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PERPUSTAKAAN UMP
11 fill 1111111111 111111111111 PASSE 0000072604 (PIS) FOR
KUANTAN - TANJUNG LUMPUR BUS ROUTE
INSYIRAH BT. MOHD YUNUS
AA08157
A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources\ University Malaysia Pahang
JUNE 2012
kESTAKMN UMVERST MALAYSIA PAHANG
No. Perokhai 'No. Parggilan
0726Q43tg
Tarc.ii -
MAR 2013
ABSTRACT
The main purpose of this study is to provide information about public
transportation which is public bus to people living around Tanjung Lumpur area. The
dissemination of information about public transportation that is available is very
important in order to inform to public bus users about the existence of public
transportation thereby can increase the awareness of local residents about the benefits
of using public transport. If provided public transportation is not being used and total
of passengers is too little, the bus company had to stop the bus operation and this will
give problems to low-income residents who still want to use public transport. Public
transportation information that need to be considered are bus routes, bus travel time,
and location of bus stops. This study used the concept of geographic information
system in conducting inventory of existing bus facilities. In addition, the
questionnaire surveys and interviews were also conducted to obtain information on
bus operations along Kuantan to Tanjung Lumpur bus route. Next, information about
public transportation services can be disseminated.
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ABSTRAK
Tujuan utama kajian mi adalah untuk memberi informasi atau makiumat
tentang pengangkutan awam iaitu bas awam kepada penduduk setempat yang tinggal
di Tanjung Lumpur dan kawasan berdekatan. Penyebaran makiumat tentang
pengangkutan awam yang disediakan sangat penting untuk memberitahu tentang
kewujudan pengangkutan awam tersebut sekali gus dapat meningkatkan kesedaran di
kalangan penduduk setempat tentang kelebihan menggunakan pengangkutan awam.
Jika pengangkutan awam yang disediakan tidak digunakan dan jumlah penumpang
yang menaiki pengangkutan awam terlampau sedikit, pihak syarikat bas terpaksa
menghentikan operasi bas dan mi akan menyusahkan penduduk yang berpendapatan
rendah yang masih mahu menggunakan pengangkutan awam. Makiumat
pengangkutan awam yang perlu diambil kira adalah laluan bas, masa perjalanan bas,
dan kedudukan perhentian bas. Kajian mi menggunakan konsep sistem makiumat
geografi dalam menjalankan inventori kemudahan bas yang sedia ada. Tambahan
lagi, kajian soal selidik dan wawancara turut dijalankan untuk mendapatkan
makiumat mengenai operasi bas di sepanjang laluan bas darijuantan ke Tanjung
Lumpur. Seterusnya, makiumat tentang perkhidmatan pengangkutan awam dapat
disebarkan.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
TITLE PAGE i DECLARATION DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
ABSTRAK vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF TABLES xii
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objective 3
1.4 Scope of Study 3
1.5 Significance of Study 4
1.6 Study Area 4
1.7 Thesis Layout 5
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3.
