU S� 1993 �– 1997�� , i � [* DYU G�� B�� ! J �/ i�� '��7 � /���� � ��-�]�� 2
�!� (�10961 � N�'��_ Hp� / � ( x(�368� � <, / � d- �kW M- +M��7�79.5�% � <�, �� >� klX7 , mX
�@W /YU G�� T 2 ,�s@W / �� M�-� ) �7X7 ��{ 9 BU �; +,7~ � <�, �� �� �D <, �� >�1,
N�/[@!� N�.'V P 7,�D@W 17, ��4 �Rojstaczer, 2003 � � <�,
� (�30�7 � DI��/X � �/�1 �80 �� ��-�F � <, / , ��17 eQ�@*�� >�klX7 2 ��{ 9>�1, �� � D�/�E�
�D<, ��7 ,>�*D@W �� 2 X ��{ @�� ��! mX7, X 7 �>�*D�'W �� �L@*/ 2 w1�,�; -X ���( �� M9,U� 2
>�*D-[]�� ���¿, N+���p ¨�*! mX7 �!, 4 �0.6� 2 � 1,��/>� 1,� J �29 � + M�� JU S ��/�1�1967 �−
2001��,,�W / mX � ( DV�@�� 2 � <�, �� ¸ t7
N� @�F bD � ��{ @��, ¡ =7 .W � ��{ @�� ¯ *d*s= 6IR �� �U � 2 �,�W @/ 6IR ��{ @�� X q Dr
¯ @r >�*D�'W �� 2 AM�* � X 7 >�*D@W�� ��4 6�7>� *D-[]�� �L@*/ 2 ¯*d*��, � F +� / ���L �� X
� SXT P <�, �� )L �S7 � :;�� 17 �!, 4 +�� �p �0.15�� 1,� H6 V + = JU S >��* < 3 (
> @/� a@�� �<�, �� :;�35��*< P ) �7�*9 a @�� �8�W �� >� <�, �� %/ ÀrU-7 >� klX NU] s= ,�{ 4�*@/ � k�Q�@- mX >�']�� >��� 89
� <�,��,���� < 1995 ,��� 1 � X ;�2009� � w @t :; % / � ��'8/ � 1, � D�/�E� >�4�W �� 2 >�1, ��
�<�,� >�klX [*D ,>�']��� ,���R��2007 u�s��� ;� ,,�I(72014� � g 9 >U/��/ >�'F >�1, �� 6IR
��(P �8�W �� >� <�, �� w/ �D��Z� �<�, �� ��R@97 2 � D�/�E� >�1, �� >� ']�� �� 89 ) �7�*9 a @��
�k/� �@<� �o7�*9 �Dr�- %/ ��@ �¿X �; ,�1�, ������ +,� - +. /0� ��/�1 ���*� N��'9 w<7X �D<�,� >���@W� �D <�, �� >�,� 8s�� � kr�_ 2 %&� �� '( ) * >�1, �� >�']�� �� 8@ �<�, �� ��! )/�4 j; ;�M�@��� �U@S� N��'9 �M�@� >���@W/ �D-[F 2 ���s�� �D�/�E�
� �D�I�� �� �- mX À rU� [ V ,+�� �� T�@W /7 �D�/�E ��@Á %&��� '( )* +,�- +./0� ��/�1 2 b�, @��
�� �������� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�1� ������ ,�2016��1437 !�
– 29 –
>� ']�� �� 89 2 ) ]d a @�� >� �/�E� �� �- % ( �zD! B�{(X %/ �(�s� ¨�*! NU]s= ,�D�/�E� >�1, �� >� '��G�� m� <, � %�� �� ��/�E� 2 ,�V��� b�, @��
>� D�I�� 2 >�I'R �� �( �U@ S� ��� V ,� M�@��� �S« �{( :; �{( %/ >�'��G�� >�1, �� y*/ ��_P
�4:;�<=���:
>�1, �� �� �- J�r ,�]9 a@�� ���{8�� �!X %/ �k/ 89 a @�� >��� 8@�� 2 +�� ?�� �D{4 a! �D�/�E� ��17 :; u��� ��!7 ,>��/�E� ��! 2 ��W40� A�
J� r >� �/�E� +�9� <X x ¡�47 �7�� >���@W / as��� V0� e@ *�� � sD4 % / 6D�8@��7 ,�D8D8Z� �'�G�� P
2 �/ �@W �� >�1, �� y* / >� <,�| � �@ 7 �W <��� �MW �= �U@S� ¬� ��� �D ��@�� >�W <�/ :; � �j T �@�7 ,�k=� !X7 asD��@�� �k/��-7 ����� 6S�� �S« :; �W4 %/ >�1, �� y*/ >�<,�| >7�M9
r���� �W<��� A � � � R9 �1,� �U@S� ���V7 ,+�WM- as���V0� �W8�� 6S�� b�, @�� �zD! B�{(XP
p� 9 � *!7��IR / >� 'F >� 1,� >�,� 8�� �D<�, ��2 ��/�E� �'W ,>7�M9 .���/ ���8@�� a @��
�k/ �@W� B�{(X �zD! ,b�, @�� �/0� u� �� � 9�
�D�( �R�� 2 � � >�1, �� �D�/�E� � (7 k4�W9��, ����7 -,�8/� �k{� A�' :; �=�C\� ,mX +, 8��
AM�*D < � '��G�� a sV��� J �s�� ���'*@���j; � /
� �@<� '*@sV �¥��*� as���V0� 2 ��r�/ �Ds���VX �8r�, 7X T � �/� �@<� ,� D�sV J� '8�� 2 e/��
>�<�, �� � D���� ��� V , g 9 � 8F >� '��G�� A � 7B� D�7X !,� /X% >�1, ��� D�/�E� .�� ���7
�/ �@W�� 2 ���89 ��X%kQP >� <�, �� % / � ��� J7� *9 %/ �®��� �(7 T �@� � � ks��/ mX �; ,�D�/�E� >�1, �� ��C�/ +, - ¬� @��7 ,>�1, �� �� ! w �p�9 � �D'_ ��7 ,� D�/�E� >�1, �� >� 'F �� 8@ �8��@�� >�<�, ��
