1.1 âõsph p:- -...

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1.1 âõsph_p:-âõsph_p:-âõsph_p:-âõsph_p:-âõsph_p:-

bpmL$ _p_y„ dV$u sê$Z A_¡ sê$Z dV$u y¿s b_¡ Ðep„ ky udp„ sp¡ s¡ kyMv$ A_¡ vy$:Mv$

`mp¡ hÃQ¡\u `kpf \pe R>¡. bpmL$_p¡ â^p_ k|f "õh'_u Ap¡mM R>¡. lz„ L$p¡Z? kdpS>dp„ dpfy„

õ\p_ ¼ep„? kdpS>dp„ lz„ iy„ cpN cS>hui? lz„ crhóedp„ kam \Ci L¡$ r_óam? Ap b^p

âñp¡ bpmL$p¡_¡ d|„ThZdp„ d|L$u v¡$ R>¡. v$f¡L$ ìe[¼s_¡ s¡_y„ ApNhy„ ìe[¼sÐh lp¡e R>¡. s¡d_p¡ v¡$Mph,

bp¥[Ý^L$sp, fk, hgZ, ê$rQ hN¡f¡dp„ OZu rcÞ_sp Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. bpëephõ\p v$fçep_ `p¡sp_p

ApNhp ìe[¼sÐh_p¡ ¿epg h y O¡fp¡ b_¡ R>¡ A_¡ v$f¡L$ bpmL$ `p¡sp_u âòps c|rdL$pdp„ flu_¡

`p¡sp_u Apk`pk_p hpsphfZ_¡ A_yL|$m \hp âepk L$f¡ R>¡. Äepf¡ Qp¡½$k L$pfZp¡kf hpsphfZ_¡

A_yL|$m \hpdp„ s¡Ap¡ r_óam Åe R>¡, Ðepf¡ s¡d_¡ lspip O¡fu hm¡ R>¡.

õh- ¿epg_p rhL$pk_u iê$Aps riiy Ahõ\pdp„\u ’pe R>¡. Ðepfbpv$ Sy>v$pSy>v$p sb½¡$

Sy>v$p Sy>v$p `qfbmp¡ õh- ¿epg_¡ Akf L$f¡ R>¡. ìe[¼s_u by[Ý^, Aph¡Np¡, Apr\®L$ [õ\rs,

i¥nrZL$ Aæepk, ìe[¼s_¡ \sp A_ychp¡ s¡_¡ dmsu kamsp-r_óamsp, kpdprS>L$-kp„õL©$rsL$

`qf[õ\rs, AÞe ìe[¼sAp¡ kp\¡_u kfMpdZu, s¡_u dmsu rk[ÝÂp¡, L$p¥Vy„$rbL$ hpsphfZ A_¡

s¡_p kp\¡_u Ap„sfq¾$ep, ìehkpe, s¡_p bpmL$p¡, Æh_kp\u D`fp„s kpdprS>L$ c|rdL$p `Z

s¡_p õh-¿epg_¡ Akf L$f¡ R>¡. Ap D`fp„s ìe[¼s_p d_p¡cpf A_¡ kdpep¡S>_ D`f `Z Akf

L$f¡ R>¡.

v$f¡L$ ìe[¼s `p¡s¡ L„$CL$ L$fu R|>V$hp_u L¡$ AÞe ìe[¼s L$fsp h^pf¡ _¡ h^pf¡ _pd, rk[Ý^

L¡$ S>ê$qfepsp¡_p¡ k„sp¡j d¡mhhp kss L$pe®iug fl¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. dp_hu `p¡sp_u S>ê$qfepsp¡ k„sp¡jhp

A¡L$ ep buÆ fus¡ kss âeÐ_iug fl¡ R>¡ `f„sy dp_hu `p¡sp_u Ap v$f¡L$ S>ê$qfeps |Z® \pe

s¡ k„sp¡jpC Åe sp¡ dp_h Æh_ OÏ„ S> kfm b_u Åe R>¡ `f„sy dp_hu_u S>ê$qfeps_p

k„sp¡jdp„ rhÂ_, d|„ThZ, Ahfp¡ p¡ L¡$ kdõepAp¡ A¡L$ ep buÆ fus¡ Dcu \su lp¡e R>¡. S>¡_¡

`qfZpd¡ dp_hudp„ d_p¡cpf Dv¹$chsp¡ lp¡e R>¡. ìe[¼s_¡ `p¡sp_u S>ê$qfepsp¡ k„sp¡jhpdp„ kss

r_óamsp L¡$ k„Ojp£_p¡ kpd_p¡ L$fhp_u [õ\rs, `X$L$pf Aphu `X¡$ Ðepf¡ s¡ [õ\rsdp„ ìe[¼s suh°

d_p¡cpf_p¡ cp¡N b_¡ R>¡.

ApS>_p Ap yr_L$ eyNdp„ rhop_ A_¡ V¡$¼_p¡gp¡Æ_p TX$ù rhL$ksp A_¡ Ah_hu ip¡ _p

L$pfZ¡ dp_hÆh_ OZy„ S> kfm bÞey„ R>¡. `f„sy Ap rhop_ A_¡ V¡$¼_p¡gp¡Æ_p„ TX$ù rhL$pk_p

L$pfZ¡ L¡$V$guL$ _hu kdõepAp¡ `Z S>Þdu R>¡. S>¡d L¡$, i¥nqZL$ kdõepAp¡ A_¡ rinZn¡Ó¡

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h^sp S>sp _hp n¡Óp¡ s¡_p L$pfZ¡ rhÛp\}Ap¡_y„ crhóe L¡$V$guL$ kdõepAp¡ sfa O¡fpC füy„ R>¡.

rinZ n¡Ódp„ h^su õ`^p®Ap¡ S>¡hu L¡$ DÃQ L$npA¡ rk[Ý^ lp„kg L$fhp_u suh° lqfapC, ìehkpe

d¡mhhp_u kdõepAp¡, Årse d|„ThZp¡, b¡L$pfu, âv|$jZ, kpdprS>L$ Akyfnp, tlkp, A¡L$gsp,

Apr\®L$ kdõep hN¡f¡ dp_hudp„ d_p¡cpf DÐ`Þ_ L$f¡ R>¡.

ApS>_p õ`^p®ÐdL$ eyNdp„ v$f¡L$ dp_hu buÅ L$fsp„ L„$CL$ _¡ L„$CL$ h^pf¡ d¡mhu g¡hp_u

ApL$p„npAp¡dp„ Mp¡hpC Ne¡gp¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. Apd, R>sp„ dp_hu `p¡sp_u b^u S> A ¡npAp¡ k„sp¡ju

iL$sp¡ _\u. `qfZpd¡ A |$fu fl¡gu S>ê$qfepsp¡, CÃR>pAp¡, Ýe¡e L¡$ rk[Ý^dp„ rhn¡ , dp_hudp„

lspip, k„Oj® A_¡ d_p¡cpf_u [õ\rs ¡v$p L$f¡ R>¡. dp_hu Æh_dp„ Aphu `fu[õ\rsAp¡ hpf„hpf

A_ychpe R>¡. hpf„hpf lp\ ^f¡g b_¡ R>¡. S>¡_p L$pfZ¡ s¡ d_p¡cpf_p¡ A_ych L$f¡ R>¡. S>¡_u Akf

s¡_p kdpep¡S>_ D`f \su Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. S>¡\u s¡ ep¡Áe kdpep¡S>_ kp^hpdp„ r_óamsp d¡mh¡

R>¡.

dp_h Æh_dp„ kp¥\u ANÐe_p¡ kdeNpmp¡ rhÛp\} Æh_ R>¡. bpmL$ Ly$Vy„$b, kdpS>dp„

flu `p¡sp_p Æh__u iê$Aps L$fsp¡ lp¡e R>¡. S>¡d S>¡d ApNm h ¡ R>¡ s¡d s¡_¡ L¡$V$guL$ kdõep,

k„Oj®, Ahfp¡ p¡_p¡ kpd_p¡ L$fhp¡ `X¡$ R>¡. dpV¡$ Ah_hp, rdÓp¡ kp\¡, rinL$ kp\¡, _hp hpsphfZ

kp\¡ flu_¡ L$pd `pf `pX$hp_y„ lp¡e R>¡. Å¡ Ap kdõepAp¡_p¡ spÐL$pguL$ D`pe L¡$ kdp^p_ _

dm¡ sp¡ s¡Ap¡ d_p¡cpf_p¡ A_ych L$f¡ R>¡ S>¡_¡ `qfZpd¡ kdpep¡S>__u kdõepAp¡_p¡ Dv¹$ch Å¡hp

dm¡ R>¡.

1.2 õh-¿epg (õh-¿epg (õh-¿epg (õh-¿epg (õh-¿epg (Self- Concept)

ìe[¼sdp„ õh-¿epg_p¡ rhL$pk Ap„sfq¾$ep Üpfp \pe R>¡. A¡V$g¡ S>¡ kdpS>_u AÞe

ìe[¼sAp¡ `p¡sp_p rhi¡ S>¡ ¿epg ^fphsu lp¡e s¡_u kdS|>su s¡ ìe[¼s `p¡s¡ d¡mhu A_¡

s¡ fus¡ `p¡sp_p ìe[¼sÐh_¡ Å¡sp iuM¡ sp¡ ¿epg_p¡ rhL$pk kpQu qv$ipdp„ \pe. rhL$kus õh-

¿epg ìe[¼sdp„ AÞe L¡$V$guL$ Ly$imspAp¡ A_¡ AphX$sp¡ rhL$kph¡ R>¡. s¡dS> s¡ dpÓ `p¡sp_p¡

S> kdph¡i s¡_p õh-¿epgdp„ _ L$fsp„ ""dpfp¡ kdpS>, dpfy Ly$Vy„$b dpfp Æh_ kp\u A_¡ dpfp

bpmL$p¡'' hN¡f¡_p¡ `Z `p¡sp_p õh-¿epgdp„ kdph¡i L$f¡ R>¡.

v$f¡L$ ìe[¼s `pk¡ `p¡sp_y„ ìe[¼sNs õh-¿epg_y„ A¡L$ rQÓ lp¡e R>¡. s¡dp„ âÐenuL$fZ,

ìe[¼s_p¡ `p¡sp_p¡ v¡$Mph, dpÞespAp¡ D`fp„s `p¡sp_u kp\¡ Å¡X$pe¡gp d|ëep¡, l½$p¡, gpNZuAp¡,

rhQpfp¡ A_¡ `p¡sp_u `k„v$Nu_p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡. õh¿epg A¡ ìe[¼s_p `p¡sp_p hs®_ dpV¡$_y„

dy¿e L¡$ÞÖ R>¡.

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1.2.1 õh-¿epg_p¡ A\®/ìep¿ep:-õh-¿epg_p¡ A\®/ìep¿ep:-õh-¿epg_p¡ A\®/ìep¿ep:-õh-¿epg_p¡ A\®/ìep¿ep:-õh-¿epg_p¡ A\®/ìep¿ep:-

õh-¿epg A¡V$g¡ `p¡sp_p rhi¡_p¡ ¿epg (((((The self Concept is our self of

sence )))))

"" ìe[¼s_p¡ `p¡sp_p¡ `p¡sp_p ìe[¼sÐh rhi¡_p¡ S>¡ ¿epg R>¡ s¡_¡ õh-¿epg sfuL¡$

Ap¡mMu iL$pe.''

Sullivan S>Zph¡ R>¡ L¡$, ""bpmL$ S>¡d dp¡Vy„$ \pe s¡d kpdprS>L$ Ap„sfq¾$ep v$frdep_

s¡_¡ kdS>hp gpN¡ R>¡ L¡$ `p¡s¡ iy„ L$fu iL¡$ s¡d R>¡? ¼ep n¡Ódp„ s¡_¡ kamsp dmu iL¡$ s¡d

R>¡ s¡_u dep®v$pAp¡ L$C L$C R>¡? D`fp„s Ly$Vy„$b_p hpsphfZdp„\u `Z s¡_p ¿epg_¡ V¡$L$p¡ dm¡

R>¡. L$p¥Vy„$rbL$ Ap„sfq¾$ep_¡ `qfZpd¡ bpmL$_p d_dp„ `p¡sp_p ìe[¼sÐh rhi¡ A¡L$ Qp¡½$k ¿epg

S>Þd¡ R>¡. S>¡_¡ "õh-¿epg' L$l¡ R>¡.

“English and English inclusive term refering to a single livgeneral

person is an all inclusive term referring to a single living human being

as well as all thesocial and psychological characterstics and posses-

sion we might attribute to that social it may also be used in a more

restricted bodily sense to refer to the physical organism.’ ’

Roger ’s "õh-¿epg'ìep¿ep Ap`sp S>Zph¡ R>¡ L¡$ "" õh-¿epg A¡V$g¡ ìe[¼s_p

`p¡sp_p ìe[¼sÐhdp„ fl¡gp NyZ AhNyZ i[¼s s¡dS> dep®v$pAp¡ rhi¡_y„ ìe[¼s_y„ `p¡sp_y„ [õ\f

L¡$ õ\peu hgZ.''

Comb _p ds¡ ìe[¼s L¡$hu fus¡ rhQpf¡ R>¡ A_¡ hs®_ L$f¡ R>¡. A¡ dp¡V$p cpN¡ s¡

iy„ R>¡? A¡ Üpfp _½$u \pe R>¡. õh-¿epg A¡ ìe[¼ssp hs®__¡ OX¡$ R>¡. õh-¿epg A¡V$g¡

ìe[¼s iy„ R>¡ A_¡ buÅ_u ×rô$A¡ s¡ iy„ R>¡?

Raimy (1943) _p ds¡, "" "õh-¿epg A¡ A¡hp¡ _L$ip¡ R>¡ S>¡ v$f¡L$ ìe[¼s_¡ `p¡sp_u

Ås_¡ kdS>hpdp„ D`ep¡Nu R>¡. s¡dS> s¡ dp_hue A_ychp¡_y„ lpv®$ R>¡. "õh'dp„ "lz„',"d_¡', "dpfy„'

A_¡ ""dpfu Ås' _p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡.

Cooley (1964) _p ds¡ "" õh'' A¡ ìe[¼s_p `p¡sp_p rhQpfp¡ A_¡ buÅ s¡_¡

iu fus¡ Sy>A¡ R>¡ s¡_y„ ârstbb R>¡.

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"õh' A¡ ìe[¼s_p¡ Nc® R>¡. õh-¿epgdp„ ìe[¼s_p b^p S> rhQpfp¡, gpNZuAp¡ A_¡

Aph¡Np¡_p¡ kdph¡i \C Åe R>¡. õh-¿epg A¡ ìe[¼s_u ÅN©rs A_¡ ìe[¼sNs A[õsÐh_y„

b„ pfZ R>¡. V|„$L$dp„ õh-¿epg A¡ k„ |Z® A_¡ kh®N°plu A¡fuep R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ ìe[¼sÐh_¡ rhipm

fus¡ fS|> L$f¡ R>¡.

William Jems "õh' s¡ ÅZL$pfu (Knower or I ) s¡dS> ÅZhp_u hõsy (to

be knowen) A¡d b„_¡ õhê$ ¡ Ap¡mM¡ R>¡.

V|„$L$dp„ ìe[¼s S>¡_¡ `p¡sp_y„ L$l¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_u kp\¡ A¡L$ê$`sp A_ych¡ R>¡ s¡ b^p_p¡

kfhpmp¡ "õh' L$l¡hpe R>¡.

Robert beran (1967) "õh-¿epg' _u ìep¿ep Ap`sp S>Zph¡ R>¡ L¡$ “All the

information & beliefs individuals have about their own charachterstics

& themselves consulte self concept.”

Baron A_¡ Byrance "õh' rhi¡ S>Zph¡ R>¡ L¡$, “Self is our unique

individuality addelineated by all of our knowledge feeling and ideas

about our selves.”

1.2.2 õh_u kdS|>su:-õh_u kdS|>su:-õh_u kdS|>su:-õh_u kdS|>su:-õh_u kdS|>su:-

õh-¿epg_p k„v$c®dp„ Å¡CA¡ sp¡ "õh' A¡V$g¡ ìe[¼s_p¡ `p¡sp_p rhi¡_p¡ `qfQe L¡$

`p¡sp_p rhi¡_u kcp_sp. V|„$L$dp„ A¡d L$lu iL$pe L¡$, ìe[¼s S>¡_p\u `qfQus R>¡ s¡hp `p¡sp_p

Aph¡Np¡ rhQpfp¡, l¡sy, dlÐhpL$p„np, `p¡sp_p ìe[¼sÐh_p rhrióV$ `pkp s¡dS> dep®v$pAp¡_p¡ `Z

s¡dp„ kdph¡i \pe R>¡.

fp¡S>k® "õh'_p Qpf ANÐe_p gnZp¡ v$ip®h¡ R>¡.

(1) "õh-¿epg'_¡ kyk„Ns fpMhp_y „:-"õh-¿epg'_¡ kyk„Ns fpMhp_y „:-"õh-¿epg'_¡ kyk„Ns fpMhp_y „:-"õh-¿epg'_¡ kyk„Ns fpMhp_y „:-"õh-¿epg'_¡ kyk„Ns fpMhp_y „:-

L$p¡C`Z ìe[¼s `p¡sp_p õh-¿epgdp„ `fõ`f rhfp¡ u ¿epg_p¡ kdph¡i L$fu iL$su

_\u. S>¡ L$p¡C rhfp¡ u ¿epg Aph¡ s¡_¡ fv$ L$f¡ R>¡ A\hp d|m õh-¿epg_u kp\¡ kyk„Ns

fl¡ R>¡.

(2) "õh' A¡ dp¡V$pcpN¡ [õ\f R>¡.:-"õh' A¡ dp¡V$pcpN¡ [õ\f R>¡.:-"õh' A¡ dp¡V$pcpN¡ [õ\f R>¡.:-"õh' A¡ dp¡V$pcpN¡ [õ\f R>¡.:-"õh' A¡ dp¡V$pcpN¡ [õ\f R>¡.:-

"õh' l„d¡ip ìe[¼s_p âÐen op_pÐdL$ n¡Ódp„ q¾$epiug fl¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡_y„ A[õsÐh

A¡L$ hMs õ`óV$ fus¡ õ\pr`s \C Nep `R>u s¡ [õ\f V$L$u fl¡ R>¡, s¡dp„ blz a¡f `X$sp¡

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_\u. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ ìe[¼s_p¡ "õh' A¡L$hpf OX$pC Nep `R>u s¡dp„ hpf„hpf `qfhs®_ Å¡hp dmsy„

_\u s¡\u ìe[¼s_p hs®_ rhi¡ crhóe L$\_ L$fu iL$pe R>¡.

(3) "õh' _¡ Ap¡mMhp dpV¡$ Ap„sf r_qfnZ `Ý^rs Dèp¡Ndp„ g¡hpe R>¡.:-"õh' _¡ Ap¡mMhp dpV¡$ Ap„sf r_qfnZ `Ý^rs Dèp¡Ndp„ g¡hpe R>¡.:-"õh' _¡ Ap¡mMhp dpV¡$ Ap„sf r_qfnZ `Ý^rs Dèp¡Ndp„ g¡hpe R>¡.:-"õh' _¡ Ap¡mMhp dpV¡$ Ap„sf r_qfnZ `Ý^rs Dèp¡Ndp„ g¡hpe R>¡.:-"õh' _¡ Ap¡mMhp dpV¡$ Ap„sf r_qfnZ `Ý^rs Dèp¡Ndp„ g¡hpe R>¡.:-

ìe[¼s_p "õh' _y„ Ap„sf r_qfnZ A¡ âep¡Nipmpdp„ L$fhpdp„ Aphsy„ h¥opr_L$ A_¡

sV$õ\ r_qfnZ _\u. `f„sy, "õh' _¡ kdS>hp dpV¡$ ìe[¼s_¡ `p¡sp_u bû âh©rsAp¡_¡

r_lpmhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fhp¡ `X¡$ R>¡. fp¡S>k®_p¡ Ap ¿epg âpQu_ ep¡N_u `Ý^rs_¡ dmsp¡ Aph¡

R>¡. ìe[¼s_p "õh' _¡ blpf\u Å¡C iL$pe _rl, `f„sy s¡_¡ kdS>hp dpV¡ s¡_u kp\¡ A¡L$ê$`

\hy„ Å¡BA¡. Ap âL$pf_yy„ tQs_ A¡ fp¡S>k®_u Örô$A¡ Ap„sf r_qfnZ R>¡.

(4) "õh' dp„ `qfhs®_ gphhp dpV¡$ Qp¡½$k rinZ A_¡ âeÐ_p¡_u S>ê$f R>¡.:-"õh' dp„ `qfhs®_ gphhp dpV¡$ Qp¡½$k rinZ A_¡ âeÐ_p¡_u S>ê$f R>¡.:-"õh' dp„ `qfhs®_ gphhp dpV¡$ Qp¡½$k rinZ A_¡ âeÐ_p¡_u S>ê$f R>¡.:-"õh' dp„ `qfhs®_ gphhp dpV¡$ Qp¡½$k rinZ A_¡ âeÐ_p¡_u S>ê$f R>¡.:-"õh' dp„ `qfhs®_ gphhp dpV¡$ Qp¡½$k rinZ A_¡ âeÐ_p¡_u S>ê$f R>¡.:-

----- õh-¿epg A¡V$g¡ iy„?õh-¿epg A¡V$g¡ iy„?õh-¿epg A¡V$g¡ iy„?õh-¿epg A¡V$g¡ iy„?õh-¿epg A¡V$g¡ iy„?

d_p¡h¥opr_L$p¡ "õh' _¡ ìe[¼sÐh_p L¡$ÞÖuesÐh_y„ `pky„ NZph¡ R>¡. ìe[¼s_p hs®_ A_¡

rhL$pkdp„ s¡_p "õh'_u ANÐe_u c|rdL$p lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u ìe[¼sÐh rhi¡_p OZp rkÝ^psp¡dp„

"õh' _¡ M|b S> dlÐh Ap`hpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡.

s¡dS> õh kp\¡ k„L$mpe¡gp rhrcÞ_ d_p¡h¥opr_L$ bpbsp¡_p k„b„ p¡ A„N¡ rhNs¡ hZ®_

Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. rhrged S>¡çk, A¡X$gf, L$pg® fp¡S>k®, d¡õgp¡, hN¡f¡ S>¡hp d_p¡h¥opr_L$p¡A¡

rkÝ^p„sp¡dp„ "õh' _¡ ANÐe_y„ õ\p_ Apàey„ R>¡.

`f„sy lpg_p sb½$pdp„ õh-¿epg_p Aæepkp¡ 1950_u Apk`pk\u iê$ \sp Å¡hp

dm¡ R>¡. S>¡dp„ James (1950) A_¡ Martiare (1960) _p¡ apmp¡ ANÐe_p¡ R>¡. s¡ D`fp„s

Coleman (1950 ) S>¡hp AæepkuAp¡A¡ Apòe® |h®L$ v$ip®ìey„ R>¡ L¡$, Ap`Zp hs®_ rhi¡_u

ApNplu âÐenuL©$s i[¼s Perceived Capacity Üpfp L$fu iL$pe R>¡. Äepf¡ hpõsrhL$

i[¼s Real Capacity Üpfp L$fu iL$psy„ _\u.

ApS>¡ õh-¿epgdp„ g¡hpsp¡ fk dp¡V$p cpN¡ Willam James (1980) _p L$pep£ kp\¡

k„L$mpe¡g R>¡. 1902 dp„ Ly$guA¡ NZsfu d|L$u L¡$ "õh' A¡ Mf¡Mf sp¡ Afukp_y„ ârstbb

R>¡. Med (1934) S>Zph¡ R>¡ L¡$ õh-¿epg "blz nue R>¡.' Ap D`fp„s õh-¿epg dpV¡$ Snugg

& Comb (1949) A_¡ Rogers, Lecky (1951) _p k„ip¡ _p¡ M|b dlÐh ^fph¡ R>¡.

Rogers A_¡ Lecky (1945) A_¡ Allp art (1955) _p¡ `Z õh-¿epgdp„ ANÐe_p¡ apmp¡

R>¡.

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Ly$gu 1902 õh-¿epg rhi¡_u QQp®dp„ õh-¿epg_¡ "v$ ®Zdp„ `X$sp ârstbb'(Looking

class self ) kp\¡ kfMph¡ R>¡. Äepf¡ Ap`Z¡ v$ ®Zdp„ Ap`Zp¡ Ql¡fp¡, ifuf, ApL$pf, `l¡fh¡i

Å¡BA¡ R>uA¡ Ðepf¡ s¡ Ap`Zu A ¡np A_ykpf R>¡ L¡$ _lu s¡ âdpZ¡ Myiu hN¡f¡ A_ychuA¡

R>uA¡. ìe[¼s_¡ A¡d gpN¡ R>¡ L¡$ gp¡L$p¡ s¡_p¡ õhuL$pf L$f¡ R>¡. â¡d Ap ¡ R>¡. s¡_p rhi¡ Arcdp_

A_ych¡ R>¡. sp¡ Ðepf¡ s¡ `p¡s¡ ApÐdrhðpk A_¡ kgpdsu A_ych¡ R>¡. L¡$V$g A¡L$ hps_u

õ`ô$sp L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$, kdpep¡Æs ìe[¼sÐh dpV¡$ Apv$i® õh-¿epg lp¡hp¡ Å¡BA¡ L$pfZ L¡$ s¡_p\u

S> ìe[¼sÐh_p¡ rhL$pk \pe R>¡. `f„sy Apv$i® õh-¿epg lp¡hp¡ Å¡CA¡ L$pfZ L¡$ s¡_p\u S>

ìe[¼sÐh_p¡ rhL$pk \pe R>¡. `f„sy Apv$i® õh-¿epg A¡V$gp¡ JQp¡ _ lp¡hp¡ Å¡BA¡ S>¡_¡ âpàs

L$fhp A\hp rkÝ^ L$fhpdp„ ìe[¼s hpf„hpf r_óam Åe A_¡ ìe[¼sdp„ s¡_p\u A¡L$ âL$pf_u

L$pedu lspip S>Þd¡.

