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![Page 1: 11 © 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved. Gordon Bell Senior Researcher Microsoft Corporation November 1999 The Colonization of Cyberspace.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d2b5503460f94a00d51/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
11© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Gordon BellSenior Researcher
Microsoft Corporation
November 1999
The Colonization of Cyberspace
The Colonization of Cyberspace
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22© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
In Silicon Valley, the Internet is all we think about. Is it just
greed???• The internet has created (redistributing)
more wealth than any other phenomena.• $200 B valuation; $2 B sales; -$0.2M
return.• WWW may be grossly over-hyped! • Long run, the hype is likely to be justified.• USA is <5% of the world population.• Silicon Valley is <0.01% of this
population. • More people learning English in China
than speak it in the rest of the world
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33© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Why organizations e.g. governments and companies
don’t yet understand it• No direct experience (children tell them)
computing has advanced rapidly because we like to building systems for our use
• Inward looking when at home… inertia and there are always other problems and interruptions to deal with
• We mix among like professionals • The change is exponential:
You don’t see it coming.The past may not matter! It is hard to understand until it is you.
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44© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Agenda
• Everything cyberizable will be put into cyberspace! Goal, quest, or fate?
• The demand side• Platform, network, and cyberization
technologies evolution• Internet (PC)-TV gateway: TV and audio• Internet-POTS gateway: handhelds &
phones• The race toward E-Services startups!• Some apps:
Administrivia and financial industries Telepresentations Telecollaboration
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55© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Region/Region/IntranetIntranet
Campus,Campus,including SANsincluding SANs
HomeHome
On BodyOn Body
WorldWorld
ContinentContinent
Everything cyberizable will be in Cyberspace! Goal? Quest? or
Fate?
Fractal Cyberspace: a network of … networks of … platforms
CarCar
In BodyIn Body
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66© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Cyberization: interface to all bits and process information
• Coupling to all information and information processors e.g. people
• Pure bits e.g. paper, newspapers, video
• Bit tokens e.g. money, stock• State of: places, things, and people • State of: physical networks
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77© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Internet boom hurts overnite delivery
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88© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
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99© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Book page
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1010© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Cyberspace: A spiraling quest in 3D real space
ComputationComputation
CommunicationCommunication CyberizationCyberizationPrograms, Content & Messages
Services based on content!
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1111© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
DataData
Cyberspace: one, two or three networks? in 2005, 2010, 2020
TelephonyTelephony
TelevisionTelevision
Will we have gateways?
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1212© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Demand: All the graphs go up and to the right
... after 25 years!
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1313© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Percent of homes with WWW Coverage
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1414© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Purchasing on the net
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1515© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Internetters growth
‘95 ‘96 ‘97 ‘98 ‘99 ‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04
Internet GrowthInternet Growthextrapolated at 98% per yearextrapolated at 98% per year
World PopulationWorld Populationextrapolated at 1.6% per yearextrapolated at 1.6% per year
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
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1616© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Growth in hype vs reality
Infoway speculation“how great it’ll be” (politicians
Infoway regulation
conferences
WWW
Infoway addiction
lawsuits
Data from Gordon’s WAG
books,newspapers
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1717© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Several near term bets I’ve made
2001: NOT One billion internet users (N. Negroponte)
2001: 1/2 of commercial PCs will have cameras (Gray)
2001: NOT 10K WSs communicate @ 1 Gbps (Reddy)
2004: NOT More LEPs than LCDs or E-ink… (Hauser, Prod. Mgr. E-ink)
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1818© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Why the bet of 1 billion users on the net is a keystone bet!
It determines the market for networks for access devices… especially PCs
It says something about the utility commerce communication entertainment
Increased network capacity & ubiquity enables phones videophones television serendipity
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1919© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
What technology will we build with? How will it evolve?
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2020© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
The two great inventions
The computer (1946… realised in 1948). Computers supplement and substitute for all other info processors, including humans Memories come in a hierarchy of sizes, speeds, and
prices… the challenge is to exploit them Computers are built from other computers in a
iterative, layered, and recursive fashion
The Transistor (1946) and subsequent Integrated Circuit (1957). Processors, memories, switching, and transduction are
the primitives in well-defined hardware-software levels A little help from magnetic, photonic, and other
transducer technologies
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2121© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996P
erf
orm
an
ce in
Mfl
op
/s
Micros
Supers
8087 802876881
80387
R2000
i860
RS6000/540Alpha
RS6000/590Alpha
Cray 1S
Cray X-MP
Cray 2 Cray Y-MP Cray C90Cray T90
1998
Growth of microprocessor performance
1980
1982
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2222© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Bell’s Law of Computer Class Formation
Technology enables two evolutionary paths:1. constant performance, decreasing cost2. constant price, increasing performance
1.26 = 2x/3 yrs -- 10x/decade; 1/1.26 = .81.26 = 2x/3 yrs -- 10x/decade; 1/1.26 = .81.6 = 4x/3 yrs --100x/decade; 1/1.6 = .621.6 = 4x/3 yrs --100x/decade; 1/1.6 = .62
MiniMini
HandheldHandheld ?? ??TimeTime
Mainframes (central)Mainframes (central)
PCs (personals)PCs (personals)Lo
g p
rice
Lo
g p
rice
WSsWSs
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2323© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
•
Bell’s Nine Computer Price Tiers
Super server: costs more than $100,000,000“Mainframe”: costs more than $1 million
an array of processors, disks, tapes, comm ports
1$: embeddables e.g. greeting card 10$: wrist watch & wallet computers
100$: pocket/ palm/telephone 1,000$: portable computers 10,000$: personal computers (desktop) 100,000$: departmental computers
(closet) 1,000,000$: site computers (glass house) 10,000,000$: regional computers (glass
castle) 100,000,000$: national centers
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2424© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Platform evolution: What do they do that’s useful?
How do they communicate?
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2525© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Connected PCsConnected PCs(WWW)(WWW)Discrete PCDiscrete PC
(email)(email)
Info AppliancesInfo Appliances
Hand-helds
Cellphones &phone access
Game Consoles
Set-tops & NCs
9M Units60M Units
250M Units
1985 1995 2005Sources: Network Computer Inc. & IDC
Changing Internet access
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2626© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Number of U.S. Subscribers using high speed interconnections
0
12
3
4
56
7
8
9
1999 2001 2003
Cable DSL Wireless SatelliteNXGEN
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2727© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
0
0.2
0.4
0.8
2.0
199719981999200020012002
Circuit data<9.6kbps
HSCSD57.6kbps
GPRS115kbps
EDGE384kbps
UMTS2Mbps
0.1
The evolution of wireless data
standards
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2828© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Nomadicity
Video...
Plus >>B/W
Universality
USA Today 1 Sept. 99
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2929© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
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3030© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Radio
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3131© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Ch 54 (Boulder) announcement
9/8/99
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3232© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
1988 Federal Plan for Internet
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3333© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
10 Tbps
100 Tbps
1 Tbps
100 Gbps
10 Gbps
1 Gbps
100 Mbps
10 Mbps
1 Mbps
100 Kbps
10 Kbps
1 Kbps
100 bps
10 bps
1 Pbps
Voice Traffic
56 KB
T1T3
OC-3OC-12
OC-48OC-192
OC-768
Voice Crossover
Internet TrafficMax. Port Speed
$100 M
$10 M
$1 M
$100 K
$100 K
1997 Breakpoint
Delay Engineered
Capacity E
ngineere
d
Max. Switch Speed
100 Pbps
10 Pbps
Internet growths vs timecourtesy of Dr. Larry Roberts
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3434© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Desktop-desktop @ 1 gbps
2x 1GbE3x 1GbE
G8 Sonet
SC99NOCGigaPop
Juniper M40Cisco 12008
WestinGigaPop
Juniper M40
G2 SonetOC12 Sonet
Cisco 1800
G2 SonetOC12 Sonet
Juniper M40 NCSAUW
University of Washington Microsoft
Nortel NetworksNTON
SC99 @ Portland
1 Gbps5x 270 Mbps
HDTV streams= 1 Gbps
OC-48 = 2,488.32 Mbps = G2OC192 = 9,953.28 Mbps = G8
2x 1GbE3x 1GbE
G8 Sonet
SC99NOCGigaPop
Juniper M40Cisco 12008
WestinGigaPop
Juniper M40
G2 SonetOC12 Sonet
Cisco 1800
G2 SonetOC12 Sonet
Juniper M40 NCSAUW
University of Washington Microsoft
Nortel NetworksNTON
SC99 @ Portland
1 Gbps1 Gbps5x 270 Mbps
HDTV streams= 1 Gbps
OC-48 = 2,488.32 Mbps = G2OC192 = 9,953.28 Mbps = G8
http://research.microsoft.com/~gray/papers/Win2K_1Gbps.doc
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3535© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
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3636© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Mail/ FTP/ Telnet WWW Audio Video
Voice!Voice!
StandardsStandards
Increase Capacity(circuits & b/w)
Lower response time
Create newservice
Increased Demand
Virtuous cycle of bandwidth
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3737© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Minutes to transfer various data
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
1 Floppy 20 Flop's 100 MBy 600 MBy 1.9 GBy 9 GBy
POTS
ISDN
T1
Eth'net
25 Mb
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3838© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
In a decade we can/will have:more powerful personal computers
processing 10-100x 4x resolution (2K x 2K); Very large, room sized displays? Very small watch-sized displays low cost, storage of one terabyte for personal use
adequate networking???? ubiquitous access = today’s fast LANs
One chip, networked platforms including light bulbs, cameras everywhere, etc.
Some well-defined platforms that compete with the PC for mind (time) sharewatch, pocket, body implant, home
more cyberization… the challenge… interfacing platforms and people.
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3939© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Storing all we’ve read (written), heard (said), &
seen (participated in or presented)Human data-types /hr /day (/4yr) /lifetimeread text, few pictures 200 K 2 -10 M/G 60-300 G
speech text @120wpm 43 K 0.5 M/G 15 Gspeech @1KBps 3.6 M 40 M/G 1.2 T
video-like 50Kb/s POTS 22 M .25 G/T 25 Tvideo 200Kb/s VHS-lite 90 M 1 G/T 100 T
video 4.3Mb/s HDTV/DVD 1.8 G 20 G/T 1 P
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4040© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Living in Cyberspace… the home infrastructure
being always connected is essential
...or why cable tv or ADSL or ubiquitous fast, wireless is
critical for continued growth
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4141© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Infrastructure
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4242© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
HomeCATV
Analog/digital cable distribution
PC broadcasts are mixed into home CATV in analog and/or MPEG digital
Ethernet Home network
Video capture
“milliBill”
Basic ideas:
1. PC records or plays thru video cable channels. 2. PC “broadcasts” art images, webcams, presentations,
videos, DVDs, etc.3. Ethernet not cable?
Settopbox
Another big bang? Internet to TV and audio:
The Net, PC meet the TV
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4343© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
PCTV a.k.a. MilliBillgUsing PCs to drive large screens
e.g. tv sets, Plasma Panels
Gordon BellJim Gemmell
Bay Area Research CenterMicrosoft Research Copyright 1999 Microsoft Corporation
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4444© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
PCTV:A home CATV Server
Television/Computing Convergence •A PC server broadcasts “content*” to
TV sets directly or to all sets using the home CATV distribution•The PC captures TV streams for filtering, storage, replay, etc. ala TiVO and ReplayTV•Cameras and the web provide content*Content: art, photos, PPT Albums, webcams, plain old TV, home video, DVD, MTV, games…
For display on 16 x 9 format … or 852 x 480 Fujitsu Plasma Panel
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4545© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
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4646© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
I stretched I stretched the canvas.the canvas.
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4747© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
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4848© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
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4949© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Cousins, Aunts, Uncles etc.
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5050© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Webcams
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5151© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Voice to WEBVoice to WEBBridgeBridge
Web ServerWeb Server
TheTheWebWeb
DataBaseDataBase
PSTNPSTN
The Next ConvergencePOTS connects to the Web
a.k.a. Phone-Web Gateways
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5252© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Enable voice and text access on phones, screen phones, PDAs and other devices to existing Internet infrastructure in an intelligent, customizable way.
WebOnPhonWebOnPhonee
Mission:Mission:
WebOnPhone
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5353© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
All the services build on the evolving infrastructure
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5555© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Internet (circa 1999)Courtesy of Zindigo Ventures
TransportTransportNetwork Hardware/ProtocolsNetwork Hardware/Protocols
Computers & Operating Layer SoftwareComputers & Operating Layer SoftwareApplications & MiddlewareApplications & Middleware
Info
ba
se s
/Po
r ta l
sIn
f ob
as
e s/P
ort
als
Pro
cur e
men
tP
r ocu
r em
ent
Co
mm
un
i ca t
ion
Co
mm
un
i cat
ion
Su
pp
l y C
hai
nS
up
ply
Ch
a in
ER
PE
RP
Pro
f ess
i on
a lP
r of e
ssi o
nal
Fin
anci
a lF
inan
cial
Op
era t
ion
sO
per
atio
ns
Mar
ket i
ng
Mar
ket i
ng
Internet Services$170B*
Infrastructure$171B*
AccessAccessPersonal/Employee DataPersonal/Employee Data
Go
vern
men
tG
ove
rnm
ent
Content SyndicatorsContent SyndicatorsContent Syndication
$2B+ **
Web HostingWeb Hosting
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5656© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
The Nature of E-services Only electrons, no atoms e.g. inventory Verticals: ERP, benefits, time card, travel,
performance rev, payroll, calendars, procurement, facilities, marketing tools,
Transaction (filing, retrieval) under control of individual from browser, not an administrator, department, or corporation
Alternative to: manual, home grown apps, or retooled large legacy licensed apps e.g. Oracle, Peoplesoft, SAP
Information is stored at the service NOT on premise with the organization providing it
Service up and running instantaneously.
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5757© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
ERP E-Services
Definition:ERP E-services provide human resources and theback office (time and expense reporting, invoicing,purchase order management, hiring and performance plans) as an outsourced monthly Web service.
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5858© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Http://wwww.medicalogic.com
Internet-based service for keeping medical records electronically …EMR
No on site or in office equipment except a browser and printer
Facilities rapid input and record retrieval accessible anywhere at anytime patient accessible prescription drug interaction, advice, etc.
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5959© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
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6060© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
MS internal home for adminstrivia
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6161© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Paperless paychecks
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6262© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Stock options
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6363© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Impact on the financial industries:Eliminating the atoms that
represent money, ownership, … risk
and replacing them with electrons…
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6464© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
New or old money… it’s just bits
Prepaid
Credit
Cash
Check
ATM /
Prepaid
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6565© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Put those checks & statements in Cyberspace or eliminate them!
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6666© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Buying & selling stock: what a pain!Faxes? (Electronic signatures are becoming “legal”.)
Acrobat 4 has tamper-proof signatures!
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6767© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Paperless transactions: put them all in Cyberspace
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6868© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Telepresentations: The 2nd killer app?
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6969© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Telepresentations Being there (e.g. meeting, lecture,
conference) Without Really Being There (or Then)Presenter or audience need not be physically present Reach a wider audience
“I have a schedule conflict.” Anybody with a web connection can participate
Reduce costs No need to travel to attend or participate in a presentation
Education & training, corporate communication
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7070© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
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7171© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
TelepresentationElementsSlidesAudioVideoScript,
text comments, hyperlinks,etc.
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7272© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Telepresentations will be a well-defined app by
2001.ACM97 was the first telepresented
conference with Mbone multicast & servers that host the conference cf. http://www.research.microsoft.com/acm97
Bet: More people will view the conference from Cyberspace than that attended it.
Big question: will telepresentation technology AKA tele-learning affect learning and education?
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7373© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Telecollaboration… The next “killer tele-app”?? Or just a tremendous challenge
interacting to achieve a common objective … basically, its communications enabling or disabling people
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7474© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Telework: It takes screens, sound, and bandwidth, stupid
http://research.microsoft.com/barc/GBell/http://research.microsoft.com/barc/GBell/
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7575© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
How to Fail at Videoconferencing
Lack of ubiquity: it must obey Metcalfe’s LawCall set up: hard, time-consuming, require training Small screens, destroy spatiality,
eliminate visual cuesNo gaze awareness, limit screen area; only
2-D figures or avatarsAudio: high latency and poor qualityFail to beat the competition!
The phone is ubiquitous, requires no manuals or training, low latency, ok audio
The targets: audio quality, 3-D in every sense, and gaze awareness
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7676© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
Four steps to video-telephony enabling telemeetings
Very low cost IP telephony must first become ubiquitous (bandwidth, jitter, lower latency)
Evolve audio to provide spatial awareness aka stereo and quad.
Add multi-party, scalability, mbone…Make recording easy. This will enable
meeting persistence and minutes.
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7777© 1999 by Gordon Bell. All Rights Reserved.
End