0� � <�, �� �� ! � �97 � �( �W r �����W �� 2 :7 ��! ¶�9 j; ;qr�'���<�, �� � �7�dsV �� 8@� >� 'F
>�1,� �*D( %/ ������D<�, �� a@�� �kr�G9 ��W 40� �Ds���V0��M�@��� � M�@��� �D <�, �� >���@W�� 2 2
��/�1 6L M�� JU S %&� �� '( ) * +,�- +./0� ����� J70� K�, ��1435�1436! P
>'�)����� ?��:
>�1, �� >� 'F �� 89 :; � <�, �� )= ! ) * +,� - +. /0� ��/�1 2 ����� %/ �*D( 2 �D�/�E�
%&��� '(+���� T�@W/7 �D�I�� u ±.?@/ B�C 2 P �@'<=���:
Hh ¼ ��7 �� � ( �D�/�E� >�1, �� )-�V 8� % / 7X � ��G�� � -�1 %/ B��< >���8@-�� %/ .]I��
{(X >��� 8@-�� � !X % /7 ,�!.®7 b�, @�� �zD! B�
�X ��< b D� 6 <� +��=: ����� %/ �*D( 2 �D�/�E� >�1, �� >�'F �� 89PPP
– 30 –
w{ �!�� 89 � �- mX �D�/�E� >�1, �� �1�9 a@�� ¬� @��7 ,J�sR ��7 �D(�C��� :; �8@M97 ,�D9�j ,�/0 � D�/�E� � 1, �� � D�X 2 � <�, �� �� ! � D�X %sI9 >�1, �� >� ']�� �� 89 JU S % / ,�'��G�� �'W*��
� D�/�E� ,� FX yD C�97 �� 89 2 � ?��'�� >� 1,� >�'��G�� 6'4 %/b�, @�� � zD! B�{(X , m� D7 T /
>7�M9 � D�I�� �U@ S� N��'9 �D�/�E� >�1, �� >�'FK�, �� T�@W��7P
�4A)' <=���:
1 − �/ w�p�9 >��� 89 >�']�� ����� >�1, � 2 ��W40� ��/�� �M�@��� ?%&��� '( )* +,�- +./0�
2 − 6! ��@ >��� 89 >�'F >�1,� ��� �� 2 ��/�1 �U@S� %&��� '( )* +,�- +./0� T�@W /?+����
3 − 6! ��@ >��� 89 >�'F >�1,� ��� �� 2 ��/�1 �U@S� %&� �� '( )* +,�- +./0� � D�I��
as@*9 a@�� �o ?+����
�B�7 <=���:
�<�, �� >½@4� �D��Z� �(��G�� >�1,� >� ' ���� J70� K�, �� 6LM�� ���/ 21435�1436 ! 2
� D��@�� >�D�I�� 2 �D-[]�� �D<�, �� >���@W�� : ,� D�� ,J[(0�7 +,��\� ,>�/�����7 Y�<�Z� ���( ,������ � <�, �� >½ @4�7 ,h 8= � Ds���VX ��W 4X �FUF 27
>�']�� �� 8@� �1�, �����/ �� �@<� �( ���VP �=4CD�<=��� �:
- �D�/�E� �1, �� >�'F : >� ']�� 6 /��/ � sD4�1�, �����/ �� �@<� ��Wd�� �Raju, 1977 � �� 8@�
�� s� % ( � c�*�� � 1, �� �S� �� b-� �@�� >�'F �W -��@/ >� <�D4�Congeneric � m� I9 mX � G�´
�/���/ >�<�D8�� ��o �D'W*�� m�p70�P
- +���� T�@W/ : �� +�� �� T�@W / a @�� K�, , r���� 6L M�� 2 � '��G�� as���V0� �W8�� �kr�G� 2 � '��G�� �D <�, �� �*W �� �U@S� � �@ a @��7 � ( 6s@R 9 :70� �*W �� >�,� 8/ NU] s= ,� �/�E� � D-�]�� �*W�� >�,�8/7 ,g�]��7 J70� T�@W�� >�,�8/
��I!7 w����7 q��]�� T�@W�� >�,�8/ �( 6s@R9 P
- b-�c>�<�D8�� : x �/�9 �DGS �4U( ��17 >� <�D8�� b-� c ysW � j; ;� kD= � D8D8Z� >�1, �� 2 � D8D8Z� >� *��'@��7 �D�W Z� >�G <�@�� �U@S�
��D8�� B�GSXP
<=��� �EF�:
�� �@<� qr�'�� ��4 �aM ���� ek* �, � �j7 ��D8�� JUS %/ ,N�8D4� N�M�7 �kM�� ek*�� ��! s��7
:;�RI�� %( �4U��� x �!���X %/ ��j7 ,�M�@���6 1X J� ����7 �!.W M9 :; >�1�@*@ <�� ,� d�/2002# ,� P352P�
�� �������� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�1� ������ ,�2016��1437 !�
– 31 –
GH�I<=���:
H�I9 %/ �<�, �� ws@� m wD� 2 >�'��G�� >�1,� a�/�E� ����� J70� K�, �� 6LM�� ���/1435�1436 !
�!� ( i��'��7 �528 ��FUF 2 �r7�G/ N+��/ ,h 8= ��W 4X a ! � D�/�1 >� D�V w,X 2 : �� �(7 ,�� ����7 ,� D��
�W r � �j7 ,J[ (0� +,��;7 ,>� /�����7 � <�Z� J� '8�� +�[ ( % / qr�'�� �! �7�9 �9 a@�� >�DQ�Lr\� JU S %&� �� '( )* +,�- +./0� ��/�1 2 6D�W@��7
����� J70� K�, �� 6LM��1435�1436 !P ��<=���:
>�1,� %/ �<�, �� �*D( )-�I9�3246 � �'��_2 ���W/ �96 � >�4�W �� %/ N�4�W/ �k*/ Ä6V 6]t �'�f
JU S %&��� '( )* +,�- +./0� ��/�1 2 �D<�, �� J70� K�, �� 6LM��1435�1436 ! P >. @S� 47
T� 1 qDr ,�DQ��R��� ����8*��� �8��G�� �±�R�� ��!