ApÐd ¿epg_p¡ Dv¹$ch A_¡ rhL$pk kpdprS>L$ Ap„sfq¾$ep_y„ `qfZpd R>¡. _hÅs iuiy_¡

`p¡sp_p ipfuqfL$ s¡dS> d_p¡h¥opr_L$ A[õsÐh rhi¡ cp_ lp¡sy„ _\u. kp¥ â\d s¡Z¡ âp\rdL$

S>ê$qfeps `f\u ipfuqfL$ õh (Physical Self ) _p¡ ¿epg b„ pe R>¡. Apd, ìe[¼s_p Ald¹,

ApÐd¿epg s¡ S>¡ kdpS>dp„ DR>¡f¡ R>¡ s¡_p kp„õL©$rsL$ ^p¡fZp¡ A_¡ d|ëep¡_y„ ârstbb `pX¡$ R>¡.

1.2.3 õh-k„L$ë`_p_p¡ V| „ $L$p ¡ Brslpk:-õh-k„L$ë`_p_p¡ V| „ $L$p ¡ Brslpk:-õh-k„L$ë`_p_p¡ V| „ $L$p ¡ Brslpk:-õh-k„L$ë`_p_p¡ V| „ $L$p ¡ Brslpk:-õh-k„L$ë`_p_p¡ V| „ $L$p ¡ Brslpk:-

Ap`Zp„ |h®Å¡ L¡$ S>¡Ap¡ Nyapdp„ fl¡sp lsp A_¡ `Õ\feyN_p lsp s¡Ap¡ s¡d_u r_suAp¡

A_¡ s¡d_u CÃR>pAp¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡ `p¡sp_p A„N¡ iy„ gpNZu A_ych¡ R>¡ s¡ A„N¡_p¡ rhQpf L$fhpdp„

kde `kpf L$fsp lsp. L¡$V$guL$ hMs dp_hu_p Crslpkdp„ Ap rhQpf_¡ L$pfZ¡ rb_cp¥rsL$

A\hp sp¡ d_p¡h¥opr_L$ "õh' A„N¡ rhQpf L$fhp gpÁep¡. Ðepfbpv$ "õh' A„N¡_p ÅN©rs_¡

ApÐdp L¡$ d__p õhê$`dp„ g¡ML$p¡ fS|> L$fhp gpÁep„. dÝeL$pgu_ kdedp„ Ap ApÐdp_p¡ ¿epg

_ursip÷uAp¡A¡ h y rhL$kus L$ep£. dp_hu_p rb_cp¥rsL$ A[õsÐh A„N¡_u rhQpf^pfpA¡

bp¡NpX®$k_p 1644dp„ s¡Ap¡A¡ gM¡gp ""qagp¡kp¡au_p rkÝ^p„sp¡''_pd_p yõsL$_p L$pfZ¡ hmp„L$

gu^p¡. Ap Npmpdp„ buÅ tQsL$p¡ S>¡hp L¡$ õ`u_p¡Tp S>¡hpAp¡A¡ dp_hu_p rb_cp¥rsL$ `pkp_p

flõe A„N¡ `p¡sp_p rhQpfp¡ fS|> L$ep®.

dp_hu_p Ap rb_cp¥rsL$ Ap„sqfL$ âq¾$epAp¡ A„N¡ kudprQÞlê$` b_u S>_pf Mp¡S>

A¡ äp¡CX$_p gMpZp¡ füp„. äp¡CX¡$ Ald¹_p rhL$pk A¡ L$pe®_u k„L$ë`_p _uQ¡ "õh' A„N¡ Ýep_

Apàey„. NC kv$u_p A„s cpNdp„ Ad¡qfL$_ d_p¡rhop_uA¡ buÅ¡ rhÛpL$ue ipMpAp¡ hÃQ¡ õ\p_

S>dphhp dp„X$éy„ Ðepf¡ "õh' A„N¡ Mpk ÅN©rs Aphu.

7

rhrged S>¡çk¡ 1890dp„ s¡d_y„ yõsL$ d_p¡rhop__p¡ rkÝ^p„s g¿ey„ s¡dp„ "õh' _p

ÅN©s`Zp A„N¡ gp„bpdp„ gp„by âL$fZ g¿ey„. Å¡ L¡$ Ap kv$u_p â\d 50 hj® v$frdep_

"õh'D`f cpf d|L$hp_y„ î¡e Ad¡qfL$_ d_p¡h¥opr_L$ A_¡ rinZ_¡ L$pfZ¡ OV$sy„ Ney„. Ap_¡

L$pfZ¡ Ap kv$udp„ hs®_hpv$uAp¡ Ahgp¡L$u iL$pe s¡hp âp¡ÐkplL$p¡ A_¡ ârsQpfp¡ `f Ýep_

L¡$[ÞÖs L$fsp lsp A_¡ ìe[¼s_y„ Ap„sfuL$ Æh_ A¡ d_p¡rhop__p n¡Ó_u blpf_u bpbs

R>¡ A¡d dp_sp Å¡L¡$ Ap bpbsdp„ A`hpv$ lsp¡.

duX¡$ 1934 dp„ s¡_p yõsL$ kdpS>_u qagk|au_p gMpZ "õh' _p ¿epg_¡ dy¿e

âp^pÞe Apàey„ A_¡ v$ip®ìey„ L¡$ "õh' hpsphfZ kp\¡_p ìehlpf Üpfp iu fus¡ rhL$pk `pd¡

R>¡. Ap b^pdp„ L$pg® fp¡S>k£ 1960dp„ d_p¡kpfhpf_u A¡L$ `Ý^rs fS|> L$fu S>¡ rb_qv$ip k|QL$

L$l¡hpe R>¡. s¡ ìe[¼s_p A_yL$|gdp„ "õh' ANÐesp_u Apk`pk N|„\pe¡gu R>¡. fp¡S>k®_p ds

dyS>b "õh' A¡ ìe[¼s_p ìe[¼sÐh_y„ dÝehs} `pky„ R>¡. s¡dS> h ydp„ s¡ S>Zph¡ R>¡ L¡$ "õh'

kpdprS>L$ ¡v$pi R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ AÞep¡Þe_p ìe[¼sNs k„b„ p¡dp„\u A_¡ hp¼esp dpV¡$_p âeÐ_p¡_u

_u`S> R>¡.

1.2.4 õh _¡ Akf L$fsp `qfbmp¡:-õh _¡ Akf L$fsp `qfbmp¡:-õh _¡ Akf L$fsp `qfbmp¡:-õh _¡ Akf L$fsp `qfbmp¡:-õh _¡ Akf L$fsp `qfbmp¡:-

(1) Jdf (8) kdpS>

(2) oprs (9) A_ych

(3) ^d® (10) õh d|ëep„L$_

(4) bpmL$ (11) ipmp_y„ hpsphfZ

(5) Ly$Vy„$b (12) rhÛp\}_y„ A_yL|$g_

(6) rdÓS|>\ (13) A`¡npAp¡

(7) kpdprS>L$ Apr\®L$ Akf (14) k„õL©$rs

(15) cp¥Np¡rgL$ hpsphfZ

1.2.5 õh ¿epg_p¡ Dv¹$ch A_¡ rhL$pk:- õh ¿epg_p¡ Dv¹$ch A_¡ rhL$pk:- õh ¿epg_p¡ Dv¹$ch A_¡ rhL$pk:- õh ¿epg_p¡ Dv¹$ch A_¡ rhL$pk:- õh ¿epg_p¡ Dv¹$ch A_¡ rhL$pk:-

ìe[¼s_p¡ õh-¿epg A¡L$v$d A[õsÐhdp„ Aphsp¡ _\u, `Z s¡ ûd¡ ûd¡ rhL$pk `pd¡

R>¡. bpmL$_p õh-¿epg_p¡ rhL$pk s¡_u iuiy„ Ahõ\p v$frdep_ S> iê$ \pe R>¡, A¡d L$lu

iL$pe L¡$ õh-¿epg rhi¡_u ÅN©rs_u iê$Aps gNcN 15 drl_¡ \C Åe R>¡. rhQpfhp_u

cps ûd¡ ûd¡ dNS>_u R>p` sfa kdp_ b_su Åe R>¡. ìe[¼s `p¡s¡ iy„ R>¡? A_¡ s¡

8

iy„ L$fu iL¡$ s¡d R>¡ A_¡ iy„ L$fu iL¡$ s¡d _\u? A¡ A„N¡_p¡ ¿epg s¡_pdp„ rhL$k¡ R>¡. õh-

¿epg_p rhL$pk dpV¡$ hpõsrhL$ A_ychp¡ A_¡ kpdprS>L$ hpsphfZdp„ `Z kpQy„ dpN®v$i®_

dm¡ s¡ S>ê$fu R>¡. Ap¡g`p¡V®$ dp_¡ R>¡ L¡$, Å¡ ìe[¼s `p¡sp_p ìe[¼sÐh_p¡ kpQp¡ ¿epg d¡mhhp

CÃR>su lp¡e sp¡ s¡Z¡ AÞe ìe[¼sAp¡ `p¡sp_p rhi¡ iy„ ¿epg ^fph¡ R>¡ s¡ `Z kdS>hy„ Å¡BA¡

A¡V$g¡ L¡$ AÞe_u Örô$A¡ ìe[¼s `p¡s¡ L¡$V$gu by[Ý^ipmu R>¡? s¡_pdp„ L¡$V$gu AphX$s s¡_u

L¡$V$gu dep®v$p R>¡? s¡ iy„ L$fu iL¡$ s¡d R>¡? s¡_p Üpfp õh-¿epg rhL$pk `pd¡ R>¡. Ap D`fp„s

õh-¿epg_y„ õhê$` ìe[¼s_u bpü hpsphfZ kp\¡_u syg_pÐdL$ kfMpdZudp„\u Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡.

v$p.s. bpmL$_¡ `l¡g¡\u L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ L¡$, s¡ _dpgp¡ R>¡, s¡_p cpC S>¡V$gp¡ lp¢riepf _\u sp¡

bpmL$ `p¡s¡ A¡hp¡ õh-¿epg rhL$kph¡ L¡$ `p¡s¡ L„$C L$fu iL¡$ s¡d _\u. Apd, AÞe_p Aphp

Arcâpe_p k„L$g_dp„\u bpmL$_p õh-¿epg_p¡ S>Þd \pe R>¡. A¡V$g¡ S> kdpS>_u AÞe

ìe[¼sAp¡ `p¡sp_p rhi¡ S> ¿epg ^fphsu lp¡e s¡_u kdS|>su s¡ ìe[¼s `p¡s¡ d¡mhu g¡ A_¡

s¡ fus¡ `p¡sp_p ìe[¼sÐh_¡ Å¡sp iuM¡ sp¡ õh-¿epg_p¡ rhL$pk kpfu fus¡ A_¡ kpQu qv$ipdp„

\pe R>¡ s¡d L$lu iL$pe. Ap âL$pf_p õh-¿epg_p rhL$pk_p sb½$pAp¡ _uQ¡ dyS>b NZphu

iL$pe.

(1) ""õh-¿epg''dp„ kp¥ â\d ìe[¼s_y„ `p¡sp_p ifuf rhi¡_y„ op_ Dd¡fpe R>¡. S>¡dp„

ìe[¼s_p ifuf sfa `p¡sp_u ÅN©rs s¡dS> s¡_u ipfuqfL$ gpnrZL$spAp¡, MpduAp¡,

dep®v$pAp¡ s\p Ap„sqfL$ ipfuqfL$ âh©rÑAp¡_p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡.

(2) buÅ sb½$pdp„ dpÓ ipfuqfL$ S> _lu `Z d_p¡h¥opr_L$ gnZp¡_¡ dlÐh Ap ¡ R>¡.

`p¡sp_p¡ õhcph S>¡d L¡$ `p¡s¡ A„s®dyMu R>¡ L¡$ brl®dyMu `p¡sp_u rhrióV$spAp¡ s¡dS>

dep®v$pAp¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ NyZv$p¡j hN¡f¡ ÅZ¡ R>¡. A_¡ Apd `p¡sp_p rhi¡ s¡_u `pk¡ A¡L$

¿epg_u iê$Aps \pe R>¡.

(3) Ðepfbpv$_p sb½$pdp„ ìe[¼s `p¡sp_u Ås_¡ AÞe ìe[¼s_u kp\¡ kpdprS>L$ k„b„ p¡\u

Å¡X$sp iuM¡ R>¡ `p¡s¡ L$p¡Z R>¡? `p¡sp_y„ Ly$Vy„$b iy„ R>¡? `p¡sp_y„ õ\p_ s¡dp„ ¼ep„ R>¡?

s¡S> âdpZ¡ kdpS>dp„ `Z A¡L$ ìe[¼s sfuL¡$ `p¡s¡ L$p¡Z R>¡? hN¡f¡_y„ op_ Ap

sb½$pdp„ Dd¡fpe R>¡. AÞe ìe[¼s `p¡sp_¡ L$C fus¡ Sy>A¡ R>¡? s¡_p `f\u `p¡sp_p

rhi¡ ¿epg bp„ ¡ R>¡.

9

(4) Ðepfbpv$_p sb½$pdp„ ìe[¼s s¡_p ìe[¼sÐhdp„ Arcdp_ g¡hp S>¡hy„ iy„ gpN¡ R>¡? iy„

kpfy R>¡? `p¡s¡ AÞe ìe[¼sAp¡ L$fsp L¡$hu fus¡ Sy>v$u `X¡$ R>¡? Apd, `p¡sp_u

rhrióV$spAp¡_¡ Ap¡mM¡ R>¡ s¡dS> `p¡s¡ i¡_¡ Ap^pf¡ ApNm h^u iL¡$ s¡d R>¡? hN¡f¡

bpbsp¡_p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡.

(5) "õh-¿epg' _p rhL$pk_p Ap sb½$pdp„ ìe[¼s `p¡sp_u "õh' _u cph_p_¡ h^pf¡

rhõspf¡ R>¡. lh¡ ìe[¼s_p õh-¿epgdp„ dpÓ `p¡sp_p rhi¡ S> _lu `Z AÞe rhi¡_p

op__p¡ `Z kdph¡i \hp gpN¡ R>¡ lh¡ ìe[¼s dpÓ `p¡sp_¡ S> ANÐe_u NZsu

_\u. `f„sy "dpfy„ Ly$Vy„$b', "dpfp¡ kdpS>', "dpfy„ Npd', "dpfp¡ v¡$i' hN¡f¡ ¿epgp¡_p¡ `Z

s¡_p õh-¿epgdp„ kdph¡i \pe R>¡.

(6) R>¡ëgp sb½$pdp„ Ap¡g`p¡V®$ ìe[¼s S>¡ L„$C rk[Ý^ âpàs L$fhp_u dlÐhL$p„np ^fphsu

lp¡e s¡_p¡ `Z kdph¡i L$f¡ R>¡. ìe[¼s_¡ A¡d gpN¡ R>¡ L¡$ dpÓ kpdpÞe Æh_ Æhhpdp„

S> d_yóe_y„ L$s®ìe kdphu S>sy„ _\u `Z d_yóe sfuL¡$ dp_rkL$ A_¡ ApÝep[ÐdL$

rk[Ý^Ap¡ âpàs L$fhu Å¡BA¡. Ap âh¡i_u kp\¡ Ap¡g`p¡V®$_p„ d„sìe âdpZ¡ ìe[¼s_p

õh-¿epg_p rhL$pk_p¡ A„rsd sb½$p¡ |Z® \pe R>¡.

Apd, riiy Ahõ\pdp„ bpmL$_p õh-¿epg_p¡ rhL$pk iê$ \C Åe R>¡. gNcN 2

\u 3 hj®_u Jdf¡ bpmL$dp„ õh-¿epg Dv¹$chu Q|¼ep¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡hy„ râep„N A_¡ äp¡CX¡$ dp_¡

R>¡. Aæepkp¡ A¡hy„ v$ip®h¡ R>¡ L¡$, bpmL$ ipmpA¡ S>sp¡ \pe Ðep„ ky udp„ s¡_p¡ OZp¡Mfp¡ õh-

¿epg rhL$ku Q|¼ep¡ lp¡e R>¡. A¡L$hpf rhL$ku Q|L¡$g õh-¿epgdp„ `qfhs®_ blz Ap¡Ry>„ \pe

R>¡. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ dp¡V$pcpN¡ "õh-¿epg' [õ\f lp¡e R>¡ R>sp„ Æh__u rhrh^ `qf[õ\rsdp„ \sp

A_ychp¡ âdpZ¡ s¡dp„ a¡fapf \sp fl¡ R>¡.

1.2.6 õh-¿epg rhL$pk D`f Akf L$f_pf OV$L$p¡:- õh-¿epg rhL$pk D`f Akf L$f_pf OV$L$p¡:- õh-¿epg rhL$pk D`f Akf L$f_pf OV$L$p¡:- õh-¿epg rhL$pk D`f Akf L$f_pf OV$L$p¡:- õh-¿epg rhL$pk D`f Akf L$f_pf OV$L$p¡:-

õh-¿epg_p rhL$pk D`f A_¡L$ `qfbmp¡ Akf L$f¡ R>¡. A¡rgTpb¡\ lfgp¡L$_p„ yõsL$

"bpm rhL$pk' dp„ X²$p¡ A_¡ X²$p¡ _pd_p AæepkuA¡ Ap ¡g bpm rhL$pk kdpep¡S>__u ApL©$rs

Å¡sp ¿epg Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ bpmL$_p õh-¿epg_p„ rhL$pkdp„ A_¡L$ `qfbmp¡ Akf L$f¡ R>¡.

10

õh-¿epg_¡ Akf L$f_pfp OV$L$p¡ :õh-¿epg_¡ Akf L$f_pfp OV$L$p¡ :õh-¿epg_¡ Akf L$f_pfp OV$L$p¡ :õh-¿epg_¡ Akf L$f_pfp OV$L$p¡ :õh-¿epg_¡ Akf L$f_pfp OV$L$p¡ :

kp\uv$pfp¡âÐe¡_y„ d_p¡hgZ

dpsp-r`sp_uA`¡npAp¡

Ly$Vy„$b_p kæep¡âÐe¡_y„ d_p¡hgZ

Ly$Vy„$b_u h¥e[¼sL$A`¡npAp¡

Ly$Vy„$b_u Apr\®L$kdõepAp¡

kp\uv$pfp¡_p ds

^prd®L$ Apõ\p

bpmL$_u ipfuqfL$Ahõ\p

ipfuqfL$ `qf`¼hsphl¡gu, kdekf L¡$ dp¡X$u

f¡qX$ep¡- V¡$rgrhT_hN¡f¡_u Akf

rinZ_u sL$p¡

bpmL$_p¡ õh

ipmp_uA`¡npAp¡

ANpD_u ApL©$rsdp„ hÃQ¡_p cpNdp„ õh-¿epg_¡ v$ip®hhpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. Äepf¡ s¡dp„\u

_uL$msp rhrh^ R>¡X$pAp¡dp„ bpmL$_p„ õh-¿epg_p rhL$pkdp„ Akf L$fsp rhrh^ `qfbmp¡

v$ip®hhpdp„ Apìep R>¡. s¡dp„ Å¡sp bpmL$_p õh-¿epg_p rhL$pkdp„ dpsp-r`sp_u A`¡npAp¡,

dpsp-r`sp_p d_p¡hgZp¡, Ly$Vy„$b_p kæep¡_p„ d_p¡hgZp¡, bpmL$_u ipfuqfL$ [õ\rs, S>¥rhL$

`qfbmp¡, k„v¡$ip ìehlpf_p kp^_p¡, ipmpAp¡dp„ dmsu sL$p¡, ipmpAp¡_u dp„NZuAp¡, ^prd®L$

k„gÁ_sp, kdp¡hqX$ep S|>\_p¡ Arcâpe, Ly$Vy„$b_u Apr\®L$ kdõepAp¡, Ly$Vy„$b_u ìe[¼sNs kdõepAp¡,

kl Jdf_p bpmL$p¡ âÐe¡ hgZ hN¡f¡ `qfbmp¡ dlÐh_p¡ apmp¡ Ap ¡ R>¡.

11

1.2.7 "õh' _p¡ rkÝ^p„s:-"õh' _p¡ rkÝ^p„s:-"õh' _p¡ rkÝ^p„s:-"õh' _p¡ rkÝ^p„s:-"õh' _p¡ rkÝ^p„s:-

"õh' _p¡ rhL$pk L$pg® fp¡S>k£ A¡ Apàep¡ lsp¡. fp¡S>k®_p rkÝ^p„s äp¡CX$_¡ S>¡d Aph¡NpÐdL$

fus¡ Mg¡g `pd¡gp gp¡L$p¡ kp\¡ L$pd L$fsp„ \e¡gp A_ychp¡_p Ap^pf¡ rhL$pk `pd¡gp¡ R>¡. fp¡S>k®

ìe[¼s_p rhL$pk `pd¡gp¡ R>¡. fp¡S>k® ìe[¼s_p„ rhL$pk, `qf`¼hsp A_¡ rhÛp`L$ `qfhs®__u

qv$ipdp„ Nrsiug b_hp_p S>ÞdNs hgZ\u âcprhs \ep lsp. s¡d_p Ar_v£$ipÐdL$ A\hp

Akug L¡$[ÞÖs D`Qpfdp„ fp¡S>k® _uQ¡ dyS>b ^pfZp L$f¡ R>¡.

(1) v$f¡L$ ìe[¼sdp„ `qfhs®__u i[¼s A_¡ â¡fZp lp¡e R>¡.

(2) v$f¡L$ ìe[¼s `p¡sp_u Ås rhi¡ DÑd r_óZps lp¡e R>¡. Apd, Äepf¡ ìe[¼s `p¡sp_u

kdõepAp¡ s`pk¡ R>¡ L¡$ s¡d_y„ ©\½$fZ L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ D`Qpf_u c|rdL$p L¡$hm âp¡Ðkprls

L$fhp_u lp¡e R>¡.

fp¡S>k®_p rkÝ^p„sdp„ Apv$i® "õh' _p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡. "Apv$i® õh' A¡V$g¡ Ap`Z¡ S>¡hp

\hp dp„Nsp lp¡BA¡ s¡hp âL$pf_u ìe[¼s_p¡ ¿epg S>¡ Ap`Zp b^p_¡ lp¡e R>¡. Apv$i® õh

hpõsrhL$ õh_u S>¡V$gp¡ _ÆL$ lp¡e R>¡. s¡V$gp¡ S> d_yóe h y kyMu A_¡ k„sp¡ju lp¡e R>¡. Apv$i®

A_¡ hpõsrhL$ "õh' hÃQ¡_p¡ saphs ìe[¼s_¡ Ak„syô$ A_¡ vy$:Mu b_ph¡ R>¡. Ap fus¡ ìe[¼sdp„

b¡ âL$pf_u Ak„NsspAp¡ Dcu \hp_u i¼esp R>¡.

(1) õh A_¡ hpõsrh¼sp_p A_ychp¡ hÃQ¡ rhk„hpqv$sp

(2) "õh' A_¡ Apv$i® õh hÃQ¡ rhk„hpqv$sp

1.2.8 õh-¿epg_p âL$pfp ¡:-õh-¿epg_p âL$pfp ¡:-õh-¿epg_p âL$pfp ¡:-õh-¿epg_p âL$pfp ¡:-õh-¿epg_p âL$pfp ¡:-

õh- ¿epg_p dy¿eÐh¡ b¡ âL$pf Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.

(1) rhÛpeL$ õh-¿epg

(2) r_j¡ L$ õh-¿epg

OZu ÷uAp¡dp„ ""lz„ ârscpipmu ìe[¼sÐh ^fphy„ Ry>„'' S>¡hp rhÛpeL$ õh-¿epgp¡ ^fphsu

lp¡e R>¡. Aphp rhÛpeL$ õh-¿epg ^fphsu ÷uAp¡ l„d¡ip DÐkpl â¡qfs lp¡e R>¡. s¡dS> s¡Ap¡

_hp _hp L$pep£ L$fhp dpV¡$ l„d¡ip L¡$V$guL$ DÐkyL$ lp¡e R>¡. Aphu ÷uAp¡dp„ dp_rkL$ rhL©$rs_y„ âdpZ

Ap¡Ry>„ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. hmu L¡$V$guL$ ÷uAp¡dp„ r_j¡^L$ õh-¿epg A¡V$g¡ L¡$ ""lz„ Apmky Ry>„''

buÅAp¡_¡ _X$sfê$` \ph Ry>„ hN¡f¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. Aphu ÷uAp¡dp„ l„d¡ip `uR>¡lW$_u h©rÑ Å¡hp

dm¡ R>¡. Ly$V„$b L¡$ klL$d®Qpfu sfa\u Å¡ AõhuL©$s hgZ v$pMhhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ Aphp r_j¡ L$

12

õh-¿epg_p¡ rhL$pk \hp_u i¼esp lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u ÷uAp¡dp„ gOyspN°„\u_u cph_p Å¡hp dm¡

R>¡.

