1005 The System of Rice Intensification

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System of Rice System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Intensification (SRI)

in Chinain China

Zhu DefengZhu Defeng

China National Rice Research Institute China National Rice Research Institute (CNRRI)(CNRRI)

SRI Workshop, Hangzhou, Feb. 28, 2010SRI Workshop, Hangzhou, Feb. 28, 2010

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11 Status of rice production Status of rice production

22 Basic principle

33 Adaptation to new CVs and Adaptation to new CVs and developmentdevelopment

44 Saving water Saving water

55 Higher yieldHigher yield

66 Model of SRI practiced

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1. Status of rice production

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Percentage of rice over grain crop in China

59.6 7.6 9.3 Potato

27.6 4.8 12.6 Legume

40.0 1.3 2.4 Others Cereals

65.0 0.5 0.6 Sorghum

31.4 0.4 0.9 Millet

81.1 27.8 25.0 Corn

67.4 19.6 21.3 Wheat

100.0 38.1 27.9 Rice

Yield

(Rice Yield=100)ProductionAreaCrop

59.6 7.6 9.3 Potato

27.6 4.8 12.6 Legume

40.0 1.3 2.4 Others Cereals

65.0 0.5 0.6 Sorghum

31.4 0.4 0.9 Millet

81.1 27.8 25.0 Corn

67.4 19.6 21.3 Wheat

100.0 38.1 27.9 Rice

Yield

(Rice Yield=100)ProductionAreaCrop

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Percentage of provincial rice planting area over Chinese national rice area (2001)

Rice Area(%)

10.2 - 12.9 (1)7.7 - 10.2 (4)5.2 - 7.7 (4)2.7 - 5.2 (3)0.2 - 2.7 (12)

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RegionRegionAreaArea

(Mha)(Mha)

YieldYield

(t/ha)(t/ha)

ProductionProduction

(Mt)(Mt)

WorldWorld 151.3151.3 4.004.00 605.8605.8

ChinaChina 28.428.4 6.316.31 179.1179.1

China as % China as % of Worldof World 18.8%18.8% 157.6%157.6% 29.6%29.6%

Comparison of rice area, yield and production between World and China

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Rice area, yield and production in China

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1949 1959 1969 1979 1989 1999

Year

Inde

x1949=100

（）

Producti onYi el dArea

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Annual growth rate of rice yield

0. 0

0. 5

1. 0

1. 5

2. 0

2. 5

3. 0

3. 5

4. 0

50 60 70 80 90 00-04

年代

%单

产年

均增

长率

（）

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Percentage of rice area for Percentage of rice area for various rice seasonsvarious rice seasons （（ %% ））

YearYear Early riceEarly rice Late riceLate rice Single riceSingle rice

19751975 3636 3535 2929

19801980 3333 3333 3434

19851985 3030 3030 4040

19901990 2828 3030 4040

19951995 2727 3333 4141

20002000 2323 2525 5252

20032003 2121 2323 5656

20072007 2020 2222 5858

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Nitrogen application and productivity in various regions

RegionRegion ChinaChina EuropeEurope WorlWorl

dd

Nitrogen Nitrogen

application (kg application (kg

N/ha)N/ha)

180180 120120 100100

Yield (kg rice/ha)Yield (kg rice/ha) 6.46.4 7.07.0 3.53.5

Productivity of N Productivity of N

fertilizer (kg fertilizer (kg

rice/kg N) rice/kg N)

3535 5858 3535

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History of hybrid rice research

YearYear ActivitiesActivities

19641964 Rice heterosis foundRice heterosis found

19701970 Wild abortive (WA) type rice foundWild abortive (WA) type rice found

19731973 Indica three lines developedIndica three lines developed

19751975 Japonica three lines developedJaponica three lines developed

19761976 Hybrid rice used in farmer fieldHybrid rice used in farmer field

19811981 PGMS and two-line hybrids breeding PGMS and two-line hybrids breeding

foundfound

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TypeType Yield Yield (t/ha)(t/ha)

Relative Relative

yield (%)yield (%)

HybridHybrid 6.576.57 124124

InbredInbred 5.315.31 100100

Comparison of yield between Comparison of yield between hybrid and inbred varietieshybrid and inbred varieties

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Rice type and its percentage of planting area

49.8

5.4

27.6

17.3Indica

Percentage of planting area（%）

Type

49.8Three line

5.4Two line

27.6Japonica

17.3

Percentage of planting area（%）

Type

Inbred

Hybrid

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Percentage of planting area of hybrid rice

y = 0. 3466x - 638. 18

R2 = 0. 5868

y = 2. 5982x - 5130. 3

R2 = 0. 9752

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003

Year

Perc

enta

ge o

f pl

anti

ngar

ea o

f hy

brid

(%)

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Distribution of hybrid area in China