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 Geographical Information System (GIS) 7
2.3 Fundamental of GIS 8
2.3.1 Mapping Concepts, Features and
Properties 8
2.3.2 Map Characteristics 9
2.3.3 Data Automation 9
2.4 Public Bus Transportation Information 10
2.4.1 Data Integration 10
2.5 Routes S 11
2.6 Operation Information 12
2.7 Association of Bus Routes and Bus Stops 13
2.8 Materials 13
2.8.1 Location of Bus Stops 13
2.9 Conclusion of Literature Review 14
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 15
3.2 Pre-field Work Study 16
3.3 Field Work 17
3.3.1 Interview 17
3.3.2 Questionnaire survey 17
3.4 Post-field Work 18
3.4.1 ArcCatalog GIS 19
3.4.2 Map 22
3.4.3 Attribute Table 25
3.5 Product 25
3.6 Conclusion 27
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4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction 28
4.2 Study Location 28
4.3 Data Analysis 29
4.4 Data Representation of Public Transportation
Management Object 30
4.4.1 Public Transportation Station Data 30
4.4.2 Public Transportation Route Data 31
4.5 Database Organization 31
4.6 Interview 32
4.7 Questionnaire Survey 33
4.8 Design of Bus Schedule for Kuantan to
Tanjung Lumpur Bus Route 36
4.9 Location Map for Bus Stops 37
4.9.1 Identifying Bus Stops Information
in ArcMap 39
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary 49
5.2 Achievement of the Study Objectives 50
5.2.1 Objective 1 51
5.2.2 Objective 2 51
5.3 Conclusion 52
5.4 Recommendation 53
REFERENCES 54
APPENDICES 56
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
Figure 1 : Location of study (www.google.com) 4
Figure 2.1: Data Integration is the linking of information in different forms
through GIS 11
Figure 2.2: Objects relation of Public Transportation 12
Figure 2.3: Location of Bus Stops (image from Google Earth) 14
Figure 3.1: Methodology of Research Flowchart 16
Figure 3.2: Captured Image from Google Earth 18
Figure 3.3.1: New File Geodatabase 19
Figure 3.3.2: New Feature Class 19
Figure 3.3.3: Types of feature class 20
Figure 3.3.4: WGS84 Coordinate System 20
Figure 3.3.5: File geodatabase Feature Class 21
Figure 3.3.6: Add data from ArcCatalog 21
Figure 3.3.7: Open Attribute Table 22
Figure 3.4: Image from Google Earth 23
Figure 3.5: Line Features (Bus Routes) 23
Figure 3.6: Point Features (location of bus stops) 24
Figure 3.7: Location Map of Bus Stops 24
Figure 3.8: Map in GIS Database 26
Figure 3.8.1: Design Poster for Kuantan to Tanjung Lumpur Bus Route 26
Figure 4.1: Study Area(Jln. Pasar to Cherok Paloh, Kuantan) 29
Figure 4.1.1: Gender of Respondent 33
Figure 4.1.2: Age of Respondent 34
Figure 4.1.3: Income of Respondents 34
Figure 4.1.4: Vehicles Ownership 35
Figure 4.1.5: Running Time of Bus 35
Figure 4.1.6: Punctuality of Bus 36
Figure 4.2: Bus Schedule for Kuantan to Tanjung Lumpur Bus Route 37
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Figure 4.3: Location Map of Bus Stops 38
Figure 4.9.1.1: Point 1 (Cherok Paloh)
Figure 4.9.1.2: Point 2 (Kg. Penor) 40
Figure 4.9.1.3: Point 3 (Kg. Sepat) 40
Figure 4.9.1.4: Point 4 (Kg. Kempadang) 41
Figure 4.9.1.5: Point 5 (Peramu) 41
Figure 4.9.1.6: Point 6 (Perkampungan Tanjung Lumpur) 42
Figure 4.9.1.7: Point 7 (Kg. Hijrah) 42
Figure 4.9.1.8: Point '8 (Cherok Paloh) 43
Figure 4.9.1.9: Point 9 (Kg. Hijrah) 43
Figure 4.9.1.10: Point 10 (Kg. Penor) 44
Figure 4.9.1.11: Point 11 (Kg. Sepat) 44
Figure 4.9.1.12: Point 12 (Kg. Chempaka) 45
Figure 4.9.1.13: Point 13 (Kg. Chempaka) 45
Figure 4.9.1.14: Point 14 (Kg. Chempaka) 46
Figure 4.9.1.15: Point 15 (Kg. Sg. Soi) 46
Figure 4.9.1.16: Point 16 (Peramu) 47
Figure 4.9.1.17: Point 17 (Kg. Kempadang) 47
Figure 4.9.2:Poster for UPTIS 48
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
Table 1: Attribute Table 25
Table 2: GIS Database for Transit Analysis 30
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
Tanjung Lumpur is just a fishing village with small population but now it has
experiencing rapid development. So, the population and vehicles in the area will be
increasing. From my personal observation, people living in the area do not like to use
public transportation services as they prefer to use their own transport. This has lead
to lack of adequate stage bus service along the route from Kuantan to Tanjung
Lumpur. The issue of lack of stage bus in Kuantan is because the service seems to
"die" several years ago when the bus company claimed that they suffered quite a big
loss ( Berita Harian, Awang Asrol ). The key to solve this problem is improving
Public transportation.