L¡$V$gpL$ Ås¡ (1981) v$f¡L$ ìe[¼s A¡L$ ep buÆ fus¡ `p¡sp_p ìe[¼sÐh rhi¡ A¡L$

Qp¡½$k ¿epg ^fphsu lp¡e R>¡. s¡ b¡ âL$pf_p õh-¿epg_u hps L$f¡ R>¡.

(1) hpõsrhL$ õh-¿epg

(2) Apv$i® õh-¿epg

hpõsrhL$ õh-¿epg A¡V$g¡ `p¡sp_p¡ hpõsrhL$, ìe[¼sÐh_p¡ õ`óV$ L¡$ Aõ`ô$, kpfp¡ L¡$

Mfpb, k„ |Z® L¡$ A |fp¡ `qfQe s¡dS> `p¡sp_p NyZv$p¡j, rhrióV$ i[¼sAp¡, `p¡sp_u dep®v$pAp¡

Arcê$Qu hN¡f¡_u kdS|>su s¡dp„ fl¡gu lp¡e R>¡. h ydp„ õh-¿epg kpdpÞe fus¡ ìe[¼s `p¡s¡ S>¡

R>¡ s¡_¡ A_ygnu_¡ s¡Z¡ D`Åh¡gu õh-ârsdp_p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡.

Apv$i® õh-¿epg A¡V$g¡ ìe[¼sA¡ `p¡sp_p ìe[¼sÐh kdn fpM¡g A¡L$ Qp¡½$k gÿep„L$

S>¡_¡ `lp¢Qhp dpV¡$ s¡ l„d¡ip âeÐ_iug lp¡e R>¡. kpdpÞe dpZk_¡ l„d¡ip L„$CL$ M|V$sy„ lp¡e A¡d

gpN¡ R>¡. s¡Z¡ h^pf¡ d¡mhhp_p¡ h^pf¡ rhL$pk `pdhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fhp¡ Å¡BA¡. Apd, ApNm

h^hp_u CÃR>p s¡ S> Apv$i® õh-¿epg R>¡.

1.2.9 "õh' _p rhL$pkdp„ Aphsp Ahfp¡^L$ `qfbmp¡:-"õh' _p rhL$pkdp„ Aphsp Ahfp¡^L$ `qfbmp¡:-"õh' _p rhL$pkdp„ Aphsp Ahfp¡^L$ `qfbmp¡:-"õh' _p rhL$pkdp„ Aphsp Ahfp¡^L$ `qfbmp¡:-"õh' _p rhL$pkdp„ Aphsp Ahfp¡^L$ `qfbmp¡:-

S>¡ ìe[¼s_p¡ "õh' rhi¡_p¡ ¿epg r_j¡ L$ A_¡ Aèp®às lp¡e, ArhL$kus "õh' _p¡

¿epg A¡ ìe[¼s_p rhL$pkdp„ Ahfp¡ DÐ`Þ_ L$f¡ R>¡. "õh' _p rhL$pkdp„ dpsp-r`sp rhû-r_j¡ p¡

blz S> dlÐh_p¡ cpN cS>h¡ R>¡. Ly$V„$b_p AÞe kæep¡ dpsp-r`sp L$fsp Sy>v$p `X¡$ sp¡ "õh' dp„

Mg¡g `X¡$ R>¡ A_¡ k„Oj® Dcp¡ \pe R>¡.

Ly$Vy„$b sfa\u d|mc|s S>ê$qfepsp¡_¡ gNsu bpbsp¡ L¡$ S>¡ dlÐh_u lp¡e s¡_p¡ `Z Ly$Vy„$b_p

kæep¡ sfa\u rhi¡i rhfp¡^ \sp¡ lp¡e sp¡ bpmL$ Aphu S>ê$fu A_¡ Ar_hpe® bpbsp¡_p

A[õsÐh_¡ "õh' dp„\u v|$f L$fhp â¡fpe R>¡. OZuhpf Ar_ÃR>_ue A_¡ rb_S>ê$fu lp¡e bpmL$

lp¡e s¡hu bpbsp¡_¡ Ly$Vy„$b_p kæep¡ sfa\u AN°sp A`psu lp¡e sp¡ bpmL$ `p¡sp_p "õh' dp„

Aphu bpbsp¡_¡ h y dlÐh Ap ¡ R>¡. Ap b„_¡ `qf[õ\rsAp¡ ìe[¼s_p õhõ\, s„vy$fõs A_¡

èp®às "õh' _p rhL$pkdp„ Ahfp¡ L$ _uhX¡$ R>¡. bpmL$ S>¡d S>¡d dp¡V$p \sp¡ Åe s¡d s¡d dpsp-

r`sp Ly$Vy„$b_p õ\p_¡ `X$p¡iuAp¡, rinL$p¡, rdÓp¡, rhrh^ `yõsL$p¡, rhQpfL$p¡, qaëdp¡, hN¡f¡_u

bpmL$_p "õh' `f s¡_p õh_p OX$sfdp„ dlÐh_u Akf Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. Å¡ bpmL$_u Apk`pk_p

13

èp®hfZdp„ kpsÐe Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. `f„sy Ap hpsphfZdp„ kpsÐe Ap¡Ry>„ lp¡e sp¡ "õh' _p

rhL$pkdp„ `Z kÐe_¡ "õh' rhcpN Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. Ap_u Akf bpmL$_p ìe[¼sÐh `f `X¡$ R>¡.

1.3 d_p ¡cpf:-d_p ¡cpf:-d_p ¡cpf:-d_p ¡cpf:-d_p ¡cpf:-

dp_hu_y„ Æh_ Nygpb_p„ awgp¡_u k¡S> _\u. `f„sy L$p„V$pAp¡\u cf¡gp¡ spS> R>¡.

dp_hu_p Æh_dp„ QY$ph-Dspf Apìep S> L$f¡ R>¡. dp_hu_p Æh_dp„ kyM A_¡ Ap_„v$ R>¡, s¡_u

kp\¡ S> dyíL¡$guAp¡ A_¡ eps_pAp¡ `Z fl¡gp„ R>¡. dp_hu_u A_¡L$ S>ê$qfepsp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Å¡ Ap

bû S>ê$qfepsp¡_p¡ k„sp¡j \C Åe sp¡ dp_hÆh_ OÏ„ S> kfm b_u Åe, `f„sy dp_h

S>ê$qfepsp¡_p k„sp¡jdp„ ê$L$phV$p¡ A_¡ rhÂ_p¡ Aphsp„ S> fl¡ R>¡. Æh_dp„ Aphsp T„Tphsp¡_¡ gu ¡

dp_hu s¡_p„ gÿep¡ lp„kg L$fu iL$sp¡ _\u. S>ê$qfeps_u âpràsdp„ \sp¡ rhg„b, r_óamspAp¡,

Apèp®às, _yL$kp_, dp„v$Nu A_¡ rhrh^ afÅ¡_¡ gu ¡ dp_hu d_p¡cpf (Stress ) A_ych¡

R>¡. d_p¡cpf_¡ gu ¡ kdpep¡S>__u kdõepAp¡ MX$u \pe R>¡.

1.3.1 d_p¡cpf A¡Vg¡ iy„? d_p¡cpf A¡Vg¡ iy„? d_p¡cpf A¡Vg¡ iy„? d_p¡cpf A¡Vg¡ iy„? d_p¡cpf A¡Vg¡ iy„?

Äepf¡ dyíL¡$gu_p¡ spÐL$prgL$ DL¡$g dm¡ _l], Ðepf¡ S>¡ dp_rkL$ Ahõ\p Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡ s¡_¡

d_p¡cpf(Stress ) L$l¡ R>¡.

dp_hu_p Æh_dp„ A¡hu `qf[õ\rs Aphu `X¡$ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡_p\u s¡_y„ ipfuqfL$ A_¡ dp_rkL$

õhpõÕe Å¡Mdpe R>¡, Ðepf¡ dp_hu d_p¡cpf_u Ahõ\pdp„ R>¡ s¡d L$lu iL$pe.

d_p¡cpf Dv¹$chhp dpV¡$ A_¡L$ L$pfZp¡ S>hpbv$pf lp¡e R>¡. L$p¡C dyíL¡$gu A¡L$pA¡L$ Aphu

`X¡$ Ðepf¡ d_p¡cpf DÐ`Þ_ \pe R>¡. A¡L$pA¡L$ Aphu `X¡$gu dyíL¡$gu fp¡tS>v$p L$pe®dp„ Ahfp¡ Ecp¡

L$f¡ R>¡, s¡\u dp_hu d_p¡cpf\u ùX$php gpN¡ R>¡. `Ð_u L¡$ bpmL$ A¡L$pA¡L$ budpf `X$u Åe sp¡

L¡$V$gpL$ dpZkp¡dp„ d_p¡cpf DÐ`Þ_ \pe R>¡. _p_p _p_p âk„Np¡ `Z ¼epf¡L$ d_p¡cpf L$f¡ R>¡.

_p_u _p¡L$fudp„ W$`L$p¡ dm¡, `Ð_u L¡$ bpmL$ L$üy„ dp_¡ _l], L$p¡C ìe[¼s rh_p L$pfZ¡ TOX$p¡ L$f¡,

L$p¡C A`dp_ L$f¡, L$p¡C _yL$kp_ \hp_u k„cph_p Aphu `X¡$, drl_p_u ApMf spfuM¡ dl¡dp_p¡

Aphu QY¡$, â¡ddp„ r_óamsp dm¡ hN¡f¡ _p_pdp¡V$p âk„Np¡_¡ gu ¡ dp_hu d_p¡cpf A_ych¡ R>¡.

kpdprS>L$ AõhuL©$rs_¡ L$pfZ¡ s\p Æh__u kgpdsu Å¡Mdpe Ðepf¡ `Z dp_hu d_p¡cpf

A_ych¡ R>¡. Ap yr_L$ kdedp„ Apr\®L$ c]k A_¡ v$bpZ_¡ gu ¡ tQspsyf dp_hu kss d_p¡cpf_u

Ahõ\pdp„ Æhsp¡ lp¡e R>¡.

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d_p¡cpf_¡ gu ¡ dp_hu dp_rkL$ õhpõÕe Nydph¡ R>¡. dp_hu_p¡ õhcph QuqX$ep¡ b_¡ R>¡.

s¡ ce, tQsp A_¡ DíL¡$fpV$ A_ych¡ R>¡. s¡_u r_Z®ei[¼s Ly„$qW$s b_¡ R>¡. s¡ L$pddp„ c|gp¡ L$f¡

R>¡, b¡Q¡_u A_ych¡ R>¡ A_¡ AQL$pC_¡ bp¡g¡ R>¡.

Äepf¡ d_p¡cpf suh° lp¡e R>¡ Ðepf¡ dp_hu_y„ dp\y„ vy$:M¡ R>¡, s¡_y„ ifuf _bmy„ `X$u Åe

R>¡, s¡ °yÅfu A_ych¡ R>¡ A_¡ ¼epf¡L$ `X$u `Z Åe R>¡. Apd, d_p¡cpf_¡ gu ¡ dp_hu_y„ ipfuqfL$

õhpõÕe `Z Å¡Mdpe R>¡.

1.3.2 d_p¡cpf_p âL$pfp ¡ A_¡ Ap^pfp ¡d_p¡cpf_p âL$pfp ¡ A_¡ Ap^pfp ¡d_p¡cpf_p âL$pfp ¡ A_¡ Ap^pfp ¡d_p¡cpf_p âL$pfp ¡ A_¡ Ap^pfp ¡d_p¡cpf_p âL$pfp ¡ A_¡ Ap^pfp ¡

kdpep¡S>__u kdõepAp¡ dy¿eÐh¡ ÓZ âL$pf_u `qf[õ\rsdp„\u Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡. s¡\u S>¡çk

L$p¡gd¡_ kdpep¡S>__u kdõepAp¡ A\hp d_p¡cpf_p dy¿e ÓZ âL$pfp¡ A_¡ Ap^pfp¡ v$ip®h¡ R>¡;

S>¡ _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ R>¡:

(1) lspip (Frustration )

(2) k„Oj® (Conflict )

(3) v$bpZ (Pressure )

Ap ÓZ¡e A¡L$ S> `qf[õ\rsdp„ D`[õ\s lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡, `f„sy Aæepk_u kfmsp_¡ Mpsf

Ap`Z¡ Ap ÓZ¡e_u QQp® A¡L$ `R>u A¡L$ Sy>v$u Sy>v$u fus¡ L$fuiy„.

1. lspip lspip lspip lspip lspip

dp_hu `p¡sp_u S>ê$qfepsp¡ L¡$ CÃR>pAp¡_u s©ràs dpV¡$ l„d¡i âh©rÑ L$fsp¡ lp¡e R>¡. `f„sy

dp_hu `p¡sp_u b^u S>ê$qfepsp¡, CÃR>pAp¡ L¡$ dlÒhpL$p„npAp¡ k„sp¡ju iL$sp¡ b_¡ R>¡. dp_hu_u

Ýe¡eâpràs_p dpN®dp„ ¼epf¡L$ bpü `qfbmp¡ L¡$ AÞe `qfbmp¡ Ahfp¡ ê$` b_¡ R>¡. Ap_¡ gu ¡

dp_hudp„ r_fpip A_¡ lspip (Frustration ) DÐ`Þ_ \pe R>¡. dp_hu `p¡sp_u ApL$p„np

k„sp¡jhpdp„ r_óam Åe R>¡ Ðepf¡ `Z lspip DÐ`Þ_ \pe R>¡. lspip_¡ gu ¡ d_p¡cpf Dv¹$ch¡

R>¡.

lspip_u ìep¿ep _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ Ap`u iL$pe.

S>ê$qfeps-s©ràsdp„ r_óamsp L¡$ Ahfp¡ _¡ L$pfZ¡ S>¡ O¡fu gpNZu S>Þd¡ R>¡ s¡_¡ d_p¡h¥opr_L$

`frcpjpdp„ lspip L$l¡ R>¡.

lspip A¡ r_óamspS>Þe s„N dp_rkL$ Ahõ\p R>¡. S>ê$qfeps h y dlÒh_u lp¡e L¡$

ApL$p„np gp„bp Npmp_u lp¡e A_¡ s¡ k„sp¡jhpdp„ Ahfp¡ Aph¡ L¡$ r_óamsp dm¡, Ðepf¡ suh°

15

lspip DÐ`Þ_ \pe R>¡. `f„sy lspip_u suh°sp_p¡ Ap^pf dp_hu `p¡sp_u ApL$p„npdp„ L¡$V$gp

âdpZdp„ N„cuf lp¡e R>¡ s¡ D`f fl¡gp¡ R>¡. lspip lmhp âL$pf_u `Z lp¡e R>¡.

Ap`Zp fp¡tS>v$p Æh_dp„ lspip_p„ OZp„ ×óV$p„sp¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. ku_¡dp Å¡hp S>hy„

`funpdp„ _p`pk \pe; gpeL$ps lp¡hp R>sp„ _p¡L$fu dm¡ _l] hN¡f¡ âk„Np¡dp„ lspip_p¡ A_ych

\pe R>¡.

lspip\u _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ lpr_L$pfL$ `qfZpdp¡ Aph¡ R>¡:

(1) lspip\u `uR>¡lW$, tQsp A_¡ Ap¾$dL$sp h ¡ R>¡.

(2) lspip\u b¡Q¡_u A_¡ d_p¡ipfuqfL$ fp¡N \pe R>¡.

(3) lspi b_¡g bpbsdp„ `p¡sp_u kdn D`[õ\s \sp âñp¡_¡ kdS>hp_u s¡dS> DL¡$ghp_u

bpbsdp„ r_óam Åe R>¡.

dp¡V$pcpN_p dp_huAp¡_p Æh_dp„ _p_udp¡V$u lspipAp¡ Aphsu S> lp¡e R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$

dp_huAp¡ s¡dp„\u l¡dM¡d `pf Esfu iL¡$ R>¡, sp¡ L¡$V$gpL$dp„ lspip dX$pNp„W$ Ecu L$f¡ R>¡. Aphp

dp_huAp¡ `p¡sp_p Æh_dp„\u fk Nydphu b¡k¡ R>¡. lspip b_¡gp L¡$V$gpL$ dp_huAp¡ suh°

d_p¡cpf_¡ gu ¡ dp_rkL$ kdsygp A_¡ ipfuqfL$ õhpõÕe Nydphu b¡k¡ R>¡.

1.1 lspip_p L$pfZp¡:- lspip_p L$pfZp¡:- lspip_p L$pfZp¡:- lspip_p L$pfZp¡:- lspip_p L$pfZp¡:-

dp_hudp„ lspip DÐ`Þ_ \hp dpV¡$ A_¡L$ L$pfZp¡ S>hpbv$pf lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡. Ap L$pfZp¡dp„

bpü `qf[õ\rsS>Þe Ahfp¡ p¡ A_¡ Ap„sqfL$ h¥e[¼sL$ dep®v$pAp¡ A¡ b¡ L$pfZp¡ dy¿eÐh¡ S>hpbv$pf

lp¡e R>¡. Ap`Z¡ Ap L$pfZp¡_¡ kdÆA¡.

(1) `qf[õ\rsS>Þe Ahfp¡^p¡:- `qf[õ\rsS>Þe Ahfp¡^p¡:- `qf[õ\rsS>Þe Ahfp¡^p¡:- `qf[õ\rsS>Þe Ahfp¡^p¡:- `qf[õ\rsS>Þe Ahfp¡^p¡:- dp_hu_u lspipAp¡ dy¿eÐh¡ bpü `qf[õ\rsS>Þe Ahfp¡ p¡_¡

gu ¡ Dv¹$chsu lp¡e R>¡. `qf[õ\rsS>Þe Ahfp¡ p¡dp„ cp¥rsL$ hpsphfZ, Ly$v$fsu Apasp¡, ^fsuL„$`,

vy$óL$pm, fp¡NQpmp¡, ApN gpNhu, AL$õdsp_p b_php¡ hN¡f¡ lspip dpV¡$ S>hpbv$pf R>¡. kpdprS>L$

s\p kp„õL©$rsL$ hpsphfZ A_¡ Apr\®L$ `qf[õ\rs `Z lspip DÐ`Þ_ \hp dpV¡$ ANÐe_p¡ cpN

cS>h¡ R>¡. s¡S>õhu rhÛp\} DÃQ Aæepk L$fhp CÃR>¡ R>¡; `f„sy Ly$Vy„$b_u Apr\®L$ `qf[õ\rs Mfpb

R>¡. L$p¡C eyhp__¡ AÞe oprs_u eyhsu kp\¡ gÁ_ L$fhp R>¡; `f„sy kpdprS>L$ b„ _p¡ _X¡$ R>¡.

q¾$L¡$V$_u V¡$õV$d¡Qdp„ lfua V$ud_¡ Æs lp\h¢s gpN¡ R>¡; `f„sy ^p¡ dpf hfkpv$_¡ gu ¡ d¡Q Ar_Z}s

fl¡ R>¡. qfnphpmpAp¡_u lX$spg_¡ gu^¡ dykpafp¡ dyíL¡$gu A_ych¡ R>¡- Aphp `qf[õ\rsS>Þe

Ahfp¡ p¡ dp_hudp„ lspip DÐ`Þ_ L$f¡ R>¡.

16

(1) h¥e[¼sL$ dep®v$pAp¡:- h¥e[¼sL$ dep®v$pAp¡:- h¥e[¼sL$ dep®v$pAp¡:- h¥e[¼sL$ dep®v$pAp¡:- h¥e[¼sL$ dep®v$pAp¡:- dp_hu_¡ KQu ApL$p„npAp¡ lp¡e R>¡; `f„sy s¡_¡ lp„kg L$fhp dpV¡$

`ep®às lp¡su _\u. s¡su r_óamsp dmsp„ dp_hu lspi b_¡ R>¡. Ýe¡e âpàs L$fhp dpV¡$ dp_hu_¡

|fsu dl¡_sp Acph¡ r_óamsp dm¡ R>¡ A_¡ `qfZpd¡ s¡ lspi \pe R>¡. `ep®às bp¥qÙL$ i[¼s_p¡

Acph, Aqcep¡Áesp_p¡ Acph, ApÐdrhðpk_p¡ Acph, gOyspN°„r\ s¡dS> L$p¡C `Z ipfuqfL$

L¡$ dp_rkL$ Mpdu L¡$ fp¡N lp¡e sp¡ dp_hu_u dl¡ÃR>pAp¡ k„sp¡jhpdp„ Ahfp¡ Ecp¡ \pe R>¡. Ap

D`fp„s dp_hu_p ^d®, _urs s\p QpqfÔe A„N¡_p ¿epgp¡ A_¡ ApN°lp¡ lspip DÐ`Þ_ L$fhp

dpV¡$ S>hpbv$pf lp¡e R>¡.

3. Ap`Zu k„õL© $rs_u L¡ $V $guL$ kpdpÞe lspipAp¡ :-Ap`Zu k„õL© $rs_u L¡ $V $guL$ kpdpÞe lspipAp¡ :-Ap`Zu k„õL© $rs_u L¡ $V $guL$ kpdpÞe lspipAp¡ :-Ap`Zu k„õL© $rs_u L¡ $V $guL$ kpdpÞe lspipAp¡ :-Ap`Zu k„õL© $rs_u L¡ $V $guL$ kpdpÞe lspipAp¡ :-

ApS>_u Ap`Zu õ`^p®ÐdL$ k„õL©$rsdp„ lspip_p âk„Np¡ A_¡L$hpf b_¡ R>¡. lspip_p Aphp

âk„Np¡_u epv$u M|b S> gp„bu b_¡. `f„sy Al] Aphp lspip DÐ`Þ_ L$fsp L¡$V$gpL$ kpdpÞe

âk„Np¡_y„ r_ê$`Z L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡.

(1) rhg„bp¡ ( rhg„bp¡ ( rhg„bp¡ ( rhg„bp¡ ( rhg„bp¡ (Delays ): ): ): ): ): Ap^yr_L$ kdpS>dp„ dp_hu OqX$epm_p L$p„V¡$$ L$pd L$fu füp¡

lp¡e R>¡. dp_hu dpV¡$ v$f¡L$ rdr_V$ dpV¡$ v$f¡L$ rdr_V$ qL„$dsu lp¡e R>¡. hpsphfZ_p Ahfp¡^p¡_¡ gu^¡

dp_hu_u L$pe®-rkqÙdp„ rhg„b \pe sp¡ s¡ lspi b_¡ R>¡. dp_hu cp¥rsL$ S>Ns_u kd©qÙ âpàs

L$fhp âepk L$fsp¡ lp¡e R>¡ `f„sy s¡ lp„kg L$fhpdp„ rhg„b \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Apd, Äepf¡ L$p¡C `Z

S>ê$qfeps A ¡rns kdedep®v$pdp„ k„sp¡jhp dpV¡$ dp_hu r_óam Åe R>¡, Ðepf¡ s¡ lspip A_ych¡

R>¡. Y$ugpi, rhg„b A_¡ Ar_erdssp_¡ gu ¡ dp_hu s¡_p dNS> D`f_p¡ L$pb| ¼epf¡L$ Nydphu b¡k¡

R>¡. `f„sy Ap yr_L$ kdedp„ il¡fp¡dp„ hõsu_u NuQsp h^su Åe R>¡, gp¡L$p¡_¡ ""¼e|''dp„ Ecp

fl¡hy„ `X¡$ R>¡. Aphu `qf[õ\rsdp„ S>ê$qfepsp¡ âpàs L$fhpdp„ rhg„b \sp¡ S> fl¡ R>¡. ApS>_p eyhL$

v$f¡L$ fus¡ gpeL$ lp¡hp R>sp„ Apr\®L$ fus¡ `Ncf b_¡ _l] Ðep„ ky u gÁ_ L$fhp_u bpbsdp„ fpl

Sy>A¡ R>¡. h y _¡ h y kNhX$p¡ A_¡ kyM dpV¡$_p„ kp^_p¡ hkphhp Apr\®L$ Å¡NhpC \pe Ðep„ ky u

Ap`Z¡ fpl Å¡sp„ lp¡CA¡ R>uA¡. S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ ApS>_u `qf[õ\rsdp„ fpl Å¡C iL$sp _\u, s¡Ap¡ suh°

d_p¡cpf A_ych¡ R>¡.