Hybrid Area Distribution(%)

13.5 - 16.5 (2)10.3 - 13.5 (2)

7.1 - 10.3 (2)3.9 - 7.1 (3)

.7 - 3.9 (6)

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2. Basic principles

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Basic principle of SRI and its effects

Basic principleBasic principle EffectsEffects

Middle/young age of Middle/young age of seedlingsseedlings

Tiller and root growthTiller and root growth

Sparser plantingSparser planting Tiller and root growth, Tiller and root growth, larger panicleslarger panicles

S-M-D irrigation S-M-D irrigation (shallow -moisture-dry)(shallow -moisture-dry)

Water saving, root Water saving, root growth and greater growth and greater fertilizer use efficiencyfertilizer use efficiency

Organic/chemical fertilizerOrganic/chemical fertilizer Soil fertilitySoil fertility

Hand rotating weedingHand rotating weeding Soil aeration, deeper Soil aeration, deeper rootsroots

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Main Contributions of SRI for China

PracticePractice ContributionContribution

Sparser planting Sparser planting with middle with middle /younger age /younger age seedlingsseedlings

Labor-savingLabor-saving

S-M-D irrigationS-M-D irrigation Water-savingWater-saving

Organic/chemical Organic/chemical fertilizerfertilizer

Sustainable Sustainable productionproduction

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Adapted to new generation of

varieties and meet requirements of

development

Higher transplanting efficiency

Saving of water

Higher yields

Greater profitability

Rationality of SRI for Chinese Conditions

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3. Adaptation to new 3. Adaptation to new CVs and CVs and developmentdevelopment

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Traits of main Japonica varieties in Jiangsu Traits of main Japonica varieties in Jiangsu

province in different periodsprovince in different periods

PeriodPeriod Plant Plant heightheight （（ cmcm ））

Panicles Panicles （（ no./mno./m22 ））

Total grains Total grains (no./panicle)(no./panicle)

1980-19851980-1985 6969 396396 9292

1986-19901986-1990 6969 396396 9393

1991-19951991-1995 7171 370370 101101

1996-20001996-2000 9898 363363 109109

2000-20022000-2002 9999 321321 122122

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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Ear l y r i ce Si ngl e r i ce Late r i ce

Plant height(cm)

1986 to 1990

1991 to 1995

1996 to 2002

Plant height of Indica variety in the Plant height of Indica variety in the Changjiang river region in various Changjiang river region in various

periodsperiods

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Panicle number of Indica rice varieties Panicle number of Indica rice varieties in the Changjiang river region in in the Changjiang river region in

different periodsdifferent periods

- 50

50

150

250

350

450

550

Ear l y r i ce Ear l y r i ce Si ngl e r i ce

Pannicle number(no/m2)

1986 to 19901991 to 19951996 to 2002

i cl e

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Grain number of Indica rice varieties in Grain number of Indica rice varieties in the Changjiang river region in different the Changjiang river region in different

periodsperiods

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Ear l y r i ce Ear l y r i ce Si ngl e r i ce

Grain number(no/panicle)

1986 to 1990

1991 to 1995

1996 to 2002

i cl e

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Agricultural labor transfer to other sectors,

1960-2000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Percentage of

agricultural labor

%（

）

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Plant density(hill/mPlant density(hill/m22) of different rice ) of different rice seasons in different periods in South seasons in different periods in South

ChinaChina

YearYear Single Single seasonseason

Early Early seasonseason

Late Late seasonseason

1960s1960s 37.5 37.5 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0

1980s1980s 25.5 25.5 34.5 34.5 34.5 34.5

PresentPresent 18.0 18.0 27.0 27.0 25.5 25.5

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Effects of plant density on yield and its Effects of plant density on yield and its components of hybrid rice (Yueyou 938) in components of hybrid rice (Yueyou 938) in

Xianju, ZhejiangXianju, Zhejiang

Plant Plant densitydensity

(hill/m(hill/m22))

PaniclesPanicles

(no./m(no./m22))

Ratio of Ratio of panicle panicle

(%)(%)

Grain Grain numbernumber

(no./(no./pan.)pan.)

FertilityFertility(%)(%)

1000 1000 grain grain

weight weight (g)(g)

YieldYield

(t/ha)(t/ha)

1515 208.4 208.4 51.551.5 173.1 173.1 93.993.9 26.626.6 8.95b8.95b

1212 232.4 232.4 60.860.8 161.5 161.5 92.892.8 26.726.7 9.06b9.06b

99 248.9 248.9 69.269.2 157.5 157.5 90.990.9 25.725.7 9.79a9.79a

66 202.4 202.4 59.259.2 173.0 173.0 91.691.6 25.925.9 8.86b8.86b

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4. Saving water4. Saving water

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Difference in irrigation water amount between Difference in irrigation water amount between

flooded irrigation and intermittent irrigationflooded irrigation and intermittent irrigation

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

LP TP- TI TI - H H- M

Per i od

irrigation water(m3/ha)

Fl l odi ngI ntermi ttent

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Comparison of yield and its components in different Comparison of yield and its components in different water management regimeswater management regimes

VarietyVariety Irrigation Irrigation methodmethod

PaniclesPanicles

(no/m(no/m22))


(no./pan.)(no./pan.)

1000-grain 1000-grain weight (g)weight (g)

Yield Yield

(t/ha)(t/ha)

V1V1 FloodingFlooding 222222 154.9 154.9 26.626.6 9.15 9.15

Inter-Inter-mittentmittent

216216 163.6 163.6 26.326.3 10.09 10.09

V2V2 FloodingFlooding 234234 141.5 141.5 25.525.5 8.40 8.40

　　 Inter-Inter-mittentmittent

223.5223.5 166.6 166.6 24.624.6 8.69 8.69

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Comparison of water use efficiency between flooding Comparison of water use efficiency between flooding

and intermittent irrigation methodand intermittent irrigation method VarietyVariety TreatmentTreatment YieldYield

（（ t/ht/haa））

Water Water consumption consumption

(m(m33/ha)/ha)

Water use Water use efficiencyefficiency(kg/m(kg/m33))

V1V1 FloodingFlooding 9.15 9.15 12,708 12,708 (100)(100)

0.720.72(100)(100)


10.09 10.09 10,192 10,192 (80)(80)

0.990.99(138)(138)

V2V2 FloodingFlooding 8.40 8.40 12,727 12,727 (100)(100)

0.660.66(100)(100)


8.69 8.69 10,105 10,105 (79)(79)

0.860.86(130)(130)

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Process of soil redox change during Process of soil redox change during intermittent irrigationintermittent irrigation

Time(h)

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

0 24 48 72 96 120

Eh

(mv)

Water-dry

Dry-water

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Grain production and fertilizer Grain production and fertilizer consumptionconsumption

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

78-80 81-85 86-90 91-95 96-00 01-02

Year

Gra

in p

rod

uct

ion

(Mt)

05

1015

2025

3035

4045

50

Fer

tili

zer

com

sum

pti

on

(Mt)

Grain productionFertilizer consumption

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Effect of aerobic irrigation (AI) and standing water irrigation (CK) on soil redox

- 350

- 300

- 250

- 200

- 150

- 100

- 50

0

50

100

150

200

TP TL FL MTGrowth stage

Eh

mV

（）

I RICK

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Transplanting in shallow water

Tillering in wet and shallow water

Drainage at enough plant number

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Control unproductive tillers

Make leaves erect

Improve roots

Maintain aerobic soil

Recover irrigation

at 3-5 days before PI

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Seedlings with more tillers in seedbed

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Demonstration of integrated rice management technique

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1. Integrated rice management 1. Integrated rice management technology --technology --

starting with high-yielding variety starting with high-yielding variety

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2. Water saving (aerobic 2. Water saving (aerobic irrigation)irrigation)

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Wet Dry

WetShallow water

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5. Higher yield5. Higher yield

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Relation of plant density to yield Relation of plant density to yield in single season ricein single season rice

2002 2003

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

7 10 13 16 19

Pl ant densi ty(hi l l / m2)Yi

eld(

t/ha

)

I I you7954

Li angyoupei j i u0

2

4

6

8

10

7 10 13 16 19

Pl ant densi ty(hi l l /m2)

Yiel

d(t/

ha)

Zhongyou 6

Li angyoupei j i u

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Relationship between seedling age and yield and Relationship between seedling age and yield and its components of hybrid rice(Yueyou938) after its components of hybrid rice(Yueyou938) after

green manure applications in Xianju, Zhejianggreen manure applications in Xianju, Zhejiang

Seedling age Seedling age (days)(days)

Grain yield Grain yield (t/ha)(t/ha)

Grain Grain number number

(1000/m(1000/m22))

%% 1000 grain 1000 grain weight (g)weight (g)

%%

00 8.78 8.78 35.635.6 100100 25.425.4 100 100

88 8.53 8.53 36.136.1 101101 26.226.2 103 103

1313 9.47 9.47 44.044.0 124124 25.625.6 101 101

1818 9.09 9.09 43.843.8 123123 25.425.4 100 100

2323 8.71 8.71 37.537.5 105105 25.825.8 102 102

2828 8.34 8.34 36.536.5 103103 26.326.3 104 104

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Relationship between seedling age and yield and Relationship between seedling age and yield and its components of hybrid rice (Yueyou938) in its components of hybrid rice (Yueyou938) in

fallow field in Xianju, Zhejiangfallow field in Xianju, Zhejiang

Seedling Seedling age (days)age (days)

Grain yield Grain yield (t/