Public transport system plays a vital role by providing cost effective and
energy saving means of transport. The public bus transport system provides a better
and safer environment by reducing congestion, pollution and creating more efficient
Solution to transport problems. Therefore, it is urgent to promote public
transportation informationization to improve service quality and efficiency of bus,
subway and other public transportation ( Z. Wen, C. Xiaojie, L. Jianjun, 2010). From
the national application trend, Geographic Information System (GIS) has been the
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most effective method to foster public transportation informationization development
(WZ. Xiao, W Wang, XG. Li, 1999).
This system will be specifically developed for bus transport. In this system,
passenger can get information about all buses, routes, timings of buses and all stops
along Kuantan to Tanjung Lumpur bus route. This project includes two phases. One
is for user and the other for administrator. For the users, they can request for
information about all buses, routes, timings of buses and all stops along the route
using Wi-Fi or GPRS technology. On the other hand, for the administrator, they can
update, delete and insert information about all buses, routes, and helpline numbers
for users (N. Uma, 2011).
1.2 Problem Statement
Tanjung Lumpur is experiencing poor public transport system, the existing
public transport system lacks among other \characteristics; passenger trip guidance,
bus routes, timings of buses and all stops along Kuantan to Tanjung Lumpur bus
route. Passengers do not know the available services provided for them and the
advantageof using public transportation and this has lead to low demand for the
service. Therefore, there is a need for implementing a geographic database for public
transportation information within the area. This will greatly enhance efficiency and
facilitate transportation information of the public transportation within the area.
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1.3 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are:
i. To conduct inventory the existing bus facilities from Kuantan
to Tanjung Lumpur using GIS.
ii. To produce User Publis Transportation Information System
(UPTIS) for the study area.
1.4 Scope of Study
Scopes of this study include the following procedures:
i. Collection of information from various sources.
- Meeting with stakeholders (especially passengers, drivers,
bus operators or other commercial operators) and
questionnaire surveys to know the needs and priorities of the
stakeholders.
ii. Obtain road network map.
- Capture from Google Earth and geo-referenced to the
WGS84 coordinate system
iii. Promotion.
- The promotion of transport information system helps to raise
awareness among the public about the benefit of using
public transportation.
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1.5 Significance of Study
The study is conducted in order to give information to all users about public
bus along Kuantan to Tanjung Lumpur bus route like bus routes, timings of buses,
and all stops along the route. Then, the bus operators or public bus companies can
distribute information about public transportation to users. The public transportation
information system can be given to Majlis Perbandaran Kuantan (MPK) so that they
can plan better public transport facilities.
1.6 Study Area
Study area was along Kuantan - Tanjung Lumpur bus route which is from
stage bus station at Jalan Stadium to the bus stop at Cherok Paloh. The length of the
road is 32 kilometers.
Figure 1: Location of study•
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1.7 Thesis Layout
The contents of each chapter are summarized below:
1. Introduction: this chapter includes background, problem statement, objectives
of the study, scope of study and study area.
2. Literature review: includes analysis background, definition, methods and
summary of literature review.
3. Methodology: includes methods from start to end of this project run and
methods of using the GIS software.
4. Analysis and Result: presentation of results as database public transportation
maps and discussion.
5. Conclusions and recommendations: includes summary of the conclusions and
recommendations.
6. References
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
In order to successfully conduct this project, it is necessary to have a better
understanding and knowledge regarding public transportation inventory and
transportation studies. To this, the studies and research in various types of books,
articles, case studies, journals and related websites need to carry out.
The process of survey of existing facilities and current behavior or collect the
information and resources regarding public transportation is called public
transportation inventory. The result of this process can be used in various types of
Purpose. For example for this project, the data or result will be used as information to
the users in the living area.
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2.2 Geographical Information System (GIS)
An effective system management is required in planning development in
order to achieve the desired goals and objectives, evaluate alternative as well as
control development programs that are in line with the current and future prospects.