(2) kp^_p¡_p¡ Acph kp^_p¡_p¡ Acph kp^_p¡_p¡ Acph kp^_p¡_p¡ Acph kp^_p¡_p¡ Acph (Lack of Resource )::::: dp¡V$pcpN_p dpZkp¡ `p¡sp_u

`pk¡ S>¡ hõsyAp¡ lp¡e R>¡, S>¡ AphL$ lp¡e R>¡, s¡_p\u k„sp¡j `pdu Æh_ Æhsp lp¡e R>¡. `f„sy

L¡$V$gpL$ dpZkp¡_¡ `p¡sp_u `pk¡ fl¡gu hõsyAp¡ L¡$ `p¡sp_u AphL$\u k„sp¡j lp¡sp¡ _\u. Aphp

dpZkp¡ h^pf¡ hõsyAp¡ hkphhp dpV¡$ s\p h y ^_ L$dphhp dpV¡$ hgMp„ dpfsp lp¡e R>¡, `f„sy

17

s¡Ap¡ `pk¡ `p¡sp_u dl¡ÃR>p_¡ `pf `pX$hp dpV¡$ èp®às kp^_p¡ lp¡sp„ _\u. s¡\u `p¡sp_u ApL$p„np

k„sp¡jhp s¡Ap¡dp„ r_óamsp dmsp„ lspip A_ych¡ R>¡. h¥e[¼sL$ dep®v$pAp¡_¡ gu ¡ `Z Aphp

dpZkp¡ r_óam Åe R>¡ A_¡ `qfZpd¡ lspip b_¡ R>¡. S>ê$fu hõsyAp¡_u h„rQssp dp_hu_¡ lspi

b_ph¡ R>¡.

(3) Mp¡V$ (_yL$ip_) Mp¡V$ (_yL$ip_) Mp¡V$ (_yL$ip_) Mp¡V$ (_yL$ip_) Mp¡V$ (_yL$ip_) (Losses ): Æh_dp„ _yL$kp_ L¡$ Mp¡V$_p âk„Np¡ b_¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡

dp_hudp„ lspip DÐ`Þ_ \pe R>¡. „ pdp„ Mp¡V$ S>sp„ h¡ pfu lspi b_¡ R>¡. L$p¡C rdÓ L¡$ â¡du

d©Ðey `pdsp„ dp_hu lspi b_¡ R>¡. Jdf h^hp_u kp\¡ dp_hu_u i[¼sAp¡ nuZ b_¡ R>¡, Ap_¡

gu ¡ dp_hudp„ lspip DÐ`Þ_ \pe R>¡. L$p¡C `Z bpbsdp„ _yL$kp_ \pe s¡ dp_hu_p L$pby blpf_u

lL$u¼s R>¡, A_ ¡rns fus¡ Aphp„ _yL$kp_p¡ \sp„ lp¡e R>¡. _yL$kp_ \hy„ A¡ _kub_¡ Apû_ lp¡e

R>¡.

(4) r_óamsp r_óamsp r_óamsp r_óamsp r_óamsp (Failure ): : : : : ApS>_p õ`^p®ÐdL$ Æh_dp„ Ap`Z_¡ l„d¡ip„ kamsp

dmsu lp¡su _\u. Ap`Z¡ Ap`Zp âeÐ_p¡dp„ ¼epf¡L$ r_óam `Z S>sp„ lp¡CA¡ R>uA¡. Ap\u

r_óamspAp¡ lspip DÐ`Þ_ L$f¡ R>¡. Ny_p_u gpNZu A¡ dp_hu_u kp¥\u dp¡V$u r_óamsp R>¡, S>¡

s¡_¡ lspip b_ph¡ R>¡. Äepf¡ Ap`Z¡ L$p¡C L$pe® L$fsp lp¡CA¡ R>uA¡, Ðepf¡ ""Ap`Z¡ Mp¡Vy„$ sp¡

L$fsp„ _\u _¡?'' s¡hu gpNZu Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡. Mp¡Vy„$ L$pe® L$fhp\u kÅ \i¡ s¡hu A`fp^_u gpNZu

lspip DÐ`Þ_ L$f¡ R>¡. `p¡sp_u afS>_y„ `pg_ L$fhp_u s\p Mp¡Vy„$ L$pe® L$fsp„ `p¡sp_u Ås_¡

fp¡L$hp_u r_óamsp s¡_¡ lspi b_ph¡ R>¡. dp_hu Aphu A`fp^_u gpNZu s\p `òpsp`\u

ùX$psp¡ lp¡e R>¡. S>¡ dp_hu `p¡sp_u c|gp¡ ky pfu iL$sp¡ lp¡e s¡ h^pf¡ lspi b_¡ R>¡.

(5) A\®i|Þesp A\®i|Þesp A\®i|Þesp A\®i|Þesp A\®i|Þesp (Meaninglessness )::::: Ap^yr_L$ k„õL©$rsdp„ dp_hu Æh__p¡

A\® kdS>hp A_¡ Æh__p¡ fpl ip¡ hp Ai¼s bÞep¡ R>¡; s¡\u s¡_pdp„ lspip Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.

OZpMfp Ap yr_L$ eyhL$-eyhsuAp¡ Ap`Zu k„õL©$rs_p„ `f„ fpNs d|ëep¡ A_¡ Ýe¡ep¡ õhuL$pfhp

s¥epf _\u. kdpS>_p v„$c_¡ gu ¡ s¡Ap¡dp„ lspip Dv¹$chu R>¡. kdpS>_p„ d|ëep¡_¡ õ\p_¡ rhL$ë`ê$ ¡

buÅ„ d|ëep¡ s¡Ap¡ ip¡ u i¼ep„ _\u. s¡\u s¡Ap¡ Æh__¡ MpguMd L¡$ A\®lu_ kdS>¡ R>¡. eyhp_p¡

D`fp„s OZp y¿s Jdf_p gp¡L$p¡ `Z Æh__u A\®i|Þesp_¡ gu ¡ lspip A_ych¡ R>¡. h©Ù gp¡L$p¡

Æh_dp„ ^pf¡gy„ \C iL$sy„ _\u s¡hu gpNZu A_ychsp lp¡e R>¡.

Ap`Zu k„õL©$rsdp„ lspip DÐ`Þ_ L$f_pfp L¡$V$gpL$ Ap^pfp¡ D`f âdpZ¡ R>¡. Ap rkhpe

lspip DÐ`Þ_ \hp dpV¡$ buÅ„ OZp„ L$pfZp¡ R>¡. AdyL$ L$pfqL$v$} âpàs L$fhp CÃR>sp¡ rhÛp\}

18

`p¡sp_u BÃR>p dyS>b_p¡ ìehkpe âpàs L$fu iL¡$ _l] Ðepf¡ lspi b_¡ R>¡. Ap yr_L$ kdedp„

f„Nc¡v$, oprshpv$ A_¡ KQ_uQ_p c¡v$_¡ gu ¡ lspip Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡. azNphp_¡ gu ¡ lspip DÐ`Þ_

\pe R>¡. r_es AphL$dp„ Æh_ Æhsp gp¡L$p¡ dpV¡$ Ap yr_L$ kde_u Apr\®L$ `qf[õ\rs lspip

DÐ`Þ_ L$f¡ R>¡. vy$:Mu v$pç`Ðe Æh_\u Dv¹$chsu lspip M|b S> suh° lp¡e R>¡. eyÙ_p cZL$pfp_¡

gu ¡ r_fnfspdp„ kbX$su S>Ns_u A^} hõsu lspipAp¡_p¡ kpd_p¡ L$fu flu R>¡.

lspip_p âk„Np¡ Æh_dp„ Aphsp S> lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u tlds Nydpìep rh_p lspip_p¡ kpd_p¡

L$fhp¡ Å¡BA¡. Ýe¡e bv$gu_¡ buÅ Ýe¡e_¡ õhuL$pfu kdpep¡S>_ L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡. lspip kl_ L$fu

g¡sp„ iuMhy„ Å¡BA¡, S>¡\u d_p¡cpf h ¡ _l].

2. k„Oj®:-k„Oj®:-k„Oj®:-k„Oj®:-k„Oj®:-

dp_hu_y„ Æh_ k„Ojp£\u cf¡gy„ R>¡. dp_hu s¡_p fp¡tS>v$p Æh_dp„ A_¡L$ hMs k„Oj®_p¡

A_ych L$f¡ R>¡. Äepf¡ dp_hu kdn A¡L$kp\¡ b¡ â¡fZp¡ L¡$ gÿep¡ lp¡e A_¡ Ap bÞ_¡dp„\u A¡L$_¡

`k„v$ L$fhp_y„ lp¡e Ðepf¡ s¡ k„Oj®_p¡ A_ych L$f¡ R>¡. k„Oj®_¡ L$pfZ¡ dp_hudp„ d_p¡cpf Dv¹$ch¡

R>¡.

k„Oj®_u ìep¿ep _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ Ap`u iL$pe.

Äepf¡ L$p¡C `Z âbm â¡fZp buÆ âbm â¡fZp kp\¡ L¡$ AÞe Ar_hpe® `qf[õ\rs

kp\¡ V$L$fpe R>¡, Ðepf¡ S>¡ dp_rkL$ Ahõ\p lp¡e R>¡ s¡_¡ k„Oj® L$l¡ R>¡.

â¡fZp-k„Oj®_p„ A_¡L$ ×óV$p„sp¡ Æh_dp„ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. sdpf¡ L$p¡C `pV$}dp„ S>hp_y„ lp¡e

A_¡ s¡ S> kde¡ q¾L¡$V$_u d¡Qdp„ S>hp_y„ lp¡e, L$p¡C rhÛp\}_¡ gÁ_ L$fhp_u BÃR>p lp¡e A_¡ s¡_¡

gu ¡ Aæepk R>p¡X$u _p¡L$fu ip¡ hp_u lp¡e, eyhsu dpV¡$ gÁ_Æh_ A_¡ Ly$Vy„$bÆh_ L¡$ ìephkpreL$

L$pfqL$v$} b¡dp„\u A¡L$_u `k„v$Nu L$fhu lp¡e, L$p¡C ìe[¼s_¡ AdyL$ _p¡L$fu `k„v$ _ lp¡e A_¡ s¡

R>p¡X$hu lp¡e sp¡ AphL$ Nydphhp_p¡ ce fl¡ R>¡. Ap kh£ âk„Np¡dp„ k„Oj® Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡. k„Oj® kde¡

dp_hu Ar_Z®epÐdL$sp_u dp_rkL$ Ahõ\p A_ych¡ R>¡.

b¡ rhfp¡ u rhL$ë`p¡ lp¡e R>¡ Ðepf¡ k„Oj® Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡. Ap rhfp¡ u rhL$ë`p¡ kdp_ fus¡

ApL$j®L$ L¡$ A_pL$j®L$ lp¡e R>¡. Ap bÞ_¡dp„\u A¡L$_¡ õhuL$pfhp_p¡ r_Z®e L$fhp_p¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap

bÞ_¡dp„\u A¡L$ rhL$ë` õhuL$pfhp\u buÅ rhL$ë`_p¡ AõhuL$pf \pe R>¡. Ap_¡ gu ¡ lspip Dv¹$ch¡

R>¡. k„Oj®_u `qf[õ\rsdp„ kl¡gpC\u r_Z®e `f Aphu iL$psy„ _\u. r_Z®e_u âq¾$ep d_p¡cpf

DÐ`Þ_ L$f¡ R>¡. lspip sfa v$p¡fu S>su lp¡hp\u k„Oj® A¡ bÞ_¡ Sy>v$u [õ\rsAp¡ R>¡. k„Oj®_u v$f¡L$

[õ\rs lspip sfa v$p¡fu S>su lp¡hp\u k„Oj® d_p¡cpfê$` _uhX¡$ R>¡.

19

L¡$V$gpL$ k„Ojp£ kpdpÞe âL$pf_p lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ s¡ Ap`Zp Q¡s_ d_dp„ lp¡e R>¡; s¡_p¡

DL¡$g blz kl¡gpC\u d¡mhu iL$pe R>¡. hp„Qhp b¡khy„ L¡$ afhp S>hy„ A¡ blz kpdpÞe âL$pf_p¡ k„Oj®

R>¡. s¡_p¡ DL¡$g blz kl¡gpC\u d¡mhu iL$pe R>¡. `f„sy buÅ L¡$V$gpL$ k„Ojp£ AQ¡s_ d__¡ gNsp

lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p DL¡$g kl¡gpC\u d¡mhu iL$psp¡ _\u. S>¡ dp_hu k„Oj® A_ych¡ R>¡, s¡ `p¡sp_u

Aph¡NpÐdL$ kdsygp Nydph¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_u s¡_p dp_rkL$ A_¡ ipfuqfL$ õhpõÕe D`f dpW$u Akf

`X¡$ R>¡.

3. v$bpZ3. v$bpZ3. v$bpZ3. v$bpZ3. v$bpZ

kdpep¡S>_u kdõepAp¡ lspi A_¡ k„Oj® D`fp„s v$bpZ_¡ gu ¡ `Z Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡. dp_hu_p

fp¡tS>v$p Æh_dp„ v$bpZ_p OZp âk„Np¡ D`[õ\s \sp lp¡e R>¡. L¡$V$guL$ `qf[õ\rsAp¡ dp_hu D`f

M|b S> v$bpZ L$fsu lp¡e R>¡. Äepf¡ dp_hu AdyL$ S>hpbv$pfu D`pX$hp s¥epf \pe R>¡, Ðepf¡ s¡

v$bpZ_u Akf _uQ¡ lp¡e R>¡. v$bpZ_p¡ gu ¡ dp_hu suh° d_p¡cpf A_ych¡ R>¡. _p¡L$fudp„ L$pd_p¡

bp¡Å¡ h^pf¡ lp¡e R>¡, Ðepf¡ dp_hu v$bpZ_¡ gu ¡ d_p¡cpf A_ych¡ R>¡. `Npf V|„$L$p¡ lp¡e A_¡ dpV$p

Ly$Vy„$b_y„ cfZ`p¡jZ L$fhp_y„ lp¡e R>¡, Ðepf¡ dp_hu kss v$bpZ _uQ¡ Æh_ Æh¡ R>¡. rhÛp\}Æh_

Ap_„v$\u yfy„ L$fu gu^p `R>u Æh_r_hp®l dpV¡$ _p¡L$fu L$fhp_p¡ hMs Aph¡ R>¡, Ðepf¡ ìe[¼s_¡

`qf[õ\rs_y„ v$bpZ vy$:Mv$peL$ gpN¡ R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$ Ap dpV¡$ s¥epf \sp lp¡sp _\u.

OZp dp_huAp¡ v$bpZ_u `qf[õ\rsdp„ `Z Ap_„v$ dpZsp lp¡e R>¡, `„fsy L¡$V$gpL$

dp_huAp¡ ipfuqfL$ L¡$ dp_rkL$ S>hpbv$pfu_p v$bpZ_¡ gu ¡ tlds lpfu Åe R>¡ A_¡ cp„Nu `X¡$

R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$ dpZkp¡ v$bpZ\u lspi b_¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡dp„\u Ap¾$dL$h©rÑ rhL$pk `pd¡ R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$

dpZkp¡_u v$bpZ_¡ gu^¡ srbes bNX¡$ R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$ dpZkp¡ v$bpZ kl_ _ \C iL$hp\u

ApÐdlÐep `Z L$fu b¡k¡ R>¡. Ap fus¡, v$bpZ_¡ gu ¡ OZp„ N„cuf A_¡ _yL$kp_L$pfL$ `qfZpdp¡

Aph¡ R>¡.

3.1 v$bpZ_p L$pfZp¡:- v$bpZ_p L$pfZp¡:- v$bpZ_p L$pfZp¡:- v$bpZ_p L$pfZp¡:- v$bpZ_p L$pfZp¡:-

v$bpZ dy¿eÐh¡ b¡ L$pfZp¡_¡ gu ¡ Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡: (1) Ap„sqfL$ h¥e[¼sL$ L$pfZp¡ A_¡ (2)

bpü L$pfZp¡. Ap`Z¡ v$bpZ_p„ Ap L$pfZp¡_¡ kdÆA¡—.

(((((1))))) Ap„sqfL$ h¥e[¼sL$ L$pfZp¡:-Ap„sqfL$ h¥e[¼sL$ L$pfZp¡:-Ap„sqfL$ h¥e[¼sL$ L$pfZp¡:-Ap„sqfL$ h¥e[¼sL$ L$pfZp¡:-Ap„sqfL$ h¥e[¼sL$ L$pfZp¡:- Æh__p„ d|ëep¡, V¡$hp¡, h^y `X$su dlÒhpL$p„np

A_¡ Arsie k„h¡v$_iugsp dp_hudp„ v$bpZ_p¡ Dv¹$ch L$f¡ R>¡. dp_hu `p¡sp_u i[¼s L$fsp„ h^pf¡

L$pep£ lp\dp„ g¡ sp¡ `Z v$bpZ Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡. OZu ÷uAp¡ _p¡L$fu L$f¡ R>¡, OfL$pd L$f¡ R>¡, bpmL$p¡_p¡

20

DR>¡f L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ `rs s¡dS> kdN° Of_u k„cpm fpM¡ R>¡. Aphu ÷uAp¡ `p¡sp_u i[¼s L$fsp„

h^pf¡ L$pd L$f¡ R>¡, s¡\u kss v$bpZ_p¡ A_ych L$f¡ R>¡. v$bpZ_¡ gu ¡ d_p¡cpf h ¡ R>¡.

(((((2))))) bpü `qf[õ\rsS>Þe L$pfZp¡:-bpü `qf[õ\rsS>Þe L$pfZp¡:-bpü `qf[õ\rsS>Þe L$pfZp¡:-bpü `qf[õ\rsS>Þe L$pfZp¡:-bpü `qf[õ\rsS>Þe L$pfZp¡:- bpü hpsphfZ_p„ `qfbmp¡_¡ gu^¡ v$bpZ

Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡. _p¡L$fudp„ L$pd_p¡ bp¡Å¡ h^pf¡ lp¡e sp¡ v$bpZ Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡. dp¡Vy„$ Ly$Vy„$b lp¡e A_¡ AphL$

V|„$L$u lp¡e, Ðepf¡ Æh_r_hp®l Qgphhp_u dyíL¡$g `qf[õ\rs_¡ gu ¡ dp_hu kss v$bpZ A_ych¡

R>¡. suh° lfuapC_¡ gu^¡ v$bpZ Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡. ApS>_p eyNdp„ kpdprS>L$, L$p¥Vy„$rbL$ A_¡ Apr\®L$

âñp¡_p v$bpZ _uQ¡ OZp gp¡L$p¡ Æhsp lp¡e R>¡.

L¡$V$guL$hpf hX$ugp¡ L¡$ Apk`pk_p gp¡L$p¡_p„ k|Q_p¡_¡ gu ¡ dp_hu v$bpZ A_ychsp¡

lp¡e R>¡. ""dp_huA¡ Apd L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡, s¡d _ L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡.''- S>¡hp„ k|Q_p¡ dp_hudp„ v$bpZ

DÐ`Þ_ L$f¡ R>¡. d_p¡h¥opr_L$p¡ Ap_¡ ""blpf\u gv$pe¡gp L¡$ W$p¡L$u b¡kpX¡$gp Apv$ip£_p Ópk'' sfuL¡$

v$ip®h¡ R>¡.

Ap D`fp„s ApS>_p kdpS>_u bv$gpsu `qf[õ\rs kp\¡ L$v$d rdgphhp d\sp¡ dp_hu

kss v$bpZ _uQ¡ Æhsp¡ lp¡e R>¡.

3.2 Ap`Zp kdpS>_p„ kpdpÞe v$bpZp¡:- Ap`Zp kdpS>_p„ kpdpÞe v$bpZp¡:- Ap`Zp kdpS>_p„ kpdpÞe v$bpZp¡:- Ap`Zp kdpS>_p„ kpdpÞe v$bpZp¡:- Ap`Zp kdpS>_p„ kpdpÞe v$bpZp¡:-

Ap yr_L$ kdpS>dp„ v$f¡L$ dp_hu L$p¡C _¡ L$p¡C `qf[õ\rsdp„ v$bpZ_p¡ A_ych L$fsp¡ lp¡e

R>¡. õ`^p®ÐdL$ kdpS>dp„ rkqÙ âpàs L$fhp_y„ v$bpZ, bv$gpsu kpdprS>L$ `qf[õ\rsdp„ kdpep¡S>_

kp^hp_y„ v$bpZ, Ly$Vy„$bÆh__u kdõepAp¡_y„ v$bpZ A_¡ buÅ„ A¡hp„ A_¡L$ v$bpZp¡ _uQ¡ ApS>_p¡

dp_hu Æh_ Æhu füp¡ R>¡. Al] Ap`Z¡ Ap`Zp kdpS>_p„ L¡$V$gp„L$ kpdpÞe v$bpZp¡ A„N¡ QQp®

L$fuiy„.

(((((1))))) õ`^p®ÐdL$ rkqÙAp¡ d¡mhhp dpV¡$_p„ v$bpZp¡ õ`^p®ÐdL$ rkqÙAp¡ d¡mhhp dpV¡$_p„ v$bpZp¡ õ`^p®ÐdL$ rkqÙAp¡ d¡mhhp dpV¡$_p„ v$bpZp¡ õ`^p®ÐdL$ rkqÙAp¡ d¡mhhp dpV¡$_p„ v$bpZp¡ õ`^p®ÐdL$ rkqÙAp¡ d¡mhhp dpV¡$_p„ v$bpZp¡ (Pressures of Com-

petitive Achievement s): ApS>_p„ kdpS>dp„ i¥nrZL$ A_¡ ^„^pL$ue rkqÙ d¡mhp

dpV¡$_y„ v$bpZ M|b S> rhi¡j Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. ÷uAp¡ L$fsp„ yê$jp¡_¡ A_¡ DÃQ hN®_p gp¡L$p¡ L$fsp„

dÝed hN®_p gp¡L$p¡_¡ Aphp v$bpZ_p¡ kpd_p¡ rhi¡j L$fhp¡ `X¡$ R>¡. ApS>_p õ`^p®ÐdL$ kdpS>dp„

Ap`Z¡ rhrh^ n¡Óp¡dp„ rkqÙ âpàs L$fhp lfuapC R>uA¡. rinZ n¡Ó¡ DÃQ L$np d¡mhhp rhÛp\}

âepk L$f¡ R>¡. L$p¡C fdsNdsdp„ Q„ÖL$ d¡mhhp d\¡ R>¡, L$p¡C _p¡L$fu d¡mhhp, sp¡ L$p¡C „ pL$ue

kamsp dpV¡$, L$p¡C kpdprS>L$ ârsóW$p dpV¡$, sp¡ L$p¡C _pZp„L$ue gpc dpV¡$ dl_¡s L$f¡ R>¡. L$p¡C

kÑpgpgQy„ _¡sp Myfiu d¡mhhp â „Q L$f¡ R>¡. Ap b^u `qf[õ\rsAp¡dp„ dp_hu v$bpZ A_ych¡

21

R>¡. rhÛpæepk A_¡ _p¡L$fu- „ pdp„ dp_hu `f h y _¡ h y DÃQ õ\p_ âpàs L$fhp dpV¡$_y„ v$bpZ

Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. Aphy„ v$f¡L$ v$bpZ dp_hu_¡ `qfîd L$fhp â¡f¡ R>¡.

õ`^p®ÐdL$ v$bpZp¡ DÐ`pv$_dp„ h^pfp¡ L$f¡ R>¡. Aphp„ õ`^p®ÐdL$ v$bpZp¡\u dp_hu_u i[¼s

Mug¡ R>¡. A_¡ Æh_ ^bL$sy„ gpN¡ R>¡. `f„sy Aep¡Áe A_¡ Cjp®ey¼s õ`^p® lpr_L$pfL$ b_¡ R>¡.

h^pf¡ `X$su õ`^p®_¡ gu ¡ dp_hu_u s„vy$fõsu D`f rh`fus Akf `X¡$ R>¡. õ`^p®_u kp\¡ klL$pf

`Z S>ê$fu R>¡. (((((2))))) âeÐ_p¡_u Arhfs A¡L$pN°spâeÐ_p¡_u Arhfs A¡L$pN°spâeÐ_p¡_u Arhfs A¡L$pN°spâeÐ_p¡_u Arhfs A¡L$pN°spâeÐ_p¡_u Arhfs A¡L$pN°sp (Sust ained Concentra-

tion of Effort ): ApS>_p„ h¥opr_L$ eyNdp„ i¥nrZL$ n¡Ó¡ rhÛp\}Ap¡dp„ DÃQ rkqÙ lp„kg

L$fhp dpV¡$ âeÐ_p¡_u Arhfs A¡L$pN°sp D`f cpf d|L$hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ A_¡L$ rhjep¡_y„

rinZ Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. rhÛp\}Ap¡ `pk¡\u Aæepk A„N¡_u DÃQ A ¡npAp¡ fpMhpdp„ Aph¡

R>¡. Ap_¡ gu ¡ rhÛp\} suh° v$bpZ_u Akf _uQ¡ Aæepk L$fsp¡ lp¡e R>¡.

