1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For...

23
1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS 1.02 AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Transcript of 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For...

Page 1: 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For example, full flaps retraction in Cessna takes about 10 seconds. AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM.

1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS

1 . 0 2 A I R C R A F T G E N E R A L K N O W L E D G E

Page 2: 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For example, full flaps retraction in Cessna takes about 10 seconds. AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM.

CONTROLLING AIRCRAFT

In general, we use control inputs of the following

devices in cabin:

Yoke or steering column

Pedals

Trim knobs

Flaps lever/switch

AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM

Page 3: 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For example, full flaps retraction in Cessna takes about 10 seconds. AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM.

TRANSFER SYSTEMS

There are 3 common ways to transfer control inputs to control

elements:

Mechanical - by system of cables, rods, levers, chains

Hydraulic – by liquid under pressure (on heavy aircrafts)

Electrical – by electric energy, (using electric motors)

Pneumatic – by pressurized gas (air)

Air (pneumatic systems) are not used for controlling airplane

because of rough positioning of actuators. Pneumatic is used

for non-precise elements like gear operation, brake system.

AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM

Page 4: 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For example, full flaps retraction in Cessna takes about 10 seconds. AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM.

MECHANICAL

System of cables, rods, levers, chains, which allows to control

aerodynamical surfaces

Simple

Reliable

Low cost maintenance

Disadvantages:

Uses a lot of space inside aircraft

Construction limited by size of aircrafts

Limited by maximum human forces applied to controls

Limited by movement range

AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM

Page 5: 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For example, full flaps retraction in Cessna takes about 10 seconds. AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM.

HYDRAULIC

Allows control position of aerodynamic surfaces by flow of power liquid under

pressure.

Advantages:

Passes high forces to mechanisms

Gives any desired range of movement

Precise and fast positioning

Not restricted by mechanical configuration

Disadvantages:

Complicated and prone to leakage - consists of power pump, valves,

reservoirs, accumulators, power lines

Heavy because a lot of components and power liquid

Expensive in production and maintenance

Does not provide feedback force if not equipped with feedback system

AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM

Page 6: 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For example, full flaps retraction in Cessna takes about 10 seconds. AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM.

ELECTRICAL

Electric motor actuators:

Easy in construction

low energy dissipation

Light weight

Demands less space in the aircraft, easy to mount

But slow in changing position or in power (generated force)

Can be used for controlling relevantly slow mechanisms, like flaps

positioning system or landing gear retraction system.

For example, full flaps retraction in Cessna takes about 10 seconds.

AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM

Page 7: 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For example, full flaps retraction in Cessna takes about 10 seconds. AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM.

AILERONS

Control lateral position (bank)

Aileron position controlled by yoke

movement (left-right)

AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM

Page 8: 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For example, full flaps retraction in Cessna takes about 10 seconds. AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM.

RIGHT BANK

While turning yoke to the right controls

move ailerons:

Left – down (more lift)

Right - up (less lift)

Because of differential in generated lift

forces aircraft in air banks right in result

AILERONS

Page 9: 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For example, full flaps retraction in Cessna takes about 10 seconds. AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM.

LEFT BANK

Turning yoke to the left causes move ailerons:

Right – down (more lift)

Left - up (less lift)

Because of differential in generated lift forces

aircraft in the air banks left in result

AILERONS

Page 10: 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For example, full flaps retraction in Cessna takes about 10 seconds. AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM.

TURNS

Changing bank of aircraft will has turns in

result:

Total lift tilted to side (1)

Lateral component of tilted fits causes aircraft

turn (2)

This will be discussed in details in “principles of

flight“ part of the training course

AILERONS

1

2

Page 11: 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For example, full flaps retraction in Cessna takes about 10 seconds. AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM.

FLAPS

Flap – device mounted on trailing edge of wing

which allows to change it’s configuration in means of

aerodynamic and therefore:

Increase lift

Increase drag

Decrease stall speed

Increased drag – can be proc or cons depends of

situation

Flaps are used in take-off and landing configuration

or to drop speed

Flaps will be discusses in details in “principles of

flight“ part of the theory course

HIGH LIFT DEVICE

Page 12: 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For example, full flaps retraction in Cessna takes about 10 seconds. AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM.

FLAPS CONTROL

Position of flaps is controlled by means of:

Electric system (on light aircrafts)

Mechanic system (on light aircrafts)

Hydraulic system (on heavy aircrafts)

HIGH LIFT DEVICE

Page 13: 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For example, full flaps retraction in Cessna takes about 10 seconds. AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM.

RUDDER

Rudder – is a aerodynamic surface mounted on

vertical stabilizer. Rudder is used to:

Maintain of directional control

Correct for cross-wind on takeoffs and landing

Correct for adverse yaw

Recover from spin

Correct asymmetrical propeller torque on single

engine aircraft or on multi engine aircraft in case

of asymmetrical engines power set

Rudder is controlled by movement of pedals

DIRECTIONAL CONTROL

Page 14: 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For example, full flaps retraction in Cessna takes about 10 seconds. AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM.

RUDDER CONTROL INPUT

Rudder controlled by pushing pedals:

Left pedal – rudder deflects left

Right pedal – rudder deflects right

DIRECTIONAL CONTROL

Page 15: 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For example, full flaps retraction in Cessna takes about 10 seconds. AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM.

ELEVATOR

Elevator is controlled by forward-aft

movement of the yoke

Yoke moved forward – elevator goes down

(more lift on tail)

Yoke moved aft – elevator goes up (less lift

on tail)

ATTITUDE CONTROL

Page 16: 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For example, full flaps retraction in Cessna takes about 10 seconds. AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM.

TRIMMERS SECONDARY CONTROLS

Trimmer

tabs

There are trimmers on vertical and horizontal control

surfaces:

Rudder trimmer

Elevator trimmer

Trimmers – are not primary control surfaces, but

secondary control surfaces. Trimmers intended to

eliminate aerodynamical forces on elevator, rudder and

as a result, eliminate excessive control forces on the

yoke

Page 17: 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For example, full flaps retraction in Cessna takes about 10 seconds. AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM.

TRIMMER CONTROLS

Trimmers could be adjustable (controllable)

or preset manually. In case of controllable

trimmer in can be controlled by means of

Mechanical systems

Electrical power

SECONDARY CONTROLS

Electrical

trimmer knob

Mechanical

trimmer knobs

Page 18: 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For example, full flaps retraction in Cessna takes about 10 seconds. AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM.

ELEVATOR TRIMMER

Elevator trimmer is used for:

Reducing forces on control yoke to zero to compensate

changing CG (center of gravity)

Allow to set desired pitch on climbing or descending

Allow to set desired pitch after changing power set and

flaps, chassis configuration

Reduces drag on airfoils

SECONDARY CONTROLS

Page 19: 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For example, full flaps retraction in Cessna takes about 10 seconds. AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM.

ELEVATOR TRIMMER – PITCH UP

Trimming the elevator in pitch up position:

1. Normal position of elevator – horizontal pitch

2. Elevator in pitch up - without trimming need to

constantly apply control force on yoke

3. After trimming control force removed from yoke

(elevator is balanced)

SECONDARY CONTROLS

1

2

3

Page 20: 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For example, full flaps retraction in Cessna takes about 10 seconds. AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM.

ELEVATOR TRIMMER – PITCH UP

The same but reversal for pitch down position of the elevator

1. Without trimming - need constantly apply control force

on yoke

2. After trimming control force removed form yoke

SECONDARY CONTROLS

1

2

Page 21: 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For example, full flaps retraction in Cessna takes about 10 seconds. AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM.

RUDDER TRIMMER

Two types of rudder trimmers:

Fixed trim tab

Controlled trim tab

SECONDARY CONTROLS

Controlled

trim tab

Fixed (preset)

trim tab

Page 22: 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For example, full flaps retraction in Cessna takes about 10 seconds. AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM.

SECONDARY CONTROLSRUDDER TRIMMER

Rudder trimmer is used for:

Reducing forces on pedals to zero to compensate lateral

change of center of gravity and set pedals in neutral

position

Compensate yawing in case of changing propeller torque

Compensate yawing in case of constant cross - wind

Compensate yawing in case of asymmetric power (for

multi engine aircrafts)

Reduce drag on airfoil of rudder

Page 23: 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS · positioning system or landing gear retraction system. For example, full flaps retraction in Cessna takes about 10 seconds. AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM.

Thank you!Please visit Q/A section to prepare to the theory examination

PPL THEORY

@COPYRIGHT FLIGHT COURSES, 2018-2019