GIS technology has long been applied in planning activities which essentially
include plans formulation as well as development control (Johar et al., 2003). The
design of public transportation system operation and networks is complex and can
include conflicting objectives. The design may not fulfill the passengers' satisfaction.
GIS can combine pieces of data for every object, put it through the model
process, and get back a new piece of information. This allows spatial data to be
processed in mass quantities using powerful, complex formulas. GIS not only for
mapping, but, it also can analyses, process data and unique. Besides of that, the
costing is much cheaper by using GIS (Chang K. T., 2008).
By using GIS in managing the information, the department can provide data
that is current and accurate, which can be retrieved at anytime and anywhere.
Effective management is very important to eliminate data duplication. The adoption
of GIS will lead to a more organized management. Passengers need effective public
transport services and to be well regarded, public transport services must follow
regular schedules, be safe and rapid, guarantee high service quality, and utilize
resources efficiently (Dridi et al., 2005). Public transportation services vitalize
economies of nations. These services improve the life of communities by providing
safe, efficient, and economic transport and they benefit society by easing traffic
congestion, saving money, and creating and sustaining jobs (Tran and Kleiner, 2005).
Public transport managed objects, includes physical entities and data entities.
Physical entities refer to the road network, public transport facilities, routes, vehicles,
Passenger traffic distribution and other objective object. Data entities are mainly Public transport daily operation and management data, such as travel schedule, traffic
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statistics, sales data, and personal management data. Data entities are generally in the
form of database table and every table are correlated by keyword. this project, the
data or result will be used as information to the users in the living area.
2.3 Fundamentals of GIS
Fundamentals of GIS are dividing into four parts, which are mapping
concepts, features and properties, map characteristics, data automation and the last
one is information of digital map.
2.3.1 Mapping Concepts, Features and Properties
A map represents geographic features or others spatial phenomena by
graphically conveying information about locations and attributes. Location is
described as the position of particular geographic features on the Earth's surface
whether the attributes is described as characteristics of the geographic features
represented such as name or numbers. The basic objective of mapping is to provide:-
a. Descriptions of geographic phenomenon.
b. Spatial and non spatial data. C. Map features like point, polygon and line.
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2.3.2 Map Characteristics
There are technical characteristics that define map in addition to feature
locations or their attributes. Elangovan, 2006, specified the map characterististic
includes:-
a. Map scale.
b. Map accuracy.
C. Map extent.
d. Data base extent.
2.3.3 Data Automation
Map features are logically organizes into a set of layers. Map data, regardless
of how spatial database will be applied, is collected, automated and updated in a
series of adjacent map sheets or aerial photograph. Each sheet is mounted on the
digitizer and digitized, one sheet at a time. In order to be able to combine, the
coordinates must be transforming into a single common coordinate system. Hence,
the attributes will associate with the features (Elangovan, 2006).
2.4 Public Bus Transportation Information
Public bus transportation information include the bus route, bus stops
location, and bus operations. All these information are important in order to increase
the public awareness about public bus transportation services provided in the study
area. Information of public bus transport can be produced by conducting inventory of
existing bus facilities along the route using GIS. GIS can be used to emphasize the
spatial relationship among the objects being mapped. Data capture putting the public
bus information into the system involves identifying the objects on the map, the
absolute location of bus stop on the Earth's surface, and their spatial relationships.
Software tools that automatically extract features from satellite images are gradually
replacing what has traditionally been a time-consuming capture process. Objects are
identified in a series of attribute tables the "information" part of GIS. Spatial
relationships, such as whether features intersect or whether they are adjacent, are the
key to all GIS-based analysis (Elangovan, 2006).
2.4.1 Data Integration
GIS makes it possible to link, or integrate, information that is difficult to
associate through any other means. Thus, GIS can use combinations of mapped
variables to build and analyze new variables (Elangovan, 2006).
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Figure 2.1 Data integration is the linking of information in different forms through
GIS
2.5 Routes
Public bus route is the most important part of transportation which refers to
the directed physical path ( J. T. Li and J. F. Yang, 2004) of every bus route. In data
model, one line is alternatively connected by site and road section.
