11 25 09 Notes
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Notes 11-25-09
Page 190
The connection between Genes and Proteins-The study of metabolic defects provided evidence that genes specify proteins-Genes => tell cells how to build proteins-Beadle and Tatum Experiment-One gene – One polypeptide
Beadle and Tatum Experiment
(Metabolic pathways
-Worked with fungus pathways-Final phase [d], grows from a.
-As long as DNA sequences are correct, all enzymes do the right thing.
-However, if gene is mutated and enzyme one does not work-A enzyme damaged, B can still transform into C and then D and work properly-A, B, C damaged, no-go, D directly would still work.-One gene affects particular enzyme, as gene makes enzyme.-One gene, one enzyme hypothesis-“One gene, one polypeptide/protein”.
-Gene simply instructs how to build protein
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Bacterial Protein Synthesis-Make small copy of segment of DNA describing how to make small segment of protein-mRNA – messenger RNA – copy of gene-RNA – uracil instead of thymine-Complimentary base pairing system used. mRNA is like 2nd DNA strand.-Translate DNA/RNA to protein sequence
Eukaryotic Protein Synthesis-Transcription-RNA processing-Translation
-link up outside nuclear pore with ribsomes, ribosomes read code-in the genetic code nucleotide triplets, RNA [codons] speicy amino
acid sequence-codons tell which amino acid to place next in the polypeptide chain.-UUU = phenylalanine -UAA = leucine
-page 192 – genetic code chart
-AUG – Start codon – Methianine-STOP codons – UAA, UGA, UAG-First and last letter important, third not so much.-“Synonyms”
Transcription – Initiation-RNA polymerase-nucleotides can only be added to the three prime end of the RNA chain,
just like DNA-Sides pulled apart, temp strand read.-3 prime end toward 5 prime end read
Transcription – Elongation-Complimentary base pairing, attaching to 3 prime end-Adenine -> uracil-Cytosine -> guanine-Thymine -> adenine-Guanine -> cytosine
Transcription – Termination-Stop codon
Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription-Introns => unusable information that needs to be cut out
-reattaches important part of RNA
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-spliceosomes => part enzyme, part RNA perform this job.