L¡$V$gpL$ rhÛp\}Ap¡ kpfu _p¡L$fu d¡mhhp dpV¡$ DÃQ Aæepk L$f¡ R>¡. DÃQ Aæepk L$fsp

rhÛp\}Ap¡ dep®qv$s kdeNpmpdp„ Aæepk¾$d `|fp¡ L$fhp d\pdZ L$f¡ R>¡. s¡Ap¡ D`fpD`fu

Aphsu L$kp¡V$uAp¡-`funpAp¡_p v$bpZ _uQ¡ Aæepk L$fsp lp¡e R>¡. `funpdp„ _p`pk \hp_u L¡$

Esfsu L$np âpàs \hp_u tQsp_p d_p¡cpf\u s¡Ap¡ `uX$psp lp¡e R>¡. OZp rhÛp\}Ap¡ kss

tQspdp„ flu A¡L$pN°sp Åmhu Aæepk L$fhpdp„ dyíL¡$gu A_ychsp lp¡e R>¡. OZp rhÛp\}Ap¡

Aæepkdp„ DÃQ rkqÙ âpàs L$fhp dpV¡$ ipmp L¡$ L$p¸g¡S>_u d_p¡f„S>_ L¡$ buÅ„ Ap_„v$âdpv$_u

âh©rÑAp¡ V$pmu_¡ `p¡sp_p Aæepkdp„ S> OZp¡Mfp¡ kde `kpf L$fsp lp¡e R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$ rhÛp\}Ap¡

rhÛpæepk |fp¡ L$fu kpfu _p¡L$fu dm¡ _l] Ðep„ ky u `p¡sp_p¡ gÁ_k„b„ u rhQpf dygshu fpM¡

R>¡. Sy>v$p Sy>v$p _p¡L$fu- „ pdp„ Å¡X$pe¡gp dpZkp¡ `Z âeÐ_p¡_u Arhfs A¡L$pN°sp_¡ gu ¡ kss

v$bpZ A_ychsp lp¡e R>¡. _p¡L$fudp„ bY$su dpV¡$ dp_hu Arhfs A¡L$pN°sp\u L$pd L$f¡ R>¡. Ap_¡

gu ¡ s¡ kss v$bpZ A_ych¡ R>¡. dp¡V$u L„$`_u_p Ap¸qakfp¡ `Z L„$`_u_u âNrs dpV¡$ Arhfs

A¡L$pN°sp\u dl¡_s L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_¡ gu ¡ s¡Ap¡ suh° v$bpZ A_ych¡ R>¡.

`¡L$p¡X®$:`¡L$p¡X®$:`¡L$p¡X®$:`¡L$p¡X®$:`¡L$p¡X®$: A¡L$ dp¡V$u L„$`_u_p dy¿e A_¡ _peb Ap¸qakfp¡_p¡ dp_rkL$ sZph_u ×róV$A¡

Aæepk L$ep£ lsp¡. Ap Aæepk_¡ Ap^pf¡ `¡L$pX£$A¡ S>Zpìey„ lsy„ L¡$ S>¡Ap¡_p r_Z®ep¡ D`f

L„$`_u_p¡ Ap^pf lsp¡ s¡hp L„$`_u_p dy¿e Ap¸qakfp¡ L$fsp„, s¡d_p lp\ _uQ¡_p _peb Ap¸qakfp¡

L¡$ S>¡Ap¡ kpfp dl¡_spZp A_¡ `Npfp¡ dpV¡$ kss lfuapC L$fsp lsp, s¡Ap¡ r_Z®e L$fhp_u

bpbsdp„ h^pf¡ dp_rkL$ s„Nqv$gu A_ychsp lsp.

22

(((((3))))) S>qV $gsp A_¡ TX$ù `qfhs®_S>qV $gsp A_¡ TX$ù `qfhs®_S>qV $gsp A_¡ TX$ù `qfhs®_S>qV $gsp A_¡ TX$ù `qfhs®_S>qV $gsp A_¡ TX$ù `qfhs®_ (Complexity and Rapid

Change ): dp_hu_y„ Æh_ S>qV$g âk„Np¡\u cf¡gy„ R>¡. Æh_dp„ `qfhs®_p¡ Aphsp„ S> lp¡e

R>¡. bpmL$ S>Þd¡ R>¡, dp¡Vy„$ \pe R>¡, _p¡L$fu- „ ¡ gpN¡ R>¡, gÁ_ L$f¡ R>¡, bpmL$p¡_¡ S>Þd Ap ¡ R>¡.

budpf `X¡$ R>¡, dpspr`sp_p d©Ðey_p¡ A_ych L$f¡ R>¡. A_¡ Aphp A_¡L$ `qfhs®_p¡dp„\u `kpf \pe

R>¡. Ap`Z¡ Aphp„ `qfhs®_p¡\u V¡$hpC Nep lp¡CA¡ R>uA¡. `qfhs®_p¡ Æh_dp„ _hu_sp gph¡ R>¡.

`„fsy, Ap^yr_L$ kdedp„ Aphsp„ `qfhs®_p¡ A_¡ s¡_u TX$` Ap`Zp `|h®Å¡A¡ A_ych¡gp„

`qfhs®_p¡ L$fsp„ OZp S> Sy>v$p R>¡. Ap yr_L$ kde_p„ TX$ù `qfhs®_p¡_¡ gu ¡ Ap`Ï„ Ly$Vy„$bÆh_,

rinZ, „ pL$ue Æh_, azfkv$ âh©rÑAp¡, dpÞespAp¡ A_¡ d|ëep¡ D`f ìep`L$ Akf `X$u R>¡.

Aphp„ TX$ù `qfhs®_p¡_¡ gu ¡ dp_huA¡ `qf[õ\rs kp\¡ kss kdpep¡S>_ kp^hp âepk L$fhp¡

`X¡$ R>¡. Ap_¡ gu ¡ s¡ kss v$bpZ_u `qf[õ\rsdp„ Æh_ Æhsp„ lp¡e R>¡.

X$p¸¼V$fp¡ A_¡ BS>_¡fp¡ S>Zph¡ R>¡ L¡$ s¡d_p„ n¡Óp¡dp„ A¡V$gu bû _hu ip¡ p¡ \pe R>¡ L¡$ s¡_u

kp\¡ k„`L®$dp„ fl¡hy„ dyíL$¡g b_¡ R>¡. kdpS>dp„ kss \sp„ `qfhs®_p¡ D`fp„s rhop_ A_¡

V¡$L¹$_p¡gp¡Ædp„ \e¡gu ip¡^p¡_¡ gu^¡ rhð OÏ„ S> _p_y„ bÞey„ R>¡. s¡\u dp_huA¡ OZu S>qV$g

kpdprS>L$ kdõepAp¡ D`f `Z `p¡sp_y„ gÿe L¡$[ÞÖs L$fhy„ `X¡$ R>¡. dp_hu_p A„Ns âñp¡ L$fsp„

Aphp kpdprS>L$ âñp¡ h y ANÐesp ^fphsp \ep R>¡. Ap`Zu Apk`pk_p S>Nsdp„ iy„ b_u

fü„y R>¡ s¡_u kss ÅZL$pfu Ap`Z¡ fpMhu `X¡$ R>¡. Qu_, `pqL$õsp_, îug„L$p, fpriep, Ad¡qfL$p

hN¡f¡ v¡$ip¡dp„ b_sp„ b_php¡ A„N¡ ÅN©s fl¡hy„ `X¡$ R>¡. Aphp b_php¡_u Ap`Zu kgpdsu D`f

Akf `X¡$ R>¡. Ap_¡ gu ¡ v$bpZ_p¡ A_ych \pe R>¡. blpf_u k„õL©$rs_p _hp rhQpfp¡_u Akf_¡

gu ¡ dp_hu suh° v$bpZ A_ych¡ R>¡.

da} A_¡ rgV$_¡ Aæepkp¡ L$fu_¡ S>Zpìey„ R>¡ L¡$ blpf_u k„õL©$rs_p âhplp¡_u dp_hu D`f

A¡V$gu bû ìep`L$ Akfp¡ \C R>¡ L¡$ A¡L$ S> ¡Y$u_¡ s¡_p Æh_L$pm v$frdep_ s¡d_u Æh_âZpgudp„

dlÒh_p a¡fapfp¡ L$fhp_u S>ê$f `X¡$ R>¡. dp_huA¡ _hu c|rdL$p A_¡ _hp„ d|ëep¡ A`_phhp `X¡$

R>¡. Äepf¡ gp¡L$p¡ `qfhs®_ dpV¡$ s¥epf \sp _\u, Ðepf¡ s¡Ap¡ AhpõsrhL$ A ¡npAp¡_p¡ cp¡N b_¡

R>¡. _hu `qf[õ\rs_¡ gu ¡ S|>\_p OZp gp¡L$p¡ kdpep¡S>__u dyíL¡$gu A_ych¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_¡ gu ¡

s¡d_p¡ d_p¡cpf h ¡ R>¡.

(((((4))))) Ly$Vy„$b A_¡ AÞe k„b„^p¡ sfa_p„ v$bpZp¡:-Ly$Vy„$b A_¡ AÞe k„b„^p¡ sfa_p„ v$bpZp¡:-Ly$Vy„$b A_¡ AÞe k„b„^p¡ sfa_p„ v$bpZp¡:-Ly$Vy„$b A_¡ AÞe k„b„^p¡ sfa_p„ v$bpZp¡:-Ly$Vy„$b A_¡ AÞe k„b„^p¡ sfa_p„ v$bpZp¡:- Ap`Zp dp¡V$pcpN_u S>ê$qfepsp¡

Ly$Vy„$bdp„ k„sp¡jpe R>¡; s¡d R>sp„ L$p¥Vy„$qbL$ k„b„ p¡_¡ gu ¡ v$bpZp¡ Dv¹$chsp„ lp¡e R>¡. gÁ_k„b„ _¡

23

gu ¡ dp_hu_u OZu S>ê$qfepsp¡ Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡. Aphu S>ê$qfepsp¡ âpàs L$fhp dpV¡$ ìe[¼sA¡ âepk

L$fhp¡ `X¡$ R>¡. Ap_¡ gu ¡ s¡ v$bpZ_u `qf[õ\rs_p¡ A_ych L$f¡ R>¡. gÁ_Æh_dp„ ìe[¼sA¡ s¡_p

kp\u kp\¡ kdpep¡S>_ kp^hy„ `X¡$ R>¡ A_¡ `fõ`f kdS|>su\u Æh_ Æhhp_y„ lp¡e R>¡. bpmL$_p¡

S>Þd \sp„ _hu S>ê$qfepsp¡ Ecu \pe R>¡. bpmL$_p DR>¡f_u S>hpbv$pfu_¡ gu ¡ v$bpZ Dv¹$ch¡

R>¡. Ly$Vy„$bdp„ L$p¡C dp„v$Nu Aphu `X¡$ Ðepf¡ v$bpZ suh° lp¡e R>¡. dp_hu kpdprS>L$ âpZu R>¡. s¡\u

Ly$Vy„$b rkhpe bpü kpdprS>L$ k„b„ p¡ `Z rhõspf `pd¡ R>¡. Aphp bpü k„b„ p¡_¡ gu ¡ `Z v$bpZ

Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡. rdÓ Ap`Zu dv$v$ dp„N¡, oprs_u k¡hp L$fhp_u lp¡e, `pX$p¡iuAp¡_¡ dv$v$ L$fhp_u lp¡e

hN¡f¡ bpbsp¡dp„ kde A_¡ _pZp„_u AphíeL$sp fl¡ R>¡. Ap_¡ gu ¡ v$bpZ_p âk„Np¡ Ecp \pe

R>¡. Ap D`fp„s, lspip, k„Oj® A_¡ v$bpZ DÐ`Þ_ L$f_pfp OZp âk„Np¡ Æh_dp„ b_sp lp¡e

R>¡. â¡ddp„ r_óamsp, AL$õdsp, kpdprS>L$ ârsóW$p_¡ lpr_ `lp¢Qhu, õ_¡lu_y„ d©Ðey, ^„^pdp„

_yL$kp_ hN¡f¡ âk„Np¡_¡ gu ¡ suh° d_p¡cpf A_ychpe R>¡.

v$bpZp¡_¡ gu^¡ Dv¹$chsp d_p¡cpf_¡ lmhp¡ L$fhp D`pep¡ ep¡S>hp Å¡BA¡. h^y `X$sp

ipfuqfL$ `qfîd_¡ gu ¡ Dv¹$chsp d_p¡cpf_¡ lmhp¡ L$fhp D`pep¡ ep¡S>hp Å¡BA¡. h y `X$sp

ipfuqfL$ `qfîd_¡ gu ¡ v$bpZ h^sy„ lp¡e sp¡ azfkv$_p kde¡ d__¡ spS>Nu dm¡ s¡hu âh©rÑdp„

hpmhy„ Å¡BA¡. d_p¡f„S>_ L¡$ fdsS>Nsdp„ cpN gC d__p¡ \pL$ Dspfu iL$pe R>¡. kpdprS>L$ L$pep£dp„

cpN g¡hp\u `Z d_p¡cpf lmhp¡ \C iL¡$ R>¡. vy$:M_¡ c|ghp dpV¡$ AÞe gp¡L$p¡ kp\¡ hps L$fu

s¡d_u klp_yc|rs d¡mhu vy$:M lmhy„ L$fu iL$pe R>¡. Ap fus¡, rhrh^ âh©rÑAp¡dp„ d_ `fp¡hu_¡

v$bpZ L¡$ d__p¡ cpf lmhp¡ L$fu iL$pe R>¡.

1.3.3 d_p¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp: d_p¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp: d_p¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp: d_p¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp: d_p¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp:

Q¡sps„Ódp„ lspip L¡$ v$bpZ_¡ gu ¡ Dv¹$ch¡g Akdsygp L¡$ spZ_u dpÓp_¡ d_p¡cpf_u

DÐL$V$sp (Sverity of Stress ) sfuL¡$ v$ip®hhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. lmhp¡ d_p¡cpf \p¡X$uL$ kdysgp

c„N L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ dp_hu_u kdpep¡S>_ L$fhp_u ârsq¾$ep `Z kfm lp¡e R>¡. `f„sy Äepf¡ d_p¡cpf

DÐL$V$ L¡$ suh° lp¡e R>¡, Ðepf¡ dp_hu Ar^L$ sZph A_ych¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_¡ kdpep¡S>_ kp^hpdp„

`Z dyíL¡$gu `X¡$ R>¡. DÐL$V$ d_p¡cpf_u `qf[õ\rsdp„ suh° kdsygpc„N \pe R>¡ A_¡ Q¡sps„Ó_u

kdpep¡S>_ i[¼sAp¡ _bmu `X$u Åe R>¡.

d_p¡cpf nrZL$ kde dpV¡$_p¡ lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ gp„bp kde ky u kdpep¡S>_ dyíL¡$g b_¡ R>¡.

L$p¡BA¡ A`dp_ L$ey lp¡e, L$p¡C KQ¡ AhpS>¡ bp¡ëey„ lp¡e L¡$ D`fu Ar^L$pfuA¡ L$pddp„ c|g bv$g

24

W$`L$p¡ Apàep¡ lp¡e, sp¡ s¡_p\u DÐ`Þ_ \e¡gp¡ d_p¡cpf nrZL$ lp¡e R>¡. dp_hu \p¡X$p kdedp„

Aphp _p_p âk„Np¡_¡ c|gu Åe R>¡. `f„sy â¡ddp„ r_óamsp dmu lp¡e, dp¡Vy„$ Apr\®L$ _yL$kp_ \ey„

lp¡e, Ýe¡e rkÙ \C i¼ey„ _ lp¡e hN¡f¡ âk„Np¡_¡ gu ¡ DÐ`Þ_ \sp¡ d_p¡cpf DÐL$V$ lp¡e R>¡

A_¡ s¡ gp„bp¡ kde Qpg¡ R>¡. Ap kde¡ dp_hu suh° kdsygpc„N A_ych¡ R>¡.

d_p¡cpf_u DÐL$V$spdp„ ìe[¼sNs rcÞ_sp Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$ dpZkp¡ cuX$dp„

^½$pdy½$u_p¡ A_ych L$f¡ R>sp„ ip„s fl¡ R>¡, sp¡ L¡$V$gpL$ Nyõk¡ \C Åe R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$ dpZkp¡ Npmp¡

kp„cmhp V¡$hpC Nep lp¡e R>¡, s¡\u s¡Ap¡dp„ d_p¡cpf Dv¹$chsp¡ _\u. `f„sy AdyL$ dpZkp¡ A¡hp

lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ s¡Ap¡dp„ _Æhu hps\u d_p¡cpf Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡. sê$Zhe¡ d_p¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp Ar^L$ lp¡e

R>¡. `f„sy dp_hu ûd¡ ûd¡ AdyL$ `qf[õ\rsdp„ flu_¡ OX$pC Åe R>¡; `qfZpd¡ Jdf h^sp„ s¡

S> `qf[õ\rsdp„ d_p¡cpf nrZL$ gpN¡ R>¡. dp_hu `qf[õ\rs_¡ A_yL|$m \sp„ iuM¡ R>¡, s¡\u s¡_¡

d_p¡cpf_u Akf Ap¡R>u gpN¡ R>¡.

1.3.4 d_p¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp_p Ap^pfp ¡:d_p ¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp_p Ap^pfp ¡:d_p ¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp_p Ap^pfp ¡:d_p ¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp_p Ap^pfp ¡:d_p ¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp_p Ap^pfp ¡:

d_p¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp ÓZ bpbsp¡ D`f Ap^pf fpM¡ R>¡.

1. kdpep¡S>_ â¡fL$ `qf[õ\rs_u gpnrZL$spAp¡ (Characteristics of

Adjustive Demand )

2. ìe[¼s_u Mprkesp¡ (Characteristic of the Individual )

3. bpü dv$v$ A_¡ Ap^pfp¡ (External Resource and Support s)

d_p¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp_p Ap ÓZ Ap^pfp¡_¡ Ap`Z¡ kdÆA¡.

1. kdpep ¡S>_ â¡fL$ `qf[õ\rs_u gpnrZL$spAp¡:kdpep ¡S>_ â¡fL$ `qf[õ\rs_u gpnrZL$spAp¡:kdpep ¡S>_ â¡fL$ `qf[õ\rs_u gpnrZL$spAp¡:kdpep ¡S>_ â¡fL$ `qf[õ\rs_u gpnrZL$spAp¡:kdpep ¡S>_ â¡fL$ `qf[õ\rs_u gpnrZL$spAp¡:

d_p¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp kdpep¡rS>s â¡fL$ `qf[õ\rs_u gpnrZL$spAp¡ D`f Ap^pf

fpM¡ R>¡. dp_hu_u S>ê$qfepsp¡ L¡$hu R>¡ s\p d_p¡cpf DÐ`Þ_ \hp dpV¡$ S>ê$qfeps L¡$V$g¡ A„i¡ õì£

R>¡ s¡_p D`f d_p¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp_p¡ Ap^pf fl¡gp¡ R>¡. Aphu kdpep¡S>_ â¡fL$ `qf[õ\rs_u L¡$V$guL$

gpnrZL$spAp¡ _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ R>¡.

(((((1))))) S>ê$qfepsp¡_u ANÐe, [õ\rsL$pm A_¡ A_¡L$sp:S>ê$qfepsp¡_u ANÐe, [õ\rsL$pm A_¡ A_¡L$sp:S>ê$qfepsp¡_u ANÐe, [õ\rsL$pm A_¡ A_¡L$sp:S>ê$qfepsp¡_u ANÐe, [õ\rsL$pm A_¡ A_¡L$sp:S>ê$qfepsp¡_u ANÐe, [õ\rsL$pm A_¡ A_¡L$sp: kp¥ â\d dp_hu_u

S>ê$qfeps_u ANÐe L¡$V$gu R>¡ s¡_p D`f d_p¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp Ap^pf fpM¡ R>¡. dp_hu_¡ s¡_u

ANÐe_u S>ê$qfepsp¡dp„\u h„rQs fpMhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ s¡_¡ gu ¡ DÐ`Þ_ \sp¡ d_p¡cpf DÐL$V$ lp¡e

R>¡. L$p¡C dp_hu_¡ ¥kp_u spÐL$prgL$ M|b S> S>ê$f lp¡e A_¡ s¡_¡ dm¡ _lu, Ðepf¡ s¡ suh° d_p¡cpf

25

A_ych¡ R>¡. Äepf¡ dp_hu_u L$p¡C S>ê$qfeps gp„bp kde ky u k„sp¡j `pd¡ _lu, Ðepf¡ s¡ suh°

d_p¡cpf A_ych¡ R>¡. dp_hu A¡L$-b¡ V„$L$_y„ cp¡S>_ S>sy„ L$fu iL¡$ R>¡; `f„sy gp„bp Npmp dpV¡$ s¡

c|M_¡ kl_ L$fu iL$sp¡ _\u. gp„bp kde_u c|M_¡ gu ¡ s¡_p d_p¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp h ¡ R>¡. Å¡

dp_hu_u A¡L$ L$fsp„ h^pf¡ S>ê$qfepsp¡ s©às \ep hNf_u flu Åe, sp¡ s¡_¡ gu ¡ d_p¡cpf h ¡

R>¡. A¡L$ L$fsp„ h y kçkepAp¡ Aphu `X¡$ R>¡, Ðepf¡ `Z dp_hu suh° d_p¡cpf A_ych¡ R>¡. Äepf¡

dp_hu_u fp¡V$u, L$`X$p„ A_¡ dL$p__u S>ê$qfepsp¡ hZk„sp¡jpe¡gu fl¡ R>¡, Ðepf¡ s¡ suh° d_p¡cpf

A_ych¡ R>¡. L$pd_u tQspAp¡ kpdprS>L$-Apr\®L$ tQspAp¡, kpdprS>L$ A¡L$ghpep`Ï„, gÁ_Æh__u

tQspAp¡ A_¡ dpspr`sp_u tQspAp¡_¡ gu ¡ d_p¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp h ¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_¡ gu ¡ ìe[¼s_y„

dp_rkL$ õhpõÕe bNpX¡$ R>¡. g¢Á_f A_¡ dpCL$g _pd_p d_p¡h¥opr_L$p¡A¡ d¡_l¡V$_ il¡fdp„ fp¡tS>v$p

Æh__p d_p¡cpf_p dp_rkL$ õhpõÕe `f \su Akf ÅZhp dpV¡$ Aæepkp¡ L$fu_¡ bspìey„ R>¡

L¡$ d_p¡cpf DÐ`Þ_ L$f¡ s¡hu OV$_pAp¡_y„ âdpZ A_¡ ^p¡fZ dp_hu_p dp_rkL$ A_¡ O¡fpZ

dp_hu_p dp_rkL$ õhpõÕe D`f Akf L$f¡ R>¡.

(((((2))))) k„Ojp®ÐdL$ â¡fL$p¡_u i[¼s:-k„Ojp®ÐdL$ â¡fL$p¡_u i[¼s:-k„Ojp®ÐdL$ â¡fL$p¡_u i[¼s:-k„Ojp®ÐdL$ â¡fL$p¡_u i[¼s:-k„Ojp®ÐdL$ â¡fL$p¡_u i[¼s:- d„v$ â¡fL$p¡_¡ gu^¡ Dv¹$chsp¡ d_p¡cpf `Z d„v$

lp¡e R>¡. afhp S>hy„ L¡$ QgrQÓ Å¡hp S>hy„ A¡ k„Ojp®ÐdL$ â¡fL$p¡ Üpfp Dv¹$chsp¡ d_p¡cpf d„v$ lp¡e

R>¡. `f„sy suh° A_¡ ANÐe_p„ â¡fL$p¡_¡ gu ¡ d_p¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp h ¡ R>¡. õhdp_ A_¡ kpdprS>L$

õhuL©$rs A¡ bÞ_¡dp„\u A¡L$_p¡ õhuL$pf L$fhp_p¡ lp¡e R>¡, Ðepf¡ d_p¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp h ¡ R>¡. L$p¡C

eyhp__¡ s¡_p dpsr`sp Aæepk L$fhp dpV¡$ v$bpZ L$fsp lp¡e, `f„sy s¡_¡ cZhy„ Ndsy„ _ lp¡e;

buÆ bpSy> _p¡L$fu L$fhp_u lp¡e, `f„sy _p¡L$fu dpV¡$ CÃR>p _ lp¡e. Apd, b„_¡ `qf[õ\rs ÐeÄep

s¡ CÃR>sp¡ lp¡e, `f„sy b¡dp„\u A¡L$ `k„v$ L$ep® rh_p Qpg¡ A¡d _\u. Aph¡ âk„N¡ s¡ eyhp_ DÐL$V$

d_p¡cpf A_ychi¡. Aæepk rbgLy$g Ndsp¡ _ lp¡hp\u, s¡ _p¡L$fuA¡ gpNu S>i¡; `f„sy s¡dp„ s¡_y„

rQÑ Qp¢V$i¡ _l]. k„Ojp£dp„\u DÐ`Þ_ \sp d_p¡cpf_u Akf nrZL$ `Z lp¡e A\hp gp„bp kde

dpV¡$_u `Z lp¡e R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$ dpZkp¡ dp„v$p `X$u Åe R>¡. s¡Ap¡ L$p¡C L$pd `f d_ L¡$[ÞÖs L$fu

iL$sp _\u A_¡ L¡$V$guL$hpf sp¡ Ap¾$dL$ `Z b_u Åe R>¡. k„ L®$_p¡ r_L$pg L$fu_¡ Å¡ bÞ_¡dp„\u

Nd¡ s¡ A¡L$ `qf[õ\rs õhuL$pfu gC d__¡ dS>b|s fpMu iL¡$, sp¡ d_p¡cpf lmhp¡ \C iL¡$ R>¡.