� D�V % /7 �D�� �D�V %/ ��W4X �FU]� aQ��R( ,�D@S� +,��\� �D�V7 >�/�����7 Y�<�Z� ���( �D�V7 ������ q Dr ,���/ g[F �W4 6V %/ ,�D@S� T�17 ,J[(0�7
� 8/ x %/ N�DQ��R( :70� +���� >.@S� T�@W �� >�, >�,� 8/ x %/ N�DQ��R( �D-�]�� +���� >.@S�7 ,J70� �j;7 ,T� S0� >���@W �� wDsE ��I!7 g�]�� T�@W�� T� 1 8= �±�R �� � �@/ �<�, �� ,�@��� ��W�� m�V T� 17 ,N�DQ��R ( ��R �� x %/ + r�7 �'�f ,�D@S� �zD! B�{(X %/ >�'��G�� >�1,� ��RV �( J�LZ�
� J70� K�, �� 6LM�� JUS b�, @�1435�1436 , ! � '��G�� >� 1,� �( >�1, �� ��RV )�s@f� qDr � 1,�7 w�,�R ��7 �GR -0� �1,�7 J70� ,�'@S�� 2 +���� 2 �'��G�� �DQ�k*�� �1, �� ���V ,aQ�k*�� ,�'@S�� J7 E� x '�7 ,� ��-�I� u� E� ��s��� 6]t a@��7
�4,�1 �� w�p�9+���� T�@W/7 �D�I�� �Wr �±�R�:
JK� LB��/11 M$���� N��2�B �4:�� O27 $���3�� O ;�� � �����C�� ����'M
P ���� $���� N��2� �4:�� J2���
LB' Q�� <��� G��� *��R S��) G��) ���� T�HE��
bM*�� ��( 70 43 50 31 40 30 24 30 318 ����� �D�� 61 23 33 40 27 41 11 16 252 +�I'�� ���MG�� 54 48 53 56 29 45 40 49 374
�D��
��s��� 185 114 136 127 96 116 75 95 944 �DC����� ������ 41 16 23 22 23 21 23 44 213
B�DsDI�� 67 37 31 28 25 36 30 41 295 B�Dr0� 40 13 29 30 29 29 31 23 224
������
�s���� 148 66 83 80 77 86 84 108 732
�X ��< b D� 6 <� +��=: ����� %/ �*D( 2 �D�/�E� >�1, �� >�'F �� 89PPP
– 32 –
G���JK� LB��/11M
P ���� $���� N��2� �4:�� J2���
LB' Q�� <��� G��� *��R S��) G��) ���� T�HE��
�<�Z� ���( 34 25 35 28 22 41 20 20 225 >�I'R�� 25 44 18 39 40 32 13 22 233
>�/����� ��- 34 25 34 24 38 24 11 27 217
���( Y�<�Z�>�/�����7
��s��� 93 94 87 91 100 97 44 69 675 +,��;J[(0� 35 44 48 32 36 33 20 27 275 �s�-0��m�-�8��� 62 45 48 30 70 31 9 23 318
�'<�d�� 50 42 37 33 62 36 10 32 302
+,��\�J[(0�7
��s��� 147 131 133 95 168 100 39 82 895
��I�� ��s�� 573 405 439 393 441 399 242 354 �3246 ��'��_
�U4=����V�D7W� :
�D�W Z� >�G <�@�� �D4 ©���@<� qr�'�� ��4 ,u��r0� %��'@�� 6D�¦ �� �@<�7 ��,�D��� >�=��d-��7 2 � D�/�E� >�1, �� �S� �� b-��@�� >�'F �� 89 H�97
�����/ �� �@<� ,�8/ 6V �D��@�� �1�, �Raju, 1977:�
σσσσi2
Ʃ 1
σσσσx2
- 1
λi2
Ʃ - 1 R =
qDr: R :>�']�� 6/��/P
λi2
Ʃ :>�-�Is�� �D'W*�� m�p70� >���/ ��s�P σσσσi
2Ʃ :>�-�I�� >�*��'9 ��s�P
λi: m�Is�� a'W*�� mp��� i�DQ�k*�� �1, �� 2 P σσσσi
2 : m�Is�� �D(�M�� >�1, �� %��'9iP σσσσx
2 :1, �� %��'9�DQ�k*�� >�P �L L��� � ��z�� �'W *�� ) -�V �j; ,NU] s=
�'��G�� J[(X >�1, � �30�%�*W �� J[ (X ,�'@S�7 , �20 �%aQ�k*�� ,�'@SU�7 �50�% %�� '@�� �D 4 ) -�V7 ,
�'��G�� J[(X >�1, ��5� ,� '@S� >�1, �7 ,J[ (X �*W�� �7�aQ�k*�� ,�'@S�� >�1, �7 , �14� )-�V [*D , �sD4 u7�W 9 � D�I�� � 1, �� %��'@���47�m� = ; :λ1 =0.30 ,λ2 =0.20 ,λ3 =0.50 P �m� = ¬� @��7 :λi
2Ʃ =
0.38 ,σσσσ12 = 5 ,σσσσ2
2 = 7 ,σσσσ32 = 14 �m�= �D�(7 , :σσσσi
2Ʃ =
26 ,σσσσX2 = 47 � sD4 m� = � 1�, � ����/ �� �@ <�7 ,
u7�W9 >�']�� 6/��/ �0.72� J�L Z� � 9 8= �D�(7 ,�( �96 �'F 6/��/Y��<0� ��° >�P
XV��%<=��� :
J70� �<�, �� J��W �8��@�� eQ�@*�� :�/ w�p�9
>��� 89 >U/��/>�']�� >�1, ������ 2 0���W 4
�M�@�����/�� ?%&��� '( )* +,�- +./0�
�� �������� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�1� ������ ,�2016��1437 !�
– 33 –
�D�W Z� >�G <�@�� �D 4 ©���@ <� T� 1 >�,� 8�� 2 >� '��G�� >�1, � ��,�D��� >�=��d-��7
� ,+�� �� T�@W /7 � D�I�� .?@/ �Wr �<�, �� +,�@���4, J7 E� x'�7�2 ���j:
JK� LB�� /21 M$���� N��2�B �4:�� O27 � ���� �����4� ���� �� ��.��=%Y�B ���2Z� ��C)����M
$���� N��2� �4:�� J2���
LB' Q�� <��� G��� *��R S��) G��) ���� T�HE��
bM*�� ��( 83.6 �6.9�
82.9 �6.3�
90.1 �5.8�
80.2 �6.2�
86.5 �5.5�
81.4 �4.8�
87.4 �7.2�
94.3 �2.8�
85.80 �5.69�
����� �D�� 88.7 �5.8�
92.4 �3.7�
81.5 �8.8�
92.8 �4.3�
87.5 �4.9�
90 �4.08�
85 �7.07�
90 �4.08�
88.49 �5.34�
+�I'�� ���MG�� 77.3 �7.9�
78.8 �7.9�
94.4 �1.9�
84.2 �6.07�
92.4 �3.7�
77.6 �10.6�
78.8 �8.4�
92.2 �6.20�
84.46 �6.58�
���D
�I�� 83.2 �6.87�
84.7 �5.97�
88.66 �5.50�
85.73 �5.52�
88.80 �4.70�
83 �6.49�
83.73 �7.56�
92.17 �4.36�
86.25 �5.87�
�DC����� ������ 70.8 �10.04�
70 �7.07�
78 �10.04�
72 �11.4�
76.9 �12.3�
68.9 �8.9�
72.6 �8.3�
63.3 �5.8�
71.56 �9.23�
B�DsDI�� 62.6 �10.04�
59.2 �11.9�
70.5 �11.6�
64.6 �6.09�
71.3 �8.4�
70.6 �10.7�
70.2 �8.6�
74.7 �7.6�
67.96 �9.37�
B�Dr0� 65.6 �7.6�
80 �10.8�
74 �8.9�
70.7 �11.9�
81.7 �6.2�
82.2 �11.07�
77.5 �8.7�
81.3 �10.9�
76.62 �9.51�
������
�I�� 66.33 �9.23�
69.73 �9.92�
74.17 �10.18�
69.10 �9.80�
76.63 �8.97�
73.90 �10.22�
73.43 �8.53�
73.10 �8.10�
72.05 �9.37�
�<�Z� ���( 84.3 �10.9�
82.1 �9.08�
78.4 �7.9�
80 �10.2�
80 �9.3�
80 �11.4�
82 �9.08�
81.9 �9.6�
81.09 �9.77�
>�I'R�� 73.6 �10.7�
77.9 �8.09�
82.9 �8.7�
79.4 �10.1�
84.8 �8.9�
80.9 �10.7�
83.9 �9.6�
85 �4.2�
81.05 �8.87�
>�/����� ��- 72.5 �12.6�
88.7 �6.09�
83.3 �6.80�
81.5 �11.08�
83.9 �9.4�
82.5 �8.3�
85 �4.08�
84.3 �9.4�
82.71 �8.47�
Y�<�Z� ���(>�/�����7
�I�� 76.80 �11.40�
82.90 �7.99�
81.53 �7.80�
80.30 �10.46�
82.90 �9.20�
81.13 �10.13�
83.63 �7.59�
83.73 �7.73�
81.62 �9.04�
J[(0� +,��; 77.1 �12.7�
69.5 �8.9�
78.8 �10.7�
74.6 �9.7�
78.4 �9.8�
83.3 �11.6�
77.6 �9.5�
80 �10.6�
77.41 �10.44�
�s�-0��m�-�8��� 78.9 �12.4�
76.5 �11.9�
77.4 �11.9�
73.5 �7.5�
90.8 �6.2�
85 �9.4�
76.1 �11.4�
78.5 �7.6�
79.59 �9.92�
�'<�d�� 73.5 �13.1�
70.6 �13.6�
77.01 �12.1�
76 �8.4�
79 �10.4�
77,1 �9.7�
77.9 �10.2�
80.2 �9.9�
76.40 �10.92�
+,��\�J[(0�7
�I�� 76.50 �12.73�
72.20 �11.47�
77.74 �11.57�
74.70 �8.53�
82.73 �8.80�
81.76 �10.23�
77.20 �10.37�
79.57 �9.37�
77.80 �10.38�
�I�� B��0� 75.71 �10.05�
77.38 �8.84�
80.53 �8.76�
77.45 �8.58�
82.77 �7.92�
79.95 �9.27�
79.50 �8.51�
82.14 �7.39�
79.43 �8.66�
*���� �� ��.��=%Y� \)��� �> ])���� ]� �� ��B ,���2Z� ��C)���� \)��� �> �4R -_ � LB&� �� ��M
�X ��< b D� 6 <� +��=: ����� %/ �*D( 2 �D�/�E� >�1, �� >�'F �� 89PPP
– 34 –
� 4, J7 E� eQ� @- % / À rU�7 �2 � �� 17 2 �D�W Z� >�G <�@�� �D 4 2 � MDM_ >� =U@S�
7 ,���s�� �D-[]�� >���@W�� %�� '@�� 6D�¦ �� �@<� *( +�� �� T�@W / �W r �D�WZ� >�G<�@s�� u��r0� q Dr ,�DQ�L r; � ��� >�j �7�= ��17 � ( Àr��
�sD4 )?� ��� �1.42 �J[@r� �0.21� �7�M�� �mX uX ,�DQ�Lr\� ��� �� T�@W/ :; ±��9 � �α = 0.05� �*!7 ,
'��G�� >�1,� 2 ��{9 ��1� J�8�� %Is� � 2 >� �� �@ <� *(7 ,T�SX +��/ Y�Wr �( +��/ T�@W/ �W r �D�W Z� >�G <�@s�� u�� r0� %��'@�� 6D�¦
,� '@S� � sD4 ) ?� ,� D�I�� T�@W / ��� �33.94 � J[@r��0.00� *( �DQ�Lr; ���� >�j �7�M�� �mX uX ,
�DQ�L r\� ��� �� T�@W/ �α = 0.05 �7�α = 0.01� ;U@S� ��17 ÀrU� j; >�G <�@�� �D4 2 �dC�7 >�=
� D�� �D�V 2 ��Wr h<�@/ �(X m�V qDr ,�D�WZ� �86.25��� ���� � D�V 2 ��Wr h<�@/ 64X m�V [*D ,
�72.05� � D�� �D�V 2 >�'��G�� >�1,� m�= ¬�@��7 ,T�S0� >�D�I�� 2 >�1, �� %/ N[�{9 �]VXP
��� >�=��d-�� �D8 ¡��@� [D=7 ÀrUD = ;��,�D N�. ]V � �@ � � �,�D��� >� =��d-�� >�G <�@/ mX �� 17 À rU- x r 2 ,+�� �� T�@W / �U@S� � �,�D��� >� =��d-�� >�G<�@/ 2 �dC�7 >�=U@S� h <�@/ � (X i � q Dr ,� M�@��� >� D�I�� x
J[(0�7 +,��\� �D�V 2 ��,�D��� >�=��d-U� �10.38� ,X m� V [*D � D�V 2 � �,�D��� >� =��d-U� h <�@/ 6 4
�D���5.87� � D�V ��� / 2 >�1, �� mX a*�� ��!7 , 2 >�1, �� �D-��9 �| �]VX T �� ¡DC %/ g��9 �D�� 6 /��/ � sD4 ©���@<� T�17 ,T�S0� >�D�I�� ���/ �� �@ <� � <�, �� � *D( ��� / % / +�� / 6I� >�']��
W r T� 1 [ V ,� 1�, �����/ >U/� �/ h <�@/ Y��4, J7 E� x'�7 ,>�']�� �3 ���j:
JK� LB�� /31 M$���� N��2�B J2��� ���� O27 ��`�� ���H4� ���a�� �U�� � JKM
$���� N��2� �4:�� J2���
LB' Q�� <��� G��� *��R S��) G��) ����
\)����
b�2Z�
bM*�� ��( 0.59 0.65 0.78 0.49 0.71 0.65 0.67 0.47 0.63 ����� �D�� 0.68 0.70 0.73 0.65 0.47 0.77 0.42 0.51 0.62 +�I'�� ���MG�� 0.76 0.74 0.68 0.55 0.42 0.59 0.69 0.64 0.63
�D��
h<�@�� 0.68 0.7 0.73 0.56 0.53 0.67 0.59 0.54 0.62
�� �������� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�1� ������ ,�2016��1437 !�
– 35 –
G��� JK� LB��/31M
$���� N��2� �4:�� J2���
LB' Q�� <��� G��� *��R S��) G��) ����
)���� \
b�2Z�
�DC����� ������ 0.69 0.71 0.67 0.75 0.79 0.76 0.68 0.65 0.71 B�DsDI�� 0.70 0.66 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.77 0.63 0.58 0.69 B�Dr0� 0.71 0.69 0.72 0.70 0.88 0.80 0.69 0.60 0.72
������
h<�@�� 0.70 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.80 0.78 0.67 0.61 0.71 �<�Z� ���( 0.73 0.70 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.70 0.60 0.57 0.68
>�I'R�� 0.77 0.74 0.65 0.69 0.70 0.61 0.67 0.45 0.66 >�/����� ��- 0.70 0.56 0.70 0.72 0.73 0.67 0.59 0.53 0.65
Y�<�Z� ���(>�/�����7
h<�@�� 0.73 0.67 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.66 0.62 0.52 0.66 J[(0� +,��; 0.67 0.73 0.70 0.71 0.71 0.80 0.60 0.51 0.68
�s�-0��m�-�8��� 0.75 0.71 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.62 0.64 0.43 0.69 �'<�d�� 0.70 0.67 0.60 0.73 0.74 0.69 0.67 0.41 0.65
+,��\�J[(0�7
��WZ� 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.74 0.74 0.70 0.64 0.45 0.67 �I�� ��WZ� h<�@�� 0.71 0.69 0.71 0.68 0.70 0.70 0.63 0.53 0.67
� 4, J7 E� eQ� @- % / ÀrU�7 �3 � mX � sD4
�( ����� wDsE >�']�� >U/��� ����� ��WZ� h<�@��i� 4 �=�V �<�, �� >���@W/ �0.67� � (X m� V 47 ,
�� ��Wr h<�@/ J70� T�@W �� ��� � >� ']�� >U/� q��]��7�0.71 � >U/� �/ >��� 8@� h<�@/ �(X ��7
h <�@/ �D 4 >��p 47 ,� D-[]�� >���@W�� 2 >�']�� � sD8�� %( �<�, �� >���@W� >�']�� >U/��/�0.70 �
�� !7 ,���W ��7 b/���7 q��]��7 J70� T�@W�� 2'F �D�(�= �( �Id�� ,�D��� �!��D8�� +��X >�; ; � �9 j
% ( ��9 a@�� �sD8���0.70 � N�Z� � >�,�� 8�� j� � ���=0� m�R � ,����<1995�# , :83�, 6 4X m�V 47
u7�W �7 %/� ]�� T�@W �� 2 >�']�� >U/��� h<�@/ �0.53� � ( � Id�� � �@W �� ,� D��� % / 6 4X �!7 ,
��D8�� +��X >�'F �D�(�=P �� ¡��@� [D=7 >�1,� >�'F >U/��/ x �-,�8
T�@W / % ( � �*�� �½ � M�@��� ��W40� 2 ����� J7 E� %/ ÀrUD= ,+���� �V��� ¡�< h <�@/ �(X mX
m� V >�1, �� >�'F >U/��� 2 B� Dr0� �W 4 ��� /i� qDr �0.72� >� 'F >U/� �� h <�@/ 64X m�V7 ,
q Dr ����� �D�� �W4 ���� >�1, ��i � �0.62 P� >� ']�� >U/� �/ h<�@/ �'W- )?� 8= ��( 6IR7
,� D��� >p7�c a@�� �M�@��� ���s�� �0.70 � � �@W ��
�X ��< b D� 6 <� +��=: ����� %/ �*D( 2 �D�/�E� >�1, �� >�'F �� 89PPP
– 36 –
�<�, �� ��! 2�47.92�% T�@W / % ( � �*�� �½+����P
g�]�� �<�, �� J��W �8��@�� eQ�@*�� :6! ��@
>��� 89 >�'F >�1,� ����� 2 +,� - +. /0� � �/�1�U@S� %&��� '( )* ?+���� T�@W/
2 �d C��� >� ']�� >U/� �/ �D*L 9 T� 1�4, J7 E� �3 �� � [V �V��� ¡�<� : % / 6 4X0.70 ,
0.70�]V�= � �� 8@(�� w/ N�/��W-� �D*L@�� ��! ¶��7 ,
%/ �VX >�']�� 6/��/ m�I� mX ���� �-� Q�W�� �0.70 �� �@W 9 a @�� >� -�D'��7 >�7�º� ��� 8@�� ��� ®0
� '�G�� m�R >�,�� 8�� j� �7 (Feldt & Brennan,
1989) P uv V w �/ ,� '@S� �� �@ <� T� 1 47 � z= x �4U��� �( ���@�� � ° ��j7 ;�D�U8@<U�
�D<�, �� +���� T�@W/7 >�']�� 6/��/ P J7 E� x '�7� 4,�4 � w �p�@� � ��z�� �W *��7 u,�� I@�� w �p�@��
� >U/��/+���� T�@W/ .?@� N��'9 �(p�/ ���s�� >�']�:
JK� LB�� /41 M$���� N��2� ���� c� �� ��`�� ���H4� ���a�� �U�� � G�`��� ���A�� O2��B d���:��� G�`����M
���a�� -�� � $���� N��2�
/0.70 1e�. 9. ��2�� �� -K'/0.701 ��2�� T�HE��
J7X 8 66.67% 4 33.33% 12 g�F 7 58.33% 5 41.67% 12
q��F 8 66.67% 4 33.33% 12 w�, 8 66.67% 4 33.33% 12
b/�S 9 75% 3 25% 12 ���< 6 50% 6 50% 12 w�< 0 0% 12 100% 12 %/�F 0 0% 12 100% 12
��s��� 46 47.92% 50 52.08% 96
� 4, J7 E� % / À rU�7 �4 � �@'W - � / mX�47.92 �% %/ � ��'F 6 /��/ ��p 4 �<�, �� �*D( ���/
�(�0.70� ���'F 6/��/ H64 a@�� ����� �'W- )?� [*D , ,�D��� ��! %(�52.08�% ¡�W�� J7 E� %/ ÀrU�7 ,
� ( >��p a @�� >� ']�� >U/� �/ �W - mX�0.70 �
�� ! % ( ) H�4 a@�� >�']�� >U/��/ �W- %( ��@ ���@W/ wD� 2 ,�D��� �� 17 �{�X ÀrU� [V ,����� >
,%/� ]��7 w�W�� T�@W�� ���/ �W- 2 yC�7 �U@S� ��� �� � ( 68� +���� T�@W/ ����p� �-X :; .R� ��!7
%( ��� ���'F 6/��/ a@�� �0.70P�
�� �������� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�1� ������ ,�2016��1437 !�
– 37 –
JU8@<U� uvV w�/ aQ�Lr\� eQ�@- )MRV7 �DQ�Lr; ���� uj �U@S� ��17 %(�0.05=α � *(
>�1,� �!�, 8/ ���r �7 � >� ']�� >U/� �/ �W- 2 �( >��p a@���0.70 � >� ']�� >U/� �� �'W *�� �k*(
%( )H�4 a@���0.70� uv V w �/ � sD4 ) ?� q Dr ,��Wd�� �31.22� �� !7 ,�1�Z� �sD8�� %/ �VX a!7 ,
T�@W / �U@S� ��@ ����� >�'F >U/��/ mX a*��+����P
8��@�� eQ�@*��q ��]�� � <�, �� J��W � :6 !