1) Site: Site is the location for passengers getting on and off the bus.
Actually, site is the "projection" of platform of one specific line and its location is
according to the corresponding site. In other words, the platform and site has one-to-
many relation
2) Road sections: Section is a line segment between adjacent sites which is
the basic building blocks unit of bus routes. Specifically, section is the connection of
two adjacent sites along the road centerline.
The following diagram visually reflects the relationship between buses
related objects:
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D
o - Legend o Legend network C
- Route
Road sectia
L2ikd Hub platformi Parkiiig
L (first and
Maintenance site
Figure 2.2 : Objects relation of public transportation
2.6 Operation information
Public transport information is bus GIS information which is closely
connected with the application business data including the frequency plan, passenger
traffic and passenger revenue and other data. It organizes public transportation
information. The actual performance of public transport operations is reflected in
many aspects, such as vehicle storage and organization, each line transceiver classes,
schedules, operating interval, operation mileage management, etc. Related
information and route will change accordingly.
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2.7 Association of Bus Routes and Bus Stops
Bus routes do not necessarily service all the bus stops that lie on their paths,
and many bus stops are serviced by more than one route. Therefore, it is necessary to
devise an efficient way and give information by which stops can be specified and
associated with their respective (C. S. Papacostas, 1995).
2.8 Materials
In this part, all materials used in this study are presented. The specific
material got from MPK and two bus companies that operates along the route which
are Rahmat Alam and Bee Huat.
2.8.1 Location of bus stops
In this study, we get location and pictures of bus stops from MPK and
transfer to the GIS software to conduct the inventory of existing bus facilities.
Example data that could be used is the distance of bus stop from bus terminal at Jalan
Pasar, Kuantan.
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Figure 2.3 : Location of bus stops (image from Google Earth)
2.9 Conclusion of Literature Review
From the literature review, previous researcher already state about how to use
GIS, the advantages, functions and also guideline on using GIS software. However,
not many people know how to use this intelligent software. The following are some
of advantages by using GIS software such as save time and cut cost, high technology,
easy to understand, easy to do analysis and GIS can save lots of data. This literature
review also played as example for its application in conducting inventory,
establishing map, and giving information. The use of GIS can encourage
Cooperation and communication among the organizations involved in environmental
protection, planning, and resource management.
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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
A key component in emerging methods and techniques for better
understanding transportation processes is geographical information system (GIS).
Researchers have used GIS technology to measure 'accessibility of public transport,
creating public transport routes, identifying optimum routes, optimizing bus stops
and spatial analysis of service level, measuring spatial equity and public transport
management. Recently, the application of GIS in public transport planning and
management has increased. It is an attractive tool for this research because of its
query, spatial analysis, and network analysis. Hence, GIS has been used to conduct
inventory of existing bus facilities for this study area.
This research has three stages which are the pre-field work stage, field-work
stage, and post-field work stage. All methodology and materials used in this research
will be discussed in this chapter. In order to achieve the objectives of this research,
the general methods followed were literature review, interviews with public bus
Companies, which are Ralmrnt Alain and Bee Huat, questionnaire survey for 50
public bus users, data collection from Majlis Perbandaran Kuantan (MPK). In this
research, software ArcGIS 9.3 is used.
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Capture image fromInterviews and questionnaireGoogle Earth survey to publit bus users. bu companies, and WK
Geo-referenèing to WGS84 coordinate system
Attributes of bus stops
Bus route network map
Establish map location of bus stops
Prepare poster for UPTItS
Figure 3.1 : Methodology of research flowchart
3.2 Pre-field Work Study
Firstly, literature review is done to identify the parameters and data required
and relevant stakeholders were identified. The required data that have been identified
during the pre-field study are road network, bus route, location of bus stops, and bus
Operations. Then, interview questions and questionnaires were prepared. Interview
sessions are done with both Rahmat Alam and Bee Huat bus companies. The questionnaire survey for public bus users was prepared to conduct at bus stops along
the bus route. The questionnaires was made as simple as possible so that the required inFormation can be obtained in the waiting time. It has three parts involving
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