(((((3))))) A`qfrQs A_¡ A¡L$pA¡L$ Aphu `X$su kdõep:-A`qfrQs A_¡ A¡L$pA¡L$ Aphu `X$su kdõep:-A`qfrQs A_¡ A¡L$pA¡L$ Aphu `X$su kdõep:-A`qfrQs A_¡ A¡L$pA¡L$ Aphu `X$su kdõep:-A`qfrQs A_¡ A¡L$pA¡L$ Aphu `X$su kdõep:- Äepf¡ L$p ¡C kdõep

A¡L$pA¡L$ A_¡ A_ ¡rns fus¡ Aphu `X¡$ R>¡, Ðepf¡ s¡_u kp\¡ L¡$hu fus¡ L$pd `pX$hy„ s¡ A„N¡ dyíL¡$gu

Ecu \pe R>¡. Aph¡ hMs¡ dp_hu suh° d_p¡cpf A_ych¡ R>¡. L$p¡C `Z kdõep rh¡j¡ Ap`Z¡

26

AÅZ lp¡BA¡ R>uA¡. Ðepf¡ s¡_¡ A„N¡ suh° d_p¡cpf DÐ`Þ_ \pe R>¡. s¡\u EgVy„$, Ap`Z¡ L$p¡C

`Z b_ph A„N¡_u A ¡np L$fu iL$uA¡, sp¡ s¡_¡ lg L$fhp_u kfmsp fl¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_¡ gu ¡

d_p¡cpf_p¡ A_ych `Z \i¡ _l]. A¡L$pA¡L$ Ofdp„ ApN gpN¡ R>¡, Ðepf¡ d_p¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp

h ¡ R>¡. fp¡S> A`dp_ kl_ L$fhp_y„ lp¡e s¡_¡ A`dp__p¡ âk„N nrZL$ d_p¡cpf DÐ`Þ_ L$f¡ R>¡.

`f„sy L$v$u A`dp_ kl_ L$fhp_p¡ âk„N Æh_dp„ bÞep¡ _ lp¡e A_¡ A¡L$pA¡L$ L$p¡C A`dp_

L$f¡ Ðepf¡ suh° d_p¡cpf Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡. L$p¡C Nfub dpZk S>¡d s¡d ¥kp bQphu_¡ c¡Np L$ep® lp¡e

A_¡ s¡ Qp¡fpC Åe sp¡ s¡_¡ gu ¡ DÐ`Þ_ \sp¡ d_p¡cpf suh° lp¡e R>¡. Å¡ d_p¡cpf DÐ`Þ_ L$f_pfu

`qf[õ\rs_u A ¡np `l¡g¡\u lp¡e A_¡ s¡_¡ dpV¡$ dp_rkL$ s¥epfu L$fu fpMu lp¡e, sp¡ d_p¡cpf_u

DÐL$V$sp OV$u Åe R>¡. ìe[¼s õh¡ÃR>pA¡ Apasp¡ A_¡ dyíL¡$guAp¡ kl_ L$fhp_p¡ k„L$ë` L$fu s¡dp„

T„ gph¡ R>¡, Ðepf¡ s¡_¡ Aphu Apasp¡ A_¡ dyíL¡$guAp¡_p¡ d_p¡cpf gpNsp¡ _\u.

(((((4))))) ^dL$u (^dL$u (^dL$u (^dL$u (^dL$u (Threat ): ): ): ): ): Äepf¡ L$p¡C `qf[õ\rs dp_hu dpV¡$ ^dL$u kdp_ gpN¡ R>¡,

Ðepf¡ s¡_p\u suh° d_p¡cpf Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡. dp_hu_¡ ipfuqfL$ A\hp dp_rkL$ _yL$kp_ \hp_u

i¼esp_¡ ^dL$u L$l¡ R>¡. ^dL$u_¡ gu ¡ ce A_¡ tQsp Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡. L$p¡C L$d®Qpfu_¡ s¡_u _Æhu

c|g bv$g s¡_p¡ D`fu Ar^L$pfu W$`L$p¡ Ap ¡ A_¡ s¡_¡ _p¡L$fudp„\u bfsfa L$fhp_u ^dL$u Ap ¡,

Ðepf¡ L$d®Qpfu suh° d_p¡cpf A_ych¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_pdp„ tQsp Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡. OZp rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ `funp

A¡ ^dL$uê$` gpN¡ R>¡. Aphp rhÛp\}Ap¡ `funp\u M|b X$fsp lp¡e R>¡. ^dL$udp„ ipfuqfL$ ce L$fsp„

dp_rkL$ ce h^pf¡ kdpe¡gp¡ lp¡e R>¡. L$p¡C Ap`Zu díL$fu L$f¡, D`lpk L$f¡ A_¡ Dspfu `pX¡$,

Ðepf¡ s¡ Ap`Zp Ald¹_¡ ^dL$uê$` gpN¡ R>¡. Ap_¡ gu ¡ d_p¡cpf_¡ DÐL$V$sp h ¡ R>¡.

(((((5))))) d_p¡cpf_u A`¡np (d_p¡cpf_u A`¡np (d_p¡cpf_u A`¡np (d_p¡cpf_u A`¡np (d_p¡cpf_u A`¡np (Imminence of an Anticip ated Stress ):):):):):

d_p¡cpf_u A ¡np_¡ gu ¡ d_p¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp h ¡ R>¡. OZp rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ dpQ®/A¡râg drl_pdp„

`funp Aphhp_u R>¡ s¡_u A ¡np lp¡e R>¡. S>¡d S>¡d Ap drl_pAp¡ _ÆL$ Aphsp Åe R>¡ s¡d

s¡d s¡Ap¡_p¡ d_p¡cpf suh° b_sp¡ Åe R>¡. `funp_¡ gu ¡ rhÛp\}Ap¡dp„ tQsp A_¡ ce h ¡ R>¡.

rdL¡$r_L$ (Mechanic ) _pd_p d_p¡h¥opr_L$¡ õ_psL$ L$np_p rhÛp\}Ap¡_p âpep¡rNL$ Aæepkp¡_p

Ap^pf¡ bspìey„ R>¡ L¡$ `funp_p rhQpfp¡ `funp_p ÓZ drl_p ANpD rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ ksphsp lsp

A_¡ s¡Ap¡dp„ tQsp D`Åhsp lsp, `f„sy `funp M|b S> _ÆL$ Aphsp„ s¡Ap¡_u tQsp N„cuf

õhê$`_u b_u lsp. rhÛp\}Ap¡dp„ rhrh^ ârsq¾$epAp¡ Å¡hp dmu lsu. rhÛp\}Ap¡ ipdL$ v$hpAp¡

A_¡ KO_u Np¡muAp¡_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fsp lsp.

27

Ap fus¡, d_p¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp `qf[õ\rs `f Ap^pf fpM¡ R>¡.

2. ìe[¼s_u Mprkesp¡: ìe[¼s_u Mprkesp¡: ìe[¼s_u Mprkesp¡: ìe[¼s_u Mprkesp¡: ìe[¼s_u Mprkesp¡:

v$f¡L$ dp_hu_u Mprkesp¡ Sy>v$u Sy>v$u lp¡e R>¡; s¡\u d_p¡cpf\u DÐL$V$sp_p¡ Ap^pf v$f¡L$

dp_huv$uW$ Sy>v$p¡ lp¡e R>¡. dp_hu_p„ L$p¥iëep¡_u L$np, kdõep A„N¡_y„ âÐenuL$fZ A_¡ s¡_u

d_p¡cpf küsp s¡_u d_p¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp _½$u L$f¡ R>¡. Ap`Z¡ dp_hu_u Ap Mprkesp¡ kdÆA¡.

(((((1))))) L$p¥iëep¡_u L$npL$p ¥iëep¡_u L$npL$p ¥iëep¡_u L$npL$p ¥iëep¡_u L$npL$p ¥iëep¡_u L$np (Degree of Competence ): v$f¡L$ dp_hu_u

ApX$sp¡ L¡$ L$p¥iëep¡ Sy>v$p Sy>v$p lp¡e R>¡. kdõep_¡ lg L$fhp_u dp_hu_u AphX$s h y lp¡e sp¡

s¡_p¡ d_p¡cpf nrZL$ li¡. kpfp¡ h¼sp s¡_p ârsõ`^}_p¡ h¼s©Ðh õ`^p®dp„ ep¡Áe fus¡ ârsL$pf

L$fu iL$i¡; `f„sy _bmp¡ h¼sp `p¡sp_y„ h¼sìe bfpbf fus¡ Ap`u iL$i¡ _lu A_¡ s¡_¡ gu ¡

lspi b_i¡. S>¡ dp_hu_u bp¥qÙL$, Aph¡rNL$ A_¡ kpdprS>L$ rhL$pk_u L$npAp¡ KQu li¡ s¡_y„

`qf[õ\rs kp\¡_y„ kdpep¡S>_ KQy„ li¡. `f„sy S>¡ dp_hu_u L$p¥iëep¡_u L$np Esfsu lp¡e R>¡ s¡

`qf[õ\rs kp\¡ ep¡Áe fus¡ kdpep¡S>_ L$fu iL$sp¡ _\u A_¡ s¡_¡ gu ¡ suh° d_p¡cf A_ych¡

R>¡. S>¡_pdp„ ApÐdrhðpk_p¡ Acph lp¡e R>¡ s¡ `qf[õ\rs kp\¡_p kdpep¡S>_dp„ suh° d_p¡cpf

A_ych¡ R>¡. qargàk S>Zph¡ R>¡ L¡$, S>¡d dp_hu_p¡ bp¥qÙL$, Aph¡rNL$ s¡dS> kpdprS>L$ rhL$pk

Ar^L$ lp¡e R>¡, s¡d s¡_y„ `qf[õ\rs kp\¡_y„ kdpep¡S>_ `Z Ar^L$ kpfy„ lp¡e R>¡.

(((((2))))) kdõep_y„ âÐeunuL$fZ:-kdõep_y„ âÐeunuL$fZ:-kdõep_y„ âÐeunuL$fZ:-kdõep_y„ âÐeunuL$fZ:-kdõep_y„ âÐeunuL$fZ:- dp_hu kdõep_y„ âÐenuL$fZ L¡$hu fus¡ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡_p

D`f d_p¡cpf_u DÐL$V$sp_p¡ A^pf fl¡gp¡ R>¡. L$p¡C L$Þep h¡rhipm s|V$u S>hp_¡ A`dp_S>_L$ A_¡

`p¡L$p_u Ås_p Ahd|ëe_ sfuL¡$ g¡M¡ R>¡, Äepf¡ buÆ L$Þep h¡rhipm s|V$u S>hp_p âk„N_¡ vy$:Mv$

`f„sy _iubh„sp¡ g¡M¡ R>¡. L$Þep dp_¡ R>¡ L¡$ crhóedp„ buSy>„ L$p¡C kpfy„ `pÓ dmi¡. dp_hu_p

âÐenuL$fZ_p¡ Apie s¡_u dpÞesp_u `Ùrs A_¡ rhQpfkfZu\u D`f fl¡gp¡ R>¡ Å¡ dp_hu

Ap S>Ns_¡ cep_L$ A_¡ ¾|$f dp_¡, sp¡ s¡_p¡ âÐe¡L$ d_p¡cpf suh° b_sp¡ Åe R>¡. `f„sy Å¡ s¡

S>Ns_¡ ky„v$f A_¡ klL$pfey¼s dp_¡, sp¡ s¡_¡ âÐe¡L$ d_p¡cpf lmhp¡ gpN¡ R>¡ A_¡ L$p¡C `Z

dyíL¡$gu_¡ Ap_„v$\u lg L$fi¡. AhL$piep_dp„ Ne¡gp AhL$piepÓuAp¡_p¡ A_ych v$ip®h¡ R>¡ L¡$ Å¡

dp_hu L$p¡C`Z `qf[õ\rs_¡ `lp¢Qu hmhp dpV¡$ S>ê$fu i[¼s A_¡ dp_rkL$ s¥epfu R>¡ s¡hp¡

ApÐdrhðpk L¡$mh¡ sp¡ s¡_¡ dpV¡$ L$p¡C `Z `qf[õ\rs cpfê$` gpNsu _\u. dp_hu `p¡sp_u Ås

A„N¡_y„ d|ëep„L$_ L$C fus¡ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡_p D`f `Z d_p¡cpf Ap^pf fpM¡ R>¡. Å¡ dp_hu `p¡sp_¡

A`ep®às A_¡ r_fp^pf dp_¡, sp¡ s¡ _Æhu bpbs A„N¡ suh° d_p¡cpf A_ych¡ R>¡ s¡\u EgVy„$,

28

S>¡ dp_hu `p¡sp_u Ås A„N¡_y„ KQy„ d|ëe Ap„L¡$ R>¡, s¡ L$p¡C `Z `qf[õ\rs_p¡ kpd_p¡ Ncfpep

hNf L$fu iL¡$ R>¡ A_¡ S>Ns b_sp b_php¡_¡ klS> fus¡ g¡ R>¡. Ap`Z¡ b^p `qf[õ\rs S>¡hu

lp¡e R>¡ s¡ fus¡ dyS>b hs®_ L$fsp _\u; `f„sy `qfrõ\rs_y„ S>¡ fus¡ âÐenuL$fZ L¡$ A\®OV$_

L$fuA¡ R>uA¡ s¡ dyS>b hs®_ L$fuA¡ R>uA¡. s¡\u d_p¡cpf_p Dv¹$ch dpV¡$ dp_hu_y„ `p¡sp_p rhj¡_y„

A_¡ `qf[õ\rs A„N¡_y„ âÐenuL$fZ ANÐe_p¡ cpN cS>h¡ R>¡. R|>V$pR>¡X$p, Np„X$`Z L¡$ Ap`Ops_p

qL$õkpAp¡dp„ L$pfZp¡ TuZhV$\u s`pksp„ S>Zpi¡ L¡$ Aphu bpbsdp„ OZp qL$õkpAp¡ _Æhp„

L$pfZp¡ S> lp¡e R>¡; R>sp„ ìe[¼s `qf[õ\rs_y„ ep¡Áe fus¡ âÐeîuL$fZ _l] L$fhp_¡ gu ¡ ep¡Áe

`Ngp„ gC b¡k¡ R>¡.

(((((3))))) d_p¡cpf küsp (d_p¡cpf küsp (d_p¡cpf küsp (d_p¡cpf küsp (d_p¡cpf küsp (Stress T olerance ):):):):): d_p¡cpf küsp A¡V$g¡ ârsL|$rg

\ep rh_p d_p¡cpf kl_ L$fhp_u i[¼s. d_p¡cpf küspdp„ ìe[¼sNs rcÞ_sp Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.

kss îd A_¡ \pL$ eyhp_ dp_hu_¡ dpV¡$ Ap¡R>p¡ cpfê$` gpN¡ R>¡, `f„sy h©Ù dp_hu dpV¡$ h y

bp¡Åê$` gpN¡ R>¡. Æh_dp„ r_fpip, L$V$p¡L$V$u L¡$ r_óamspAp¡ Aphsu S> lp¡e R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$ dpZkp¡

Ap_¡ gu ¡ suh° d_p¡cpf A_ych¡ R>¡; Äepf¡ L¡$V$gpL$ dpZk Æh__p Aphp âk„Np¡_¡ lmhpi\u

g¡ R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$ dpZkp¡ dyíL¡$gu_p¡ tlds\u kpd_p¡ L$f¡ R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$ dpZkp¡ ^ufS> fpMu_¡

`qf[õ\rs kp\¡ A_yL|$m \hp âepk L$f¡ R>¡.

d_p¡cpf küsp A¡L$ ANÐe_u bpbs R>¡. `qf`¼h A_¡ y¿s dp_hu d_p¡cpf kl_

L$fu g¡ R>¡. s¡ d_p¡cpf_¡ gu ¡ `p¡sp_y„ d_p¡bm Nydphsp¡ _\u. ApÐdrhðpk, tlds\u kl_ _

L$f_pf dp_hu Æh_dp„ vy$:Mu \pe R>¡.

3. bpü dv$v$ A_¡ Ap^pfp¡:- bpü dv$v$ A_¡ Ap^pfp¡:- bpü dv$v$ A_¡ Ap^pfp¡:- bpü dv$v$ A_¡ Ap^pfp¡:- bpü dv$v$ A_¡ Ap^pfp¡:-

bpü hpsphfZ A_¡ AÞe gp¡L$p¡_u dv$v$ L¡$ Ap^pfp¡ dm¡ _lu, Ðepf¡ DÐ`Þ_ \sp

d_p¡cpf DÐL$V$ lp¡e R>¡. L$p¡C i÷q¾$ep L$fphhu lp¡e A_¡ rdÓp¡ L¡$ k„b„ uAp¡ sfa L$p¡C klpe

dm¡ _lu, Ðepf¡ suh° d_p¡cpf DÐ`Þ_ \pe R>¡. Äepf¡ ìe[¼s_¡ A¡L$g¡ lp\¡ `qf[õ\rs kp\¡ L$pd

`pX$hp_y„ lp¡e Ðepf¡ s¡ suh° d_p¡cpf A_ych¡ R>¡. rdÓp¡ L¡$ hpsphfZ_u dv$v$ dm¡, sp¡ ìe[¼s

fpls_u gpNZu A_ych¡ R>¡. rhÛp\} `funp hMs¡ suh° d_p¡cpf A_ych¡ R>¡; `f„sy `funp hMs¡

iy„ hp„Qhy„, `funp dpV¡$ L¡$hu fus¡ s¥epfu L$fhu hN¡f¡ A„N¡ dpN®v$i®_ dm¡ sp¡ s¡ fpls A_ych¡

R>¡ A_¡ `funp dpV¡$ kpfu s¥epfu L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. i÷q¾$ep L$fhp_u lp¡e R>¡ Ðepf¡ kNp„k„b„ uAp¡,

rdÓp¡, õ_¡luAp¡_u klp_yc|rs A_¡ klpfp¡ ìe[¼s_¡ fpls Ap ¡ R>¡. Å¡ bpü dv$v$ L¡$ Ap^pf _

29

lp¡e sp¡ dp_hu dyíL¡$gudp„ NcfpC Åe R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p\u s¡_p¡ d_p¡cpf DÐL$V$ b_¡ R>¡. ap¡çd fukd¡_

S>Zph¡ R>¡ L¡$, "" ìe[¼s A¡L$gu L¡$ sfR>p¡X$pe¡gu lp¡e R>¡ ¼epf¡ õ_¡luS>__p d©Ðey\u L¡$ R|>V$pR>¡X$p\u

S>¡ d_p¡cpf A_ych¡ R>¡ s¡ OZp¡ S> DÐL$V$ lp¡e R>¡; rdÓ s\p õ_¡luAp¡\u k„L$mpe¡gu ìe[¼sdp„

Aphp b_php¡\u DÐ`Þ_ \su dp_rkL$ Akf Ap¡R>u lp¡e R>¡.''

kdpS> A_¡ k„õL©$rs Üpfp dp_hu_¡ s¡_p¡ d_p¡cpf lmhp¡ L$fhp klpfp¡ dmsp¡ lp¡e R>¡.

L$p¡C õ_¡lu_p d©Ðey_¡ gu ¡ d_p¡cpf h ¡ R>¡, `f„sy Aph¡ hMs¡ ^d® AdyL$ âL$pf_p q¾$epL$dp£ L$fhp_y„

k|Qh¡ R>¡. Aphp q¾$epL$dp£ Üpfp dp_hu `p¡sp_p¡ d_p¡cpf lmhp¡ L$f¡ R>¡. Aph¡ hMs¡ Apk`pk_p

gp¡L$p¡_p Apðpk_p¡ `Z s¡_p d_p¡cpf_¡ lmhp¡ L$fhpdp„ dv$v$ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap_¡ Acph¡ Aph¡ kde¡

dp_hu suh° d_p¡cpf A_ych¡ R>¡.

1.3.5 d_p¡cpf_p„ AÞe `pkp„Ap¡: d_p¡cpf_p„ AÞe `pkp„Ap¡: d_p¡cpf_p„ AÞe `pkp„Ap¡: d_p¡cpf_p„ AÞe `pkp„Ap¡: d_p¡cpf_p„ AÞe `pkp„Ap¡:

d_p¡cpf_p âL$pfp¡, Ap^pfp¡ A_¡ DÐL$V$sp D`fp„s AÞe `pkp„Ap¡ `Z R>¡. d_p¡cpf_p

Aphp„ buÅ„ ÓZ `pkp„Ap¡ R>¡, S>¡ _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ R>¡:

(1) d_p¡cpf_u cpsp¡ rhrióV$ lp¡e R>¡.

(2) d_p¡cpf_u cps Aops lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡.

(3) d_p¡cpf_p¡ kpd_p¡ L$fhp¡ A¡ qL„$ds dp„Nu g¡ R>¡.

Ap`Z¡ d_p¡cpf_p„ Ap ÓZ `pkp„Ap¡ s`pkuA¡.

1. d_p¡cpf_u cpsp¡ rhrióV$ lp¡e R>¡ ( d_p¡cpf_u cpsp¡ rhrióV$ lp¡e R>¡ ( d_p¡cpf_u cpsp¡ rhrióV$ lp¡e R>¡ ( d_p¡cpf_u cpsp¡ rhrióV$ lp¡e R>¡ ( d_p¡cpf_u cpsp¡ rhrióV$ lp¡e R>¡ (Stress Patterns are Unique ): ): ): ): ): v$f¡L$

dp_hu_p d_p¡cpf_u cpsp¡ rhrióV$ A_¡ AÅ¡X$ lp¡e R>¡. dp_hu L$p¡C `Z dpÓ A¡L$ S> d_p¡cpf

A_ych¡ R>¡ s¡d L$lu iL$pe _l]. sv$y fp„s L$p¡C `Z `qf[õ\rs\u b^p S> dpZkp¡dp„ A¡L$ S>

kfMp¡ d_p¡cpf Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡ s¡d `Z L$lu iL$pe. L$p¡C`Z dp_hu_p hs®__¡ kdS>hy„ lp¡e sp¡ s¡_p

d_p¡cpf_u rhrióV$ cps_¡ kdS>hu S>ê$fu R>¡. Ap cps s¡_u Jdf, Års, ìehkpe, Apr\®L$

`qf[õ\rs, Arcê$rQ, L$p¥iëep¡; S|>\_y„ kæe`v$ A_¡ AÞe h¥e[¼sL$ A_¡ kpdprS>L$ `qf[õ\rs_¡

A_yê$` bv$gpsu bpmL$_u d_p¡cpf_u cps, `y¿she_u ìe[¼s L$fsp„ Sy>v$u lp¡e R>¡. v$v$}_p

d_p¡cpf_u cps s„vy$fõs dp_hu L$fsp„ rcÞ_ lp¡e R>¡. Sy>õkpv$pf k¥r_L$_p d_p¡cpf_u cps

kpdpÞe _pNqfL$ L$fsp„ Sy>v$u lp¡e R>¡. s¡hu S> fus¡ ÷u_p d_p¡cpf_u cps yê$j L$fsp„ Sy>v$u lp¡e

R>¡.

30

dp_hu_p Æh_dp„ `qfhs®_ \sp„ s¡_p d_p¡cpf_u cpsdp„ `Z `qfhs®_ \pe R>¡. ApS>¡

S>¡ bpbs A„N¡_p¡ d_p¡cpf ìe[¼s A_ych¡ R>¡ s¡ A¡L$ AW$hpqX$ep bpv$ bv$gpC Åe R>¡. Sy>v$p

Sy>v$p kde¡ d_p¡cpf_u cps Sy>v$u Sy>v$u lp¡e R>¡. Æh__p Sy>v$p Sy>v$p âk„Np¡dp„ d_p¡cpf_u cps

Sy>v$u Sy>v$u lp¡e R>¡.

Æh__p dy¿e d_p¡cpf_p âk„Np¡:-Æh__p dy¿e d_p¡cpf_p âk„Np¡:-Æh__p dy¿e d_p¡cpf_p âk„Np¡:-Æh__p dy¿e d_p¡cpf_p âk„Np¡:-Æh__p dy¿e d_p¡cpf_p âk„Np¡:- dp_hu_p Æh_dp„ L¡$V$gpL$ d_p¡cpf õ\peuê$ ¡ Å¡hp dm¡

R>¡. dp_hu_¡ L$p¡C AZNdsu _p¡L$fu dmu lp¡e A_¡ ApÆrhL$p dpV¡$ s¡ L$fhp_u S> lp¡e R>¡. Ap_p\u

Dv¹$chsp¡ d_p¡cpf õ\peuê$`_p¡ lp¡e R>¡. vy$:Mu gÁ_Æh_ lp¡e R>¡ Ðepf¡ Æh_cf d_p¡cpf kl_

L$fhp¡ `X¡$ R>¡. L$p¡C N„cuf L$pedu budpfu\u ìe[¼s `uX$pe R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p\u R|>V$L$pfp¡ dmu iL¡$

s¡d _\u; Ap_¡ gu ¡ s¡ ìe[¼s suh° d_p¡cpf A_ych¡ R>¡. dp_hu_p Æh_dp„ d_p¡cpf A_ych¡

R>¡. dp_hu_p Æh_dp„ A¡L$pv$ vy$:Mv$ b_ph b_¡ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡_u Akf Æh_cf fl¡ R>¡. Aphu OV$_p_¡

gu ¡ Dv¹$chsp¡ d_p¡cpf L$pedu lp¡e R>¡. A¡L$pA¡L$ õhS>__y„ d©Ðey \pe, R|>V$pR>¡X$p g¡hp_p¡ âk„N

b_¡, L$p¡C budpfu gpNy `X¡$, AL$õdps \pe hN¡f¡ âk„Np¡A¡ Dv¹$chspp¡ d_p¡cpf L$peduê$ ¡ Of

L$fu Åe R>¡. Ap_¡ gu ¡ ìe[¼s_p kdpep¡S>_dp„ dyíL¡$guAp¡ Ecu \pe R>¡. Ap fus¡ L¡$V$gpL$

dp_hu_p Æh_dp„ d_p¡cpf_u `qf[õ\rs Æh_cf Qpgy S> fl¡su lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ L$ped dpV¡$

ìeN°sp_y„ hpsphfZ kS>£ R>¡.