��@ >��� 89 >�'F >�1,� ����� 2 ��/�1 +. /0�
%&��� '( )* +,�-�U@S� �D�I�� a@�� a s@*9 � o
+����? 2 �d C��� >� ']�� >U/� �/ �D*L9 T�17
�4, J7 E� �3 � x @z= 2 �V��� ¡�<� % / 6 4X0.70 ,0.70�]V� = � o a s@*9 a @�� � D�I�� �W r ,+�� �� �
� ° � �j7 ;JU8@<U� uvV w�/ ,�'@S� �� �@<�7 � D�I�� �� -7 >� ']�� 6/��/ �z= x �4U��� :; ���@��
+���� �o as@*9 a@�� P� 4, J7 E� x '�7 �5 � w �p�@�� ��� �� >� 'F >U/� �/ �D 8� ���z�� �W*��7 u,��I@��
�D<�, �� +���� �o as@*9 a@�� �D�I�� .?@/ �Wr:
JK� LB��/5 M1$���� �f PH�� P��� �4:�� O27 ��`�� ����� ���� �U�� � ���A�� O2��B d���:��� G�`����M
���a�� -�� � �4:��
/0.70 1e�. 9. % �� -K'/0.701 % T�HE��
�D�� 7 29.17% 17 70.83 24 ������ 14 58.33% 10 41.67% 24
/�����7 Y�<�Z� ���(>� 12 50% 12 50% 24 J[(0�7 +,��\� 13 54.17% 11 45.83% 24
��s��� 46 47.92% 50 52.08% 96
�4, J7 E� %/ ÀrU�7 �5 � >U/��/ �W- mX%( >��p a@�� >�']�� �0.70 � �� ���� � D�V 2 � ,�8@/
J[ (0�7 +,��\� � D�V7 >� /�����7 Y� <�Z� �D�V7 ;�D�� �D�I �-,�8/ >��p a @�� ��� �� �'W - ) ?� j;
%( ���'F >U/��/ �0.70 � � D�� � D�V ��W4X ���/ %/�29.17 �% >� D�I�� � -,�8/ �'W - 6 4X )��< qDr
��� �� % / �'W- �(X ������ �D�V )��< 47 ,T�S0�%( ���'F >U/��/ >��p a@�� �0.70� �58.33�% �kD�9 ,
�'W * J[ (0�7 +,��\� � D�V �54.17�% � D�V � F ,�'W* >�/�����7 Y�<�Z� �50P�%
�U@S� >�']�� T�@W/ �U@S� T / �=���7 ,JU8@ <U� uv V w�/ ,�'@S� �� �@<� �9 8= �D�I��
�X ��< b D� 6 <� +��=: ����� %/ �*D( 2 �D�/�E� >�1, �� >�'F �� 89PPP
– 38 –
��Wd�� uvV w�/ �sD4 )?� 47�4.84 � 6 4X a !7 � ��r >� 1,� *( � 1�Z� �sD8�� %/�3 � T�@W /7
�,� 8/ �DQ�Lr; ���� �0.05 = α� � �D@*�� ��! .R97 , % / � �@ � � D�/�E� ���s�� >�']�� >���@W/ mX :; �=��L s�� �� �� �U@ S�� �� ! mX7 ,T�SX :; �D�V
h8=P ��h����B XV���� �;K��:
>� 1,� mX � D��Z� � <�, �� eQ� @- >,� fX J� '8/ >� '] w @s@9 � �� ( 6IR ����� 2 >�'��G��
�� %Is� �Q�C 2 u���7 ,>�,��8�� j� � 2 �kD�; ��*@< mX x'9 qDr�47.92 �% ��9 >�']�� >U/��/ %/ h8=
J� '8�� ,� D��� %(�0.70 P� :; � �j �� 1,; % Is�7�k*/ Y�'<X : b�, @�� � zD! B�{(X >�<,�| �U@S�
��� 8@�� .���/ �U@S�7 ,>�1, �� y*/ 2 ��/�E� 2 6S�� T�SX :; �D�V %/ >7�M@9 a@�� ,+ r���� ��/�E�
% /7 ,+ r���� � D�I�� 6S�� �S« :; �W4 %/ ���V7 r���� �W8�� 6S�� �S« :; b�, 9 �zD! �{(P
�W*�� �U@S� :; ���V �'W�� ��1,; %Is�7 :; u�� � u���7 ,�D�I�� >�1, �� >�-�I� �LL��� 2 � �@W �� Y�� <0� mX q Dr ,eQ� @*�� �U@ S�
, � >�']�� 6/��/ Y�Wr �����/ �� �@<� ����� >�1� ��*��'97 >�-�Is�� �D'W*�� m�p70� �( s@�� �1�, P
�<�,� w/ �<�, �� ��! ��D@- ¡M@97�,���R�� 2007 ;�
,,�I���7 u�s���2014� � >� 1,� mX >� klX a@��7 A4�*@9 xr 2 ,J�'8/ >�'] w@s@9 � ��( 6IR �����
D�; 6��9 �/ w/ �<�, �� ��! ��D@- ��,���� < 1995 ;�,����< 2001,���1 �X ;� 2009� � w @t >�klX a@��7
>�']�� %/ ���'8/ �1, �D�/�E� >�1, ��P >U/� �/ �D 4 2 ²� d��� g @�� ¡��@� [D=7 �I�� ��WZ� h<�@�� �sD4 )?� qDr >�1, �� >�'F���s�� �D-[]�� >���@W�� �( �M�@��� >�D�I�� ��W4X 2
�0.67� � D�; 6 ��9 � / w / �sD8�� ��! Y,�8@9 qDr ,�@<�,� 2 ���R�� �2007� � u7�W9 a@��7�0.66� 8= ,
J[ (0� A � yDdL 9 �DQ��R ( B�C 2 ��j ÆM� 6 '4 % / >� '��G�� % / � �G9 a@�� �D]d'�� w�,�R��7 +� ¼ .�� �/ :; *@W� � u���7 ,b�, @�� �zD! �{(
7 ,m�Dr0� %/ .]V 2 B� GSX % / ��{ � �,7 ��! u� �� � /0� ,>�1, �� >� -�I/ A � 2 �� D8�� [ V ,� D�I�� >�1, �� >� 'F 6/��/ �( N�'�< bI�*�
,� I(7 u� s��� � <�,� >�klX �2014� � �� M�-� >�']�� T�@W/>�1, �� h<�@�� 6�7 qDr �D�/�E�
:; �� ����0.55�%�� S«7 m[�D / � <�,� >� klX7 , �Millman et al., 1983 � >�1, �� 2 ��{ @�� mX
����� J ��� >�'F 2 6D�4 ��M�-� :; u���P 2 >� ']�� >U/� �/ �D4 ��M�-� ¡��@� [D=7 �� ! 2 T� S0� >� D�I�� N� -,�8/ � D�� �D�V ��W4X
�� �������� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�1� ������ ,�2016��1437 !�
– 39 –
y* / b <X �U@ S� �'W m� I� 8= ,� <�, �� �D'W *�� m�p70� �U@ S�7 ,>� '��G�� >�1, ��
�� >�1, �� � zD! �{ ( % / � D�I�� � 1, �� � -�I�S« �{( :; b�, @��P
2 >� ']�� >U/� �/ �D 4 �U@S� ¡��@� [D=7 m� I� 8= �8�W �� >� <�, �� N� -,�8/ �<�, �� ��! +,� - +. /0� ��/�1 2 >�1, �� ���- �U@S� �'W >� �/�E� 2 >�1, �� � �- % ( %&� �� '( ) *
,�8�� ��D'_ ���V ,T�S0� 2 � r7�G�� �D<�, �� >� y*/ �U@S� u��� mX w4�@� qDr ,K�,� T�@W/ 6V bI�*9 a@�� �D'�W�� �!����� A� ��17 :; >�1, ��
6]/ >�']�� 6/��/ �sD4 �( N�'�< : ��{97 ,T �� ¡DC>�D�I�� A� ��W4X 2 >�1, ��P
���� >�']�� >U/��/ �D4 ��M9,� qr�'�� ÆM�7��� �D�V ��W4X � D�V7 >� /�����7 Y�<�Z� �D�V7 ���
�[@ (� N�� �- ;� D�� � D�I N� -,�8/ J[ (0�7 +,��\� � ( >�D�I�� ��! ��W4X 2 b�, @�� �zD! B�{(X ���/ ,�'��G�� 6DL¦ ���89 2 �sk/ ��D<�V h8= >�,�'@S�� 2 N� 9�'F � (X >�,�'@S�� %/ �88d@�� eQ�@*�� mX qDr
*�� %/ h<�@�� x r 2 ,T�SX 6Q�<7 %/ �88d@�� eQ�@ � D�� � D�V 2 b�, @�� � zD! B�{ (X ���/ �mX T�- :; �=� C\� >� '1����7 w�,�R �� � ( m7 s@�� mX q Dr ,� '��G�� 6DL ¦ ���8@� ��D<�V >�,�'@S��
w�,�R �� 2 >� '��G�� � r�*s�� >�1, �� 2 ��{@��4 �� 89 �( N�'�< bI�*� >�'1����7>�']�� �sDP
��� �� >� 1,� >� 'F mX eQ� @*�� >� klX 47 �U@S� �DQ�L r; ���� >�j +,�L N���!�1 ��@ ��� / 2 >� ']�� h<�@/ �(X m�V qDr ,+���� T�@W/
q��]��7 J70� T�@W���0.71 �% / � (X � sD8�� ��!7 �0.70�%/�]�� T�@W�� ���/ 2 �k�4X7 , �0.53 P� Æ M�7
�-� qr�'�� ��� � >� ']�� >U/��/ h<�@/ �sD4 ��M a @��7 %/�]�� T�@W�� ���/ ��D'G� N���- %/�]�� T�@W�� J70� x��@W �� ��� s N� -,�8/ � ]VX �L L�@/ m�I9 %/�]�� T�@W�� 2 >�'��G�� m�I9 ¬�@��7 ,NU]/ q��]��7 � | ,T� S0� >���@W �� >� '��G N� -,�8/ N�W-�c �]VX
�kl :; u��� � ( J�LZ� ��]| T �� ¡DC ��IR/ , h <�@/ m� V q Dr ,� �,�D��� >� =��d-U� 6 4X �D4u7�W�7 �(X J70� T�@W�� ���� ��,�D��� >�=��d-��
�10.05� ��� � ��,�D��� >�=��d-U� h<�@/ 64X m�V7 ,%/� ]�� T�@W �� �7.39� � ( b I�-� �,7 �� !7 ,
/�E� >�1, �� >�']�� >��� 89 T�@W �� ��� / 2 � D�%/�]��P
2 >� '��G�� �/ 8�� �D<�, �� ����� mX ÀrU-7:70� �D<�, �� �*W�� �g� ]��7 J70� T�@W�� � �L @9
� D�I�� � ��S >� '�G@/ ��� sV ,� D/�s��� %/ ��* :70� >���@W �� 2 >� '��G�� m� I9 ¬�@��7 ,�W8��7
�X ��< b D� 6 <� +��=: ����� %/ �*D( 2 �D�/�E� >�1, �� >�'F �� 89PPP
– 40 –
T�@W�� >�'��G N�-,�8/ N�W-�c 64X �,7 ��!7 ,%/�]�� [ �V %�� '@�� 6 8� q Dr ,>�1, �� %��'9 �( bI�*� u���7 T �� ¡DC :; ��j u���7 ,+���� T�@W/ wM9,� �� ! ¡ M@97 ,>� ']�� 6 /��/ � sD4 � ( N�'� < bI�*�
% / 6 V � <�,� eQ� @- w / � �D@*���,���� < 1995 ;� ,���R��2007����� 1 � X � <�,� eQ� @- >� klX7 ,
�2009� � T�@W �� % ( >� ']�� >U/��/ �D�U8@<� :;,�8s�� K�, ��P
>� 1,� >� 'F >��� 89 mX eQ� @*�� >�klX7 �DQ�L r; � ��� >�j +,�L N� ��!�1 ��@ � ����� � ( ¯ *�s ,+�� �� � kD�; a s@*9 a@�� �D�I�� �U@S� ,>� ']�� T�@W/7 �D�I�� x N�DQ�Lr; ���� �4U( ��17
%/ �®��� �(%( ��9 a@��7 >�']�� >U/��/ �W- mX �0.70 � ,� D�� �D�I N�-,�8/ T�S0� >�D�I�� 2 ����9
� 1,�7 >�1, �� w �p�9 �mX :; �'W �� T� �� 47�,�8@/ >�D�I�� ��W4X wD� 2 �kQ��@��P
� <�,� eQ� @- w / � <�, �� �� ! eQ� @- ¡ M@97���R�� �2007� �� ']�� >U/��/ mX >�klX a@�� � >
x r 2 ,+�� �� �kD�; as@*9 a@�� �D�I�� �U@S� ��@ ����W �� �<�,� eQ�@- w/ ��D@*�� ��! A4�*@9 �1995� �
� D�/�E� >�4�W s�� >�']�� >���@W/ mX >�klX a@��T�SX :; �D�V %/ ��@ P
�� M�-� � D��Z� � <�, �� eQ� @- >� klX7
,� D�� � D�V ��W4X ���� >�']�� >��� 89 �� ! ¡ M@97 � <�,� eQ� @- w / ��D@*��� ,���� <1995 ,���R �� ;�
2007� � >� ']�� >�´� / �� M�-� :; >,�fX a@��7 % Is�7 ,�D-�W -\� >� D�I�� 2 N���LS ��W40� ���� � D�� �D�V ��W4X ���/ >�'F >��� 89 ��M�-� .WM9 %�� '9 �� M�-� :; T� S0� >� D�I�� ��W 4� N�-,�8/
>�1, �� h<�@/ mX Àr�� qDr ,�D�� �D�V ��W4X 2 � D�V ��W 4X ��� / 2 >�1, �� � �,�D��� >�=��d-��
� D�� �5.78 � 2 ��W 40� a4� ' N� -,�8/ 6 40� � !7 >�G <�@/ Y,� 8@9 x r 2 ,T� S0� >� D�I��
T�S0� >�D�I�� 2 ��,�D��� >�=��d-��P � � q r�'�� m� = � <�, �� eQ� @- B�C 27
yC���� >7�M@�� ��IR� �D'�W�� ,�F}� %/ Z� +,7~ >�1, �� y* / 2 b�, @�� � zD! B�{(X >�<,�| 2 bI�* � u� ��7 � M�@��� >� D�I�� ��W4X 2 >�'��G�� 8( JU S % / � �j m� I� 47 ,>� ']�� �( N�'�< � zD! B�{ (X w DsE �L L�@/ 6 s( È,77 >�,7�
>�1, �� �D�� �k@D(�@� b�, @�� ���<,�| xW¦7 , 2 >[D��@��7 �s�-0� 6D�M9 ���V7 ,>�1, �� y*/ 2 >� '��G�� >�1, �� y* / b <� ¡ ��@� [D= ��/�E� >� <�, �� % / ���� B��1� yL *�7 ,��j �'4��/7 A� 2 >�']�� ��C %( ��7�W�� 6/����� B�L8@<�
�D�/�E� >�4�W��P
�� �������� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�1� ������ ,�2016��1437 !�
– 41 –
��B ���D�� �HV�KG���
cYB' :���� �� G����:
u & ,��� 1 � X� P2009� P� >� /U��� ��/�ID < � <�,��r�@M�� � 8�� ��/�1 2 >�,�8�� %/ �*D( 2 �D�/�E� P
�DWM*�� >�<�, �� ��½�� �D�sE� ���, 66�5�, 247–
266P � <�4 ,��½ ��7 B� 1, ,�U( �X� P1985� P� � D�D�¦ � <�,�
D�V 2 � '�G�� >��� 89 w�p�@� J70� 6L M�� � D�� �1982�1983� P����� ����� ,7�2� ,42–67P
&X ,� DG��� P1994� P� 6DL ¦ �� D8� >� /U��� � s�-X>� �/�E� 2 YU G�� P¨� /.�� � �/�1 � ��− � ����
����� ������ 2 �D-�,0� ,42�3� ,38–41 P �<�� ,����<� P1995� P��/�E� >� /U��� >�']�� �� 89 2 � D
6L M�� JU S ¨� /.�� � �/�1 2 >�4�W �� % / � *D( ����� g�]�� K�, ��1992�1993� P � G4 � �/�1 ���
−����� É�d'�� ,7�4� ,71– 89P �<�� ,����<� P2001� P� >�4�W �� 2 � '�G�� eQ� @- 6D�¦ �FX
� D�/�E� >�1, �� �S� �� ��W9�� >�'F �( �D�/�E� P\� ��/�1 ����D���� >�,�/− � ���� � ���� ,58�4� ,
151–175P À=�Z� '( ,���R��� P2007� P� % / � *D( >�/U( >�'F �� 89
)D'�� J« ��/�1 2 ����� P¡R /� � �/�1 � ��− �� ���� �DWM*��7 ����� ,23�2� ,255–271P
&X ,+�� (; DM/ ,+ /��r7 � P1996� P� w �p�9 ¤Q�L S >�,�8�� 2 >�1, �� >�1, �� �� �- B�C 2 �D�/�E�
¨�/.�� ��/�1 2 s@��� �� 8@��7 P� G4 � �/�1 � ��−�D�� �D�V �D��r ,13�2� ,433–456P
m[D� < &X ,+�� (� P2010� P� � D�s��� 2 ��� 8@��7 �� D8���DW�, @�� P ,; :w�p�@��7 3*�� 6/0� ,��P
up�® m�Wr ,u�s���; s¼ �L@�/ ,,�I(7 � P2014� P� � FX >� /U��� >� ']�� >��� 89 �( �D<�, �� �'�R�� ��r
�D�/�E� P%��d'�� ��/�1 ���− �DWM*��7 ����� ������ ,15�3� ,44–67P
��D f , *W ��� P1992� P� >��� 89 w �p�@� � D�D�¦ � <�,� � ��S K�, �� 6L M�� 2 � G4 � �/�1 2 YU G��
1990� P�G4 ��/�1 ���−�� � D�V � D��r� D ,9�4� ,125–153P
s¼ a/�< ,�d�/� P2002� P� � �(7 � D�� 2 q d'�� e!�*/bM*�� Pm[( :w�p�@��7 3*�� +.W�� ,��P
c�%�� :���&� G�����: Abu Alam, R., & Alsaraf ,Q. (1985). An analytical study of
the distribution of students in the College of
Education estimates for the first semester
1982/1983 (in Arabic). Educational Journal, 7(2),
42-67.
Abu Jarad, H. (2009). Psychometric study for university
Grades in a sample of courses in Al Quds Open
University (in Arabic). The Egyptian Association
for Psychological Studies Journal, 66(5), 247-266.
Al Chaib, A. (2007). Estimate the Reliability of sample
signs of articles in Al al-Bayt University (in
Arabic). Damascus University- Journal of
Educational and Psychological Sciences, 23(2),
255-271.
Al Omari, H., Ghazi, E., & Mutasim, M. (2014). The effect
of the size of the school division to estimates for
university Scores (in Arabic). Bahrain University-
Journal of Educational and Psychological Science,
15(3), 44-67.
Al Missned, S. (1992). An analytical study of the
distribution of students estimated at Qatar
University in the fall semester 1990 (in Arabic).
Journal of University of Qatar-Yearbook of the
Faculty of Education, 9(4), 125-153.
Barnes, S. (1985). A study of classroom pupil evaluation:
The issing link in teacher education. Journal of
Teacher Education, 36(4), 46–49.
Bligh, D. (1988). Higher education. London: Cassel
�X ��< b D� 6 <� +��=: ����� %/ �*D( 2 �D�/�E� >�1, �� >�'F �� 89PPP
– 42 –
Educational limited.
Birk, L. (2000). Grade inflation: what's really behind all
those a's?. Harvard Education Letter Research
Online, Jan/Feb 2000. Retrieved Mar 7, 2014, from
http://www.edletter.org/past/issues/2000-
jf/grades.shtml.
Collins, T. (1998). The high School/Post-Secondary
Education Transition. Council of Ministers of
Education, Postsecondary Education Project
Learner Pathways and Transitions, Canada,
October, 1998.
Duke, J. (1983). Disparities in grading practice, some
resulting inequities, and a proposed new index of
academic achievement. Psychological Reports,
53(3),1023–1080.
Feldt, L., & Brennan, R. (1989). Rliability. In Educational
measurement (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan
Publishing Company.
Gronlund, N., & Linn, R. (1990). Measurement and
Evaluation in Teaching (6th ed.). New York:
Macmillan Publishing Company.
Khatib, A. (1994). To measure student achievement in
universities marking systems (in Arabic). Yarmouk
University- Journal of Educational Sciences, 42(3),
38-41.
Millman , J., Slovacek, S., Kulick, E., & Mitchell, K.
(1983). Does grade inflation affect the reliability of
grades?. Research in Higher Education, 19(4), 423-
429.
Novick, M., & Lewis, C. (1967). Coefficient alpha and the
reliability of composite measurement.
Psychmetrika, 32, 1–13.
Odeh, A., & Hawamdeh, M. (1996). The Distribution of
Scores in undergraduate courses in the light of the
characteristics of the approved Scores at the
University of Yarmouk and appreciation system (in
Arabic). Qatar University- Yearbook of the College
of Education, 13(2), 433-456. Qualls, A. (1995). Estimating the reliability of a test
containing multiple item formats. Applied
Measurement in Education, 8(2), 111–120.
Raju, N. (1977). A generalization of coefficient alpha.
Psychometrika, 42, 549–565.
Rojstaczer, S. (2003). Grade inflation at American colleges
and universities. Retrieved Feb. 4, 2014, from
http://www.gradeinflation.com/.
Sawalmeh, Y. (1995). Stability estimate university Scores
in a sample of courses at Yarmouk University
during the second semester of the year 1992/1993
(in Arabic). Qatar University-Journal of
Educational Research, 7(4), 71-89. Sawalmeh, Y. (2001). Impact analysis of the results of
students in university courses on the stability of the
internal consistency of university Scores (in
Arabic). Arab Emirates University- Educational
Journal, 58(4), 151-175. Sawyer, R. (1989). Validating the use of ACT scores for
remedial course placement in college. ACT
Research Report, Iowa city: ACT.
Schwager, R. (2012). Grade Inflation, Social Background,
and Labour Market Matching. Journal of Economic
Behavior & Organization, 82(1), 56–66
Thorndike, R., & Hagen, E. (1986). Measuerment and
evaluation in psychology and education (4th ed.).
New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
* * *