2. d_p¡cpf_u cps Aops lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡ ( d_p¡cpf_u cps Aops lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡ ( d_p¡cpf_u cps Aops lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡ ( d_p¡cpf_u cps Aops lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡ ( d_p¡cpf_u cps Aops lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡ (Stress Patterns Unconscious ):):):):):

S>¡hu fus¡ Aops â¡fL$p¡ lp¡e R>¡, A¡hu fus¡ Aops d_p¡cpf `Z lp¡e R>¡. Ap`Z¡

lspipAp¡, k„Oj® L¡$ v$bpZp¡ rhj¡ |Z® fus¡ A\hp A„is: fus¡ Aops lp¡CA¡ R>uA¡.

Ap`Z_¡ L¡$V$guL$ `qf[õ\rs ^dL$uê$` A_¡ tQsp E`Åh¡ s¡hu gpN¡ R>¡, „fsy ip dpV¡$

s¡ Ap`Z¡ lp¡sp _\u. L$p¡C ìe[¼s_¡ A¡d gpN¡ L¡$ Ofdp„ L¡$ Ap¸qakdp„ s¡_u AhNZ_p \pe R>¡;

`f„sy Aphu gpNZu s¡_pdp„ L¡$d Dv¹$chu s¡ ÅZu iL$su _\u. L$p¡C eyhsu_¡ A¡d gpN¡ L¡$ s¡_p¡

cprh `rs s¡_pdp„ fk Nydphu füp R>¡; `f„sy Aphp¡ ce L$ep L$pfZp¡kf Dv¹$cìep¡ s¡_p¡ ¿epg

s¡_¡ Aphsp¡ _\u. bÞ_¡ Dv$plfZp¡dp„ Aops fus¡ d_p¡cpf Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡ s¡d L$lu iL$pe. L¡$V$gpL$

qL$õkpdp„ `p¡sp_u Aõ`óV$ tQsp L¡$ ce_p„ L$pfZp¡_u KX$u s`pk L$fsp„ dp_hu_¡ `p¡sp_pdp„ S>

L¡$V$gp„L$ ifdS>_L$ â¡fZp¡ fl¡gp„ R>¡ s¡hy„ dpg|d `X¡$ R>¡. S>¡d L¡$ `p¡sp_p sfa L$p¡C AÅÎep eyhL$_¡

A¡L$uV$i¡ Å¡sp„ cecus \e¡g eyhL$_¡ KX$u s`pk L$fsp„ S>Zpe R>¡ L¡$ s¡_p `p¡sp_pdp„ kÅsue

k„cp¡Nh©rÑ Aopsê$ ¡ Ry>`pe¡gu R>¡.

31

Äepf¡ Ap`Zu L¡$V$guL$ S>ê$qfepsp¡ k„sp¡j `pdsu _\u A_¡ lspip DÐ`Þ_ \pe R>¡,

Ðepf¡ Ap`Z¡ AdyL$ bQph âey[¼sAp¡_p¡ Dèp¡N L$fuA¡ R>uA¡. Aphu bQphâey[¼sAp¡_¡ Ap^pf¡

Ap`Z¡ Ap`Zu r_óamspAp¡_¡ Y$p„L$hp âepk L$fuA¡ R>uA¡. Al] Aops fus¡ Ap`Z¡ Aphu

bQphâey[¼sAp¡ Dèp¡Ndp„ gCA¡ R>uA¡. r_j¡^L$h©rÑ (((((Negativism ) ) ) ) ) _p¡ Dèp¡N

S>ê$qfepsp¡_u As©ràs hMs¡ \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Mpk L$fu_¡ èp®àssp, kpdprS>L$ k„drs A_¡

õhuL©$rs_u d_p¡h¥opr_L$ S>ê$qfeps k„sp¡jpe _l], Ðepf¡ S> r_j¡^L$h©rÑ_u bQphâey[¼s_p¡

Dèp¡N \pe R>¡, „fsy L¡$V$gpL$ qL$õkpdp„, Aphu bQphâey[¼s â¡fsu Aèp®àssp_u gpNZu_p¡

A_ych kcp_sp_u k`pV$u\u OZp¡ S> _uQp¡ lp¡e R>¡.

Äepf¡ k„Oj® Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ `Z kcp_`Z¡ ìe[¼s s¡_p¡ DL¡$g gphhp âepk L$f¡ R>¡.

b¡ _p¡L$fudp„\u A¡L$_p¡ õhuL$pf L$fhp_p¡ lp¡e R>¡ Ðepf¡ ìe[¼s Acp_ fus¡ fpMhp Ap¡R>u kcp_sp_u

kp\¡ r_Z®e L$f¡ R>¡. Ap`Zpdp„_p OZp_¡ Åsue hs®_, gÁ__p qfhpÅ¡ A_¡ AÞe Æh_-

`qf[õ\rsAp¡ A„N¡_p AQ¡s_ d_p¡hgZp¡ lp¡e R>¡, S>¡ Ap`Zu Q¡s_ CÃR>pAp¡ A_¡ rhQpfp¡ kp\¡

k„Oj®dp„ Aphsp lp¡e R>¡.

3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . d_p¡cpf kp\¡_y„ A_yL|$g_ qL„$ds dp„Nu g¡ R>¡d_p¡cpf kp\¡_y„ A_yL|$g_ qL„$ds dp„Nu g¡ R>¡d_p¡cpf kp\¡_y„ A_yL|$g_ qL„$ds dp„Nu g¡ R>¡d_p¡cpf kp\¡_y„ A_yL|$g_ qL„$ds dp„Nu g¡ R>¡d_p¡cpf kp\¡_y„ A_yL|$g_ qL„$ds dp„Nu g¡ R>¡ (((((Adapt ation to S tress

is Expensive ):):):):):

dp_hu_p Æh_dp„ d_p¡cpf_p âk„Np¡ D`[õ\s \sp lp¡e R>¡. b^p S> d_p¡cpfp¡ bpü

`qf[õ\rsAp¡ L¡$ gp¡L$p¡ Üpfp Dv¹$chsp lp¡e R>¡ s¡d L$lu iL$pe _l]. L¡$V$gpL$ d_p¡cpfp¡ sp¡ dp_hu_p

`p¡sp_u `k„v$Nu_¡ gu ¡ Dv¹$chsp lp¡e R>¡. Aphp d_p¡cpfp¡ dpV¡$ dp_hu `p¡s¡ S> L$pfZc|s lp¡e

R>¡. dp_hu kgpdsu A\hp kplk A¡ bÞ_¡dp„\u L$p¡C A¡L$_u `k„v$Nu L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. L$p¸g¡S>_y„ rinZ

|fy„ L$fu gu^p `R>u _p¡L$fu L$fhu, _p¡L$fudp„ bY$su d¡mhhp `qfîd L$fhp¡, gÁ_ L$fhy„ A_¡ Ly$Vy„$b_u

S>hpbv$pfu õhuL$pfhu- Ap sdpd âk„Np¡dp„ dp_hu d_p¡cpf A_ych¡ R>¡. Æh__p Aphp d_p¡cpfp¡

dpV¡$ ""_p'' `pX$u iL$pe S> _l], s¡_p rh_p Æh_ Æhu iL$pe S> _l].

dp_rkL$ õhpõÕe A_¡ AkfL$pfL$ kdpep¡S>_ d_p¡cpf_p Acph_y„ `qfZpd _\u, `f„sy

suh° d_p¡cpf_p¡ kpd_p¡ L¡$hu fus¡ L$fhp¡ s¡_p rinZ Üpfp âpàs \pe R>¡. b^p„ S> AkfL$pfL$

kdpep¡S>_p¡ dpV¡$ qL„$ds Q|L$hhu `X¡$ R>¡ A\hp cp¡N Ap`hp¡ `X$sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap qL„$ds i[¼s,

kp^_p¡ A_¡ kde Üpfp Q|L$hu iL$pe R>¡. gp„bp kde dpV¡$_p d_p¡cpf dpV¡$ Ap qL„$ds Ar^L$

lp¡e R>¡.

32

d_p¡cpf DÐ`Þ_ L$f¡ s¡hu `qf[õ\rsAp¡ kp\¡ A_yL|$g_ kp^hp dpV¡$ ep¡Áe L$pe®ndsp

L¡$mhhu S>ê$fu R>¡. Ap dpV¡$ S>$ qL„$ds Q|L$hhu `X¡$ A\hp cp¡N Ap`hp¡ `X¡$ s¡ dpV¡$ ìe[¼sA¡

s¥epf fl¡hy„ Å¡BA¡.

d_p¡cpf kp\¡ A_yL|$g_ L$fhp dpV¡$_p Ap^pfp¡ dep®qv$s lp¡e R>¡. A¡L$ d_p¡cpf_¡ lg L$fhp

dpV¡$ S>¡ kp^_ lp¡e R>¡ s¡ buÅ d_p¡cpfp¡ dpV¡$ D`ep¡Nu _ `Z b_¡. gp„bp Npmp_p¡ d_p¡cpf

dp_rkL$ rhL©$rsdp„ `qfZpd¡ R>¡. s¡\u S>¡ kp^_p¡ D`gå^ lp¡e A_¡ S>¡ qL„$ds Q|L$hhu `X¡$ s¡_¡

Ap^pf¡ d_p¡cpf_¡ lmhp¡ L¡$ v|$f L$fhp âepk L$fhp¡ Å¡CA¡.

A_yL|$g_ ndspdp„ OV$pX$p¡A_yL|$g_ ndspdp„ OV$pX$p¡A_yL|$g_ ndspdp„ OV$pX$p¡A_yL|$g_ ndspdp„ OV$pX$p¡A_yL|$g_ ndspdp„ OV$pX$p¡ (((((Lowering of adaptive efficiency ):):):):):

suh° d_p¡cpf_u `qf[õ\rsdp„ âÐen op__y„ n¡Ó dep®qv$s b_¡ R>¡ A_¡ op_pÐdL$ q¾$epAp¡

S>X$ b_¡ R>¡. Ap_¡ gu ¡ `qf[õ\rsdp„ âÐen op__y„ y_: A\®OV$_ L$fhy„ dp_hu dpV¡$ dyíL¡$g b_¡

R>¡. Ap A„N¡ âpZuAp¡ A_¡ dp_huAp¡ D`f âpep¡rNL$ Aæepkp¡ \ep R>¡. dp_hu `f_p âep¡Ndp„

L$p¸g¡rS>e_ rhÛp\}Ap¡_p„ b¡ S|>\ `pX$hpdp„ Apìep„ A_¡ s¡d_¡ ip[åv$L$ cygcygpdZu DL¡$ghp dpV¡$

Ap`hpdp„ Aphu. A¡L$ S|>\_¡ ^dL$u Ap`hpdp„ Aphu L¡$, Å¡ s¡Ap¡ s¡d_p L$pe®dp„ r_óam Åe

sp¡ s¡Ap¡ `funpdp„ _p`pk NZpi¡. buÅ S|>\_¡ Aphu ^dL$u\u dy¼s fpMhpdp„ Apìey„. S>¡

rhÛp\}Ap¡ ^dL$u_u Akf _uQ¡ cygcygpdZu DL¡$ghp âepk L$fsp lsp, s¡Ap¡ d_p¡cpf A_¡

tQsp A_ychsp lsp A_¡ s¡Ap¡_u q¾$epAp¡ S>X$ gpNsu lsu.

g¡Tpfk_p âpep¡rNL$ Aæepkp¡ `Z v$ip®h¡ R>¡ L¡$, gp¡L$p¡ tQsp A_¡ d_p¡cpf_u `qf[õ\rsdp„

L$pd L$f¡ R>¡, s¡Ap¡ DL¡$g ip¡ hpdp„ S>X$ A_¡ A`qfhs®_iug hgZ v$ip®h¡ R>¡. Ap gp¡L$p¡_u sdpd

i[¼sAp¡ A_¡ kdN° Ýep_ s¡d_p k„Oj® `f L¡$[ÞÖs \sp„ s¡Ap¡ `p¡sp_p Ap„sqfL$ S>Nsdp„ A¡V$gp

b^p X|$bu Åe L¡$, s¡Ap¡ `p¡sp_p¡ S>Ns kp\¡_p¡ k„ L®$ sØ_ Nydphu b¡k¡ R>¡.

suh° d_p¡cpf_¡ gu^¡ Aph¡NpÐdL$ v$bpZ h^¡ R>¡. Ap_¡ gu^¡ dp_hu_u op_pÐdL$

ndspAp¡ Mpduey¼s b_¡ R>¡. rhÛp\} `funpM„X$dp„ NcfpC S>hp\u |Z® s¥epfu lp¡hp R>sp„ âñp¡_p

DÑfp¡ bfpbf gMu iL$sp¡ _\u. h y `X$sp ce_¡ gu ¡ ìe[¼s b¡bpL$mu b_u Åe R>¡. ce,

¾$p¡ A_¡ tQsp_¡ gu ¡ ìe[¼s_p hs®_ D`f M|b S> rh`fus Akfp¡ `X¡$ R>¡. d_p¡cpf_u suh°sp

AdyL$ lv$ hV$phu S>sp„ ìe[¼s_p âÐen op_, kdõep DL¡$g s\p r_Z®e L$fhp_u i[¼s_¡ Akf

`lp¢Q¡ R>¡. Ap D`fp„s, suh° d_p¡cpf_¡ gu ¡ dp_hu_u `qf[õ\rs_p¡ kpd_p¡ L$fhp_u i[¼sAp¡

dep®qv$s b_¡ R>¡.

33

gp„bp kde_p¡ d_p¡cpf ìe[¼s_¡ Ars k„h¡v$_iug b_ph¡ R>¡ A\hp sp¡ s¡_¡ k„h¡v$_i|Þe

A_¡ _ufk b_ph¡ R>¡. gp„bp kde_p d_p¡cpf_¡ gu ¡ Q¡sps„Ó_u A_yL|$g_ ndspdp„ OV$pX$p¡ \pe

R>¡.

1.3.6 d_p¡cpf_¡ gu^¡ `X$sp¡ Okpfp¡ (d_p¡cpf_¡ gu^¡ `X$sp¡ Okpfp¡ (d_p¡cpf_¡ gu^¡ `X$sp¡ Okpfp¡ (d_p¡cpf_¡ gu^¡ `X$sp¡ Okpfp¡ (d_p¡cpf_¡ gu^¡ `X$sp¡ Okpfp¡ (Wear and Tear on the system ):):):):):

L¡$V$gpL$ dpZkp¡ A¡hy„ dp_sp lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ suh° d_p¡cpf_u [õ\rsdp„\u `kpf \ep bpv$

Apfpd L$ep® `R>u ìe[¼s k„ |Z® fus¡ õhõ\ b_u iL¡$ R>¡, `f„sy âpep¡rNL$ Aæepk_¡ Ap^pf¡

Ap dpÞesp Mp¡V$u `yfhpf \C R>¡. âpZuAp¡ D`f \e¡gp âep¡Np¡ v$ip®h¡ R>¡ L¡$ d_p¡cpf_u

`qf[õ\rs_p¡ A_ych âpZudp„ _ ê$Tpe s¡hp¡ KX$p¡ Op `pX¡$ R>¡. AgbÑ, vy$:Mv$peL$ `qf[õ\rsdp„\u

`kpf \ep bpv$ Apfpd L$fhp\u \pL$ Esfu Åe R>¡ A_¡ fpls dm¡ R>¡. `f„sy Aphy„ l„d¡ip„ b_sy„

lp¡sy„ _\u. Ap`Zp Æh_dp„ suh° d_p¡cpf_u `qf[õ\rs A_¡ Apfpd_p¡ Npmp¡ Aphsp¡ fl¡sp¡ lp¡e

R>¡. Aphp A_ych_¡ Ap^pf¡ dp_hu hl¡gp¡ h©Ù b_¡ R>¡. kss d_p¡cpf_¡ gu ¡ DÐ`Þ_ \sp fp¡N_¡

gu ¡ d©Ðey `pd_pf gp¡L$p¡_y„ âdpZ h^sy„ Åe R>¡.

ùv$e fp¡Np¡ A_¡ buÅ fp¡Np¡ kss d_p¡cpf_¡ gu ¡ \sp lp¡e R>¡.

d_p¡cpf_p¡ kam fus¡ kpd_p¡ L$ep® bpv$ q¾$epiugsp A_¡ Aph¡N kp\¡ k„L$mpe¡gp ifuf_¡

d|mc|s rõ\rsdp„ gphu iL$pe R>¡. `f„sy hpf„hpf_p d_p¡cpf_¡ gu ¡ dp_hu_u [õ\rsõ\p`L$sp

OV$su Åe R>¡. `f„sy s¡_p `qfZpd¡ s¡_u A_yL|$g_ ndspdp„ L$p¡C N„cuf OV$pX$p¡ \sp¡ _\u. Äepf¡

d_p¡cpf DÐL$V$ A_¡ gp„bp kde_p¡ lp¡e R>¡, Ðepf¡ s¡_p¡ kpd_p¡ L$fhp dpV¡$ ifuf_¡ s¡_u i[¼sdp„

h^pfp¡ L$fhp¡ `X¡$ R>¡. Ap_¡ gu ¡ ifuf_p L$p¡jp¡_¡ lpr_ `lp¢Qhp_u A_¡ ifuf_p Ahehp¡dp„ Okpfp¡

`lp¢Qhp_u i¼esp fl¡ R>¡. hpf„hpf_p A_¡ gp„bp kde ky u_p DÐL$V$ d_p¡cpf_¡ gu ¡ ìeqL$s_¡

Aëkf, gp¡lu_y„ KQy„ v$bpZ, ùv$efp¡N_p lzdgpAp¡ A_¡ dNS>_u ^p¡fu _k s|V$u S>hu S>¡hp

d_p¡v¥$rlL$ fp¡Np¡ \pe R>¡.

1.3.7 d_p¡cpf_p rh^peL$ `qfZpdp ¡:d_p ¡cpf_p rh^peL$ `qfZpdp ¡:d_p ¡cpf_p rh^peL$ `qfZpdp ¡:d_p ¡cpf_p rh^peL$ `qfZpdp ¡:d_p ¡cpf_p rh^peL$ `qfZpdp ¡:

d_p¡cpf_p„ L¡$V$gp„L$ rh^peL$ `qfZpdp¡ `Z Aph¡ R>¡. Aphp„ L¡$V$gp„L$ rh^peL$ `qfZpdp¡

k„n¡ dp„ _uQ¡ v$ip®hhpdp„ Apìep„ R>¡.

(1) `p¡sp_u Ås rhj¡_u _hu_ kdS>Z âpàs \hu.

(2) L$pe®ndspdp„ L¡$ L$p¥iëep¡dp„ h^pfp¡ \hp¡.

34

(3) kdõep DL¡$g dpV¡$ _hu_ ×róV$tbvy$_p¡ rhL$pk.

(4) Ar^L$ hpõshgnu Ýe¡ep¡ A_¡ A ¡npAp¡_p¡ rhL$pk.

(5) d_p¡cpf küspdp„ h^pfp¡ \hp¡.

1.4 kdpep ¡S>_kdpep ¡S>_kdpep ¡S>_kdpep ¡S>_kdpep ¡S>_

âÐe¡L$ kdpS>_p¡ dp_hu Æh_dp„ kyM_p„ khp£Ñd riM$f kf L$fhp_p¡ âepk L$fu füp¡

R>¡. kyM_¡ âpàs L$fhp_u Ap âbm T„M_pdp„ kp¥\u dlÒh_u bpbs hpsphfZ kp\¡_y„ kdpep¡S>_

R>¡. hpsphfZ kp\¡ |Z® kdpep¡S>_ A¡ kyM_u Qfdkudp v$ip®h¡ R>¡. Æh__¡ A\® |Z® b_hhp

dpV¡$ Æh__p âÐe¡L$ sb½$pdp„ A_¡ âÐe¡L$ n¡Ódp„ ìe[¼sA¡ kdpep¡rS>s b_hp_p âeÐ_p¡ kss

Qpgy fpMhp `X¡$ R>¡. kss `qfhs®_iug hpsphfZ kp\¡ kdpep¡S>_ kp^hp_p Arhfs âepkp¡dp„

ìe[¼sA¡ `p¡sp_u Åsdp„ `qfhs®_ gphhy„ `X¡$ R>¡. A\hp i¼e lp¡e sp¡ hpsphfZ_¡ `Z bv$ghy„

`X¡$ R>¡. kdpep¡rS>s ìe[¼s kdsp¡g ìe[¼sÒh A_¡ kpfy„ dp_rkL$ õhpõÕe ^fph¡ R>¡.

Ap yr_L$ kdedp„ ârsqv$_ kdpep¡S>__u kdõepAp¡ Ecu \pe R>¡. s¡\u kdpep¡S>__p¡

h¥opr_L$ Aæepk krhi¡j dlÒh ^fph¡ R>¡. Ap âL$fZdp„ kdpep¡S>__p A\®, kdpep¡S>__p„

gnZp¡, kdpep¡S>__p `pep_p rkÙp„sp¡ A_¡ kdpep¡S>__u âq¾$ep_p ©\½$fZ_u QQp® L$fhpdp„

Aphu R>¡.

1.4.1 kdpep¡S>__u ìep¿ep A_¡ A\®kdpep¡S>__u ìep¿ep A_¡ A\®kdpep¡S>__u ìep¿ep A_¡ A\®kdpep¡S>__u ìep¿ep A_¡ A\®kdpep¡S>__u ìep¿ep A_¡ A\®

kdpep¡S>_ iåv$dp„ g_g_g_g_g_² A_¡ _wO²_wO²_wO²_wO²_wO² A¡ b¡ iåv$p¡ dlÒh_p R>¡. g_g_g_g_g_² A¡V$g¡ kfMy„ A_¡

`wO² `wO² `wO² `wO² `wO² A¡V$g¡ ep¡S>hy„ L¡$ Np¡W$hhy„. Apd kdpep¡S>_ A¡V$g¡ kfMu fus¡ Np¡W$hZ L$fhu- kdsygp

kp^hu- A_yL|$m \C S>hy„. kdpep¡S>_ dpV¡$ A„N°¡Ædp„ Adjustment iåv$ h`fpe R>¡. S>¡ to

adjust q¾$ep`v$ `f Ap^pqfs R>¡. to adjust A¡V$g¡ to arrangerightly \pe R>¡.

Apd kdpep¡S>_dp„ kpfu fus¡ ìehlpfp¡_¡ Np¡W$hhp_u âq¾$ep k„L$mpe¡gu R>¡.

Sy>v$p Sy>v$p g¡ML$p¡A¡ kdpep¡S>__u ìep¿epAp¡ Ap`u R>¡, S>¡dp„_u kdpep¡S>__u L¡$V$guL$

dlÒh_u ìep¿epAp¡ _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ R>¡:

(1) ""kdpep¡S>_ A¡ Ap`Zu Ås A_¡ Ap`Zp hpsphfZ hÃQ¡ Ap„sfq¾$ep_u âq¾$ep R>¡,

S>¡dp„ Ap`Z¡ L$p„ sp¡ hpsphfZ_¡ A_yê$` \CA¡ R>uA¡. A\hp s¡_¡ bv$guA¡ R>uA¡.''

- g¡l_f A_¡ ¼eyb- g¡l_f A_¡ ¼eyb- g¡l_f A_¡ ¼eyb- g¡l_f A_¡ ¼eyb- g¡l_f A_¡ ¼eyb

(2) ""kdpep¡S>_ A¡V$g¡ `p¡sp_u S>ê$qfeps_p k„sp¡j A_¡ `p¡sp_p hsphfZ hÃQ¡ kdpep¡S>_

35

kp^hp_p ìe[¼s_p âeÐ_p¡_u AkfL$pfL$sp.''

- S>¡çk L$p ¡gd¡_- S>¡çk L$p ¡gd¡_- S>¡çk L$p ¡gd¡_- S>¡çk L$p ¡gd¡_- S>¡çk L$p ¡gd¡_

(3) ""kdpep¡S>_ A¡ ìe[¼s A_¡ s¡_p hpsphfZ hÃQ¡ kyd¡m_u âqL$ep R>¡.''

- kp¡f¡çk A_¡ dpd kp¡f¡çk A_¡ dpd kp¡f¡çk A_¡ dpd kp¡f¡çk A_¡ dpd kp¡f¡çk A_¡ dpd

(4) ""kdpep¡S>_ A¡L$ A¡hu âq¾$ep R>¡ L¡$ S>¡_p hX¡$ ìe[¼s `p¡sp_u S>ê$qfepsp¡ A_¡ S>ê$qfeps

s©ràs `f Akf L$f_pfp k„Å¡Np¡ hÃQ¡ kdsygp õ\p ¡ R>¡.''

- bp¡qf„N g¢NauëX$bp¡qf„N g¢NauëX$bp¡qf„N g¢NauëX$bp¡qf„N g¢NauëX$bp¡qf„N g¢NauëX$

(5) ""kdpep¡S>_ Ap`Zu S>ê$qfepsp¡_¡ k„sp¡jhp dpV¡$, Ap`Zu dp„Np¡_¡ `lp¢Qu hmhp dpV¡$

s¡dS> AÞe kp\¡ k„sp¡jL$pfL$ k„b„ p¡ bp„ hp dpV¡$ Ap`Zpdp„ A_¡ Ap`Zp hpsphfZdp„

\sp„ `qfhs®_p¡_p¡ r_v£$i L$f¡ R>¡.''

- CõV$hX® $ A¡V$hp ¡V$f CõV$hX® $ A¡V$hp ¡V$f CõV$hX® $ A¡V$hp ¡V$f CõV$hX® $ A¡V$hp ¡V$f CõV$hX® $ A¡V$hp ¡V$f

kdpep¡S>__u D`f Ap ¡gu ìep¿epAp¡ `f\u õ`ô$ \pe R>¡ L¡$ ìe[¼s `p¡sp_u S>ê$qfepsp¡

A_¡ dp„Np¡ k„sp¡jhp dpV¡$ âeÐ_ L$f¡ R>¡. s¡_¡ Ap S>ê$qfepsp¡ k„sp¡jhp dpV¡$ hpsphfZ kp\¡ kss

Ap„sfq¾$ep L$fhu `X¡$ R>¡. ìe[¼sA¡ S>ê$qfepsp¡ k„spjhp dpV¡$ L¡$ AÞe_u kp\¡ AkfL$pfL$ k„b„ p¡

bp„ hp dpV¡$ `p¡sp_pdp„ A\hp sp¡ hpsphfZdp„ a¡fapf L$fhp¡ `X¡$ R>¡. hpsphfZ kss bv$gpsy„

fl¡sy„ lp¡hp\u kdpep¡S>_ kp^hp dpV¡$ Ap`Z¡ Ap`Zu Ås_¡ `Z bv$ghu `X¡$ R>¡. Apd dp_huA¡

`qfhs®_iug hpsphfZdp„ kdpep¡rS>s \hp dpV$¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ `p¡sp_u Ås A_¡ hpsphfZ kp\¡

kyd¡m kp^hp dpV¡$ kss °eÐ_iug fl¡hy„ `X¡$ R>¡. V|„$L$dp„ ìe[¼s `p¡sp_u S>ê$qfepsp¡ A_¡ `p¡sp_p

hpsphfZ A¡ bÞ_¡_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu_¡ AkfL$pfL$ fus¡ S>ê$qfepsp¡_¡ k„sp¡j¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_¡ "kdpep¡S>_'

âpàs \ey„ A¡d L$l¡hpe.

1.4.2 kdpep¡S>__y „ õhê$` A_¡ gnZp¡:-kdpep¡S>__y „ õhê$` A_¡ gnZp¡:-kdpep¡S>__y „ õhê$` A_¡ gnZp¡:-kdpep¡S>__y „ õhê$` A_¡ gnZp¡:-kdpep¡S>__y „ õhê$` A_¡ gnZp¡:-

kdpep¡S>__y„ õhê$` s¡_u L¡$V$guL$ Mprkesp¡ L¡$ gnZp¡ Üpfp õ`óV$ \pe R>¡, kdpep¡S__p„

dlÒh_p„ gnZp¡ _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ õ`óV$ L$fu iL$pe.

(1) kdpep¡S>_ kss Qpgsu âq¾$ep R> ¡ :kdpep¡S>_ kss Qpgsu âq¾$ep R> ¡ :kdpep¡S>_ kss Qpgsu âq¾$ep R> ¡ :kdpep¡S>_ kss Qpgsu âq¾$ep R> ¡ :kdpep¡S>_ kss Qpgsu âq¾$ep R> ¡ :

kdpep¡S>__u âq¾$ep dp_hÆh_dp„ kss L¡$ Arhfs`Z Qpëep L$f¡ R>¡. ìe[¼s A_¡

hpsphfZ kss kdpep¡S>__u âq¾$ep_p¡ L$v$u A„s Aphsp¡ _\u A_¡ s¡dp„ L$p¡C |Z®rhfpd d|L$u

iL$psyy„ _\u.

36

(2) kdpep¡S>__u âq¾$ep A¡L$`nu _\u, `f„sy qÜ`nu âq¾$ep R> ¡:kdpep¡S>__u âq¾$ep A¡L$`nu _\u, `f„sy qÜ`nu âq¾$ep R> ¡:kdpep¡S>__u âq¾$ep A¡L$`nu _\u, `f„sy qÜ`nu âq¾$ep R> ¡:kdpep¡S>__u âq¾$ep A¡L$`nu _\u, `f„sy qÜ`nu âq¾$ep R> ¡:kdpep¡S>__u âq¾$ep A¡L$`nu _\u, `f„sy qÜ`nu âq¾$ep R> ¡:

kdpep¡S>_dp„ l„d¡ip b¡ `np¡ lp¡e R>¡, s¡\u s¡_¡ qÜ`nu âq¾$ep L$l¡ R>¡. ìe[¼s A_¡ S|>\,

ìe[¼s A_¡ hpsphfZ, ìe[¼s A_¡ kdpS>, ìe[¼s A_¡ k„õL©$rs s¡dS> `rs-`Ð_u, dpspr`sp-

k„sp_p¡, rinL$- rhÛp\} hN¡f¡ k„b„ p¡ hÃQ¡ kdpep¡S>_ kp^hp_u âq¾$epdp„ l„d¡ip b¡ `np¡ lp¡e

R>¡. s¡\u kdpep¡S>__u âq¾$ep qÜ`nu âq¾$ep R>¡.

(3) kdpep¡S>_ A¡L$ Ap„sfâq¾$ep R> ¡:kdpep ¡S>_ A¡L$ Ap„sfâq¾$ep R> ¡:kdpep ¡S>_ A¡L$ Ap„sfâq¾$ep R> ¡:kdpep ¡S>_ A¡L$ Ap„sfâq¾$ep R> ¡:kdpep ¡S>_ A¡L$ Ap„sfâq¾$ep R> ¡:

kdpep¡S>_ qÜ`nu âq¾$ep lp¡hp\u s¡dp„ b„_¡ `np¡ hÃQ¡, Mpk L$fu_¡ ìe[¼s A_¡

hpsphfZ hÃQ¡ q¾$ep-ârsq¾$ep \su lp¡e R>¡. kdpep¡S>__u Ap„sfq¾$epdp„ ìe[¼s L$p„ sp¡

hpsphfZ_¡ A_yL|$m \pe R>¡ A\hp sp¡ ìe[¼s hpsphfZ_¡ bv$g¡ R>¡. ìe[¼s ¼epf¡L$ b„_¡ hÃQ¡

kyd¡m kp^hp_p¡ `Z âepk L$f¡ R>¡.

(4) kdpep¡S>_ A¡ rhL$pkpÐdL$ âq¾$ep R> ¡:kdpep¡S>_ A¡ rhL$pkpÐdL$ âq¾$ep R> ¡:kdpep¡S>_ A¡ rhL$pkpÐdL$ âq¾$ep R> ¡:kdpep¡S>_ A¡ rhL$pkpÐdL$ âq¾$ep R> ¡:kdpep¡S>_ A¡ rhL$pkpÐdL$ âq¾$ep R> ¡:

Æh__p Sy>v$p Sy>v$p sb½$pAp¡dp„-riiy„ Ahõ\p, sê$Zphõ\p, y¿sphõ\p, h©Ùphõ\p

hN¡f¡ Ahõ\pAp¡dp„ kdpep¡S>__u _hu _hu kdõepAp¡ D`[õ\s \su lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u Æh_dp„

kdpep¡S>__u âq¾$ep kss Qpgsu fl¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_u kp\¡ kp\¡ ìe[¼sA¡ kdpep¡S>_ kp^hp_u

_hu _hu fusp¡ A_¡ L$p¥iëep¡ iuMhp `X¡$ R>¡. s¡\u S> kdpep¡S>__¡ rhL$pkpÐdL$ âq¾$ep NZhpdp„

Aph¡ R>¡.

(5) kdpep¡S>__u âq¾$ep kph®rÓL$ R> ¡:kdpep¡S>__u âq¾$ep kph®rÓL$ R> ¡:kdpep¡S>__u âq¾$ep kph®rÓL$ R> ¡:kdpep¡S>__u âq¾$ep kph®rÓL$ R> ¡:kdpep¡S>__u âq¾$ep kph®rÓL$ R> ¡:

v$f¡L$ âpZuA¡ A_¡ dp_huA¡ `p¡sp_p Æh_dp„ hpsphfZ kp\¡ kdpep¡S>_ kp^hy„ `X¡$

R>¡. s¡\u kdpep¡S>__u âq¾$ep kph®rÓL$ R>¡.

(6) kdpep¡S>__u iê$Aps S>ê$qfepsp¡dp „\u \pe R> ¡ A_¡ S>ê$qfepsp¡_p k„sp ¡j\ukdpep¡S>__u iê$Aps S>ê$qfepsp¡dp „\u \pe R> ¡ A_¡ S>ê$qfepsp¡_p k„sp ¡j\ukdpep¡S>__u iê$Aps S>ê$qfepsp¡dp „\u \pe R> ¡ A_¡ S>ê$qfepsp¡_p k„sp ¡j\ukdpep¡S>__u iê$Aps S>ê$qfepsp¡dp „\u \pe R> ¡ A_¡ S>ê$qfepsp¡_p k„sp ¡j\ukdpep¡S>__u iê$Aps S>ê$qfepsp¡dp „\u \pe R> ¡ A_¡ S>ê$qfepsp¡_p k„sp ¡j\u

kdpep¡S>_ `|Z® \pe R>¡:kdpep¡S>_ `|Z® \pe R>¡:kdpep¡S>_ `|Z® \pe R>¡:kdpep¡S>_ `|Z® \pe R>¡:kdpep¡S>_ `|Z® \pe R>¡:

kdpep¡S>__y„ Dv¹$ch õ\p_ rhrh^ S>ê$qfepsp¡dp„ fl¡gy„ R>¡. kdpep¡S>_ kp^hp_y„ dy¿e L$pfZ

dp_hu_u S>ê$qfepsp¡ R>¡. Å¡ ìe[¼s_¡ `p¡sp_p Æh_dp„ L$p¡C S>ê$qfeps _ lp¡e sp¡ kdpep¡S>_

kp^hp_u S>ê$f `X$su _\u.

S>ê$qfepsp¡ k„sp¡jhp_p âepkp¡dp„\u kdpep¡S>__p¡ âpf„c \pe R>¡ A_¡ S>ê$qfepsp¡ k„sp¡jpC

Åe R>¡ Ðepf¡ kdpep¡S>_ |Z® \pe R>¡.

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(7) kdpep¡S>_ A¡ ApÐd-`qfnZ R> ¡:kdpep¡S>_ A¡ ApÐd-`qfnZ R> ¡:kdpep¡S>_ A¡ ApÐd-`qfnZ R> ¡:kdpep¡S>_ A¡ ApÐd-`qfnZ R> ¡:kdpep¡S>_ A¡ ApÐd-`qfnZ R> ¡:

kdpep¡S>__u âq¾$epdp„ ìe[¼s_u i[¼s-L$p¥iëe- AphX$s_y„ dp` _uL$m¡ R>¡. kdpep¡S>__u

âq¾$ep v$frdep_ ìe[¼s `p¡sp_u rhi¡jspAp¡ A_¡ dep®v$pAp¡_¡ kdÆ iL¡$ R>¡. kdpep¡S>__¡ gu ¡

ìe[¼s `p¡sp_p A_ychp¡_¡ Ap^pf¡ ApÐd-`qfnZ L$fu kdpep¡S>_dp„ ky pfZp L$fhp âepk L$f¡

R>¡.

(8) kdpep¡S>_ A¡ A_yê$`sp _\u:kdpep¡S>_ A¡ A_yê$`sp _\u:kdpep¡S>_ A¡ A_yê$`sp _\u:kdpep¡S>_ A¡ A_yê$`sp _\u:kdpep¡S>_ A¡ A_yê$`sp _\u:

ìeq¼s k„Å¡Np¡, `qf[õ\rsAp¡ L¡$ AÞe ìe[¼sAp¡_¡ L$p¡C`Z fus¡ A_yê$` \C Åe A¡

ep¡Áe kdpep¡S>_ _\u. A_yê$`sp A¡ kdpep¡S>_ _\u.

(9) kdpep¡S>_ A¡ spb¡ \C S>hp_u âq¾$ep _\u:kdpep¡S>_ A¡ spb¡ \C S>hp_u âq¾$ep _\u:kdpep¡S>_ A¡ spb¡ \C S>hp_u âq¾$ep _\u:kdpep¡S>_ A¡ spb¡ \C S>hp_u âq¾$ep _\u:kdpep¡S>_ A¡ spb¡ \C S>hp_u âq¾$ep _\u:

ìe[¼s hpsphfZ_¡, k„Å¡Np¡_p¡ L¡$ AÞe ìe[¼s_¡ k„ |Z® Z¡ spb¡ \C Åe A¡V$g¡ L¡$

ifZpNrs õhuL$pfu g¡ s¡_¡ ep¡Áe kdpep¡S>_ NZhpdp„ Aphsy„ _\u. kdpep¡S>_dp„ b„_¡ `np¡ hÃQ¡

Ap„sfq¾$ep \su lp¡hp R>sp„ ìe[¼s_u õhs„Ósp-õhpeÑsp S>mhpC fl¡hu Å¡CA¡.

(10) kdpep¡S>__¡ `qfZpd¡ ìe[¼s_¡ Ah_hp A_ychp¡ \pe R> ¡.:kdpep¡S>__¡ `qfZpd¡ ìe[¼s_¡ Ah_hp A_ychp¡ \pe R> ¡.:kdpep¡S>__¡ `qfZpd¡ ìe[¼s_¡ Ah_hp A_ychp¡ \pe R> ¡.:kdpep¡S>__¡ `qfZpd¡ ìe[¼s_¡ Ah_hp A_ychp¡ \pe R> ¡.:kdpep¡S>__¡ `qfZpd¡ ìe[¼s_¡ Ah_hp A_ychp¡ \pe R> ¡.:

kdpep¡S>__¡ gu ¡ ìe[¼s_u A_ych kd©qÙdp„ h^pfp¡ \pe R>¡, S>¡ Æh__¡ kd©Ù-DÞ_s

b_phhpdp„ dlÒh_p¡ cpN cS>h¡ R>¡.

(11) kdpep¡S>__¡ `qfhs®_iugsp kp\¡ k„b„^ R>¡:kdpep¡S>__¡ `qfhs®_iugsp kp\¡ k„b„^ R>¡:kdpep¡S>__¡ `qfhs®_iugsp kp\¡ k„b„^ R>¡:kdpep¡S>__¡ `qfhs®_iugsp kp\¡ k„b„^ R>¡:kdpep¡S>__¡ `qfhs®_iugsp kp\¡ k„b„^ R>¡:

kdpep¡S>_ Nrsiug ìe[¼s A_¡ hpsphfZ kp\¡ S> i¼e b_¡ R>¡. s¡\u kdpep¡S>__¡

`qfhs®_iugsp kp\¡ k„b„ R>¡.

(12) kdpep¡S>_dp„ ìe[¼sNs saphsp¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R> ¡:kdpep¡S>_dp„ ìe[¼sNs saphsp¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R> ¡:kdpep¡S>_dp„ ìe[¼sNs saphsp¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R> ¡:kdpep¡S>_dp„ ìe[¼sNs saphsp¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R> ¡:kdpep¡S>_dp„ ìe[¼sNs saphsp¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R> ¡:

v$f¡L$ ìe[¼s_u kdpep¡S>_ kp^hp_u fus rcÞ_ rcÞ_ lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u kdpep¡S>_ kp^hp_u

fus¡ v$f¡L$ ìe[¼s_u A¡L$kfMu lp¡su _\u. Apd kdpep¡S>_dp„ ìe[¼sNs saphsp¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.

1.4.3 kdpep¡S>__p `pep_p (d|mc|s) rkÙp„sp ¡:-kdpep¡S>__p `pep_p (d|mc|s) rkÙp„sp ¡:-kdpep¡S>__p `pep_p (d|mc|s) rkÙp„sp ¡:-kdpep¡S>__p `pep_p (d|mc|s) rkÙp„sp ¡:-kdpep¡S>__p `pep_p (d|mc|s) rkÙp„sp ¡:-

ìe[¼s_p hs®__u rhïg¡jZpÐdL$ kdS|>su d¡mhhp\u kdpep¡S>__p L¡$V$gpL$ `pep_p

(d|mc|s) rkÙp„sp¡_p¡ ¿epg Aph¡ R>¡. Ap rkÙp„sp¡ _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ R>¡.

(1) Ýe¡eNpdu hs®_:Ýe¡eNpdu hs®_:Ýe¡eNpdu hs®_:Ýe¡eNpdu hs®_:Ýe¡eNpdu hs®_:- d_yóe_p âÐe¡L$ hs®_ `pR>m L$p¡C Ýe¡e fl¡gy„ lp¡e R>¡. L$p¡CL$

âL$pf_u â¡fZp\u â¡fpC_¡ ìeqL$s hs®_ L$f¡ R>¡. hs®_ `pR>m `X¡$gu â¡fZp_¡ k„sp¡jhp

dpV¡$ kdpep¡S>_ kp^hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

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(2) S>ê$qfeps_p¡ Aë` k„sp¡j:S>ê$qfeps_p¡ Aë` k„sp¡j:S>ê$qfeps_p¡ Aë` k„sp¡j:S>ê$qfeps_p¡ Aë` k„sp¡j:S>ê$qfeps_p¡ Aë` k„sp¡j: ìe[¼s_u S>ê$qfepsp¡_p¡ L$p¡C A„s _\u, `f„sy s¡d_¡

k„sp¡jhp_p„ kp^_p¡ dep®qv$s lp¡e R>¡. bû S>ê$qfepsp¡ |f¡ |fu k„sp¡ju iL$psu _\u. _

k„sp¡jhp_¡ gu ¡ k„Oj® A_¡ s_ph S>Þd R>¡. A¡V$g¡ Aphu `qf[õ\rsdp„ kde¡ kdpep¡rS>s

hs®_ L$fhp_u S>ê$qfeps Ecu \pe R>¡.

(3) Ap¡R>p k„Oj®de hs®__u `k„v$Nu:- Ap¡R>p k„Oj®de hs®__u `k„v$Nu:- Ap¡R>p k„Oj®de hs®__u `k„v$Nu:- Ap¡R>p k„Oj®de hs®__u `k„v$Nu:- Ap¡R>p k„Oj®de hs®__u `k„v$Nu:- v$f¡L$ ìe[¼s `p¡sp_u S>ê$qfeps_p k„sp¡j dpV¡$

Ap¡R>p¡ k„Oj®de dpN® `k„v$ L$f¡ R>¡. S>ê$qfeps k„sp¡jhp_p dpN®dp„ blz rhÂ_p¡ Aph¡ R>¡

sp¡ Ap`Z¡ Ap¡R>p„ rhÂ_p¡hpmp¡ dpN® Ah¡Æê$ ¡ `k„v$ L$fuA¡ R>uA¡—.

(4) â¡fZp_u ÅZL$pfu:- â¡fZp_u ÅZL$pfu:- â¡fZp_u ÅZL$pfu:- â¡fZp_u ÅZL$pfu:- â¡fZp_u ÅZL$pfu:- Ap`Zu L$p¡C S>ê$qfeps L¡$ â¡fZp Ap`Z_¡ k„sp¡j Ap`¡ R>¡ L¡$

s¡dp„ r_óam Åe R>¡ s¡_u ÅZL$pfu d¡mhhp Ap`Z¡ âeÐ_iug fluA¡ R>uA¡ A_¡ Aphy„

op_ Ap`Zp cprh hs®__p k„sp¡j dpV¡$ dlÒh_u c|rdL$p |fu `pX¡$ R>¡.

(5) hpsphfZ kp\¡_p¡ rhrióV$ k„b„^:-hpsphfZ kp\¡_p¡ rhrióV$ k„b„^:-hpsphfZ kp\¡_p¡ rhrióV$ k„b„^:-hpsphfZ kp\¡_p¡ rhrióV$ k„b„^:-hpsphfZ kp\¡_p¡ rhrióV$ k„b„^:- v$f¡L$ ìe[¼s_p¡ `p¡sp_p hpsphfZ kp\¡ rhrióV$

k„b„ lp¡e R>¡. Aphp¡ rhrióV$ k„b„ lp¡hp_y„ L$pfZ ìe[¼s_p¡ rhrióV$ Æh_ Crslpk

R>¡. Aphp¡ Æh_ Crslpk ìe[¼sNs A_ychp¡_p¡ b_¡gp¡ lp¡e R>¡. v$p.s, L$p¡C A¡L$

L$p¸g¡S>_p rhÛp\}_p¡ `p¡sp_u L$p¸g¡S> kp\¡_p¡ S> rhrióV$ k„b„ lp¡e R>¡ s¡hp¡ buÆ L$p¸g¡S>

kp\¡ lp¡sp¡ _\u.

(6) hs®__y„ r_e„ÓZ:-hs®__y„ r_e„ÓZ:-hs®__y„ r_e„ÓZ:-hs®__y„ r_e„ÓZ:-hs®__y„ r_e„ÓZ:- buÆ ìe[¼s_p hs®__¡ r_e„rÓs L$fu iL$pe R>¡. kdpep¡S>__p

Aæepk Üpfp A¡ i¼e b_¡ R>¡. hs®__p r_e„ÓZ Üpfp kyd¡m kpû iL$pe R>¡.

(7) kdpep¡S>__p¡ `pep¡ Ap„sfq¾$ep R>¡:-kdpep¡S>__p¡ `pep¡ Ap„sfq¾$ep R>¡:-kdpep¡S>__p¡ `pep¡ Ap„sfq¾$ep R>¡:-kdpep¡S>__p¡ `pep¡ Ap„sfq¾$ep R>¡:-kdpep¡S>__p¡ `pep¡ Ap„sfq¾$ep R>¡:- Ap„sfq¾$ep_p `pep D`f kdpep¡S>__y„ ip÷

fQpe¡gy„ R>¡. kam Ap„sfq¾$ep k„sp¡jâv$ kdpep¡S>_ kS>£ R>¡. v$p.s.,Nyfy-rióe_u kam

Ap„sfq¾$ep Üpfp i¥nrZL$ kdpep¡S>_ âpàs \C iL¡$ R>¡.

(8) hs®__y„ `qfZpd:hs®__y„ `qfZpd:hs®__y„ `qfZpd:hs®__y„ `qfZpd:hs®__y„ `qfZpd:- L$p¡C`Z âL$pf_p hs®__y„ `qfZpd Qp¡½$k`Z¡ Aph¡ R>¡. Å¡ Ap

bpbs_u Ap`Z_¡ Mbf lp¡e sp¡ kpdu ìe[¼s âÐe¡ hs®_ L$fsp„ `l¡gp„ M|b rhQpf

L$fuiy„, S>¡\u hs®__y„ `qfZpd k„Oj® A_¡ lspipdp„ _ Aph¡. kpdu ìe[¼s âÐe¡_y„ hs®_

B[ÃRs ârsq¾$ep Ap ¡ A¡ gndp„ fpMhy„ S>ê$fu R>¡.

(9) kdpep¡S>_ kpsÐe:-kdpep¡S>_ kpsÐe:-kdpep¡S>_ kpsÐe:-kdpep¡S>_ kpsÐe:-kdpep¡S>_ kpsÐe:- ìe[¼s_p kdpep¡S>_dp„ kpsÐe Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡; L$pfZ L¡$ s¡_u

S>ê$qfepsp¡_p¡ L$v$u A„s Aphsp¡ _\u. A¡V$g¡ ìe[¼s kdN° Æh_è®s `p¡sp_u rhrcÞ_

S>ê$qfepsp¡ k„sp¡jhp âeÐ_iug fl¡ R>¡, S>¡dp„ kdpep¡S>__u S>ê$f `X¡$ R>¡.

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(10) âsuL$p¡:âsuL$p¡:âsuL$p¡:âsuL$p¡:âsuL$p¡:- Ap`Ï„ kdpep¡S>_ L¡$V$gp„L$ âsuL$p¡ kpd¡ lp¡e R>¡. Aphp Aph¡NpÐdL$ âsuL$p¡dp„

dp¡Yy„$ dQL$p¡X$hy„, Ql¡fp `f Nyõkp_p lphcph L$fhp hN¡f¡_p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡, S>¡d_u kp\¡

kdpep¡rS>s \hp Ap`Z¡ âeÐ_ L$fuA¡ R>uA¡.

1.1 âõsph p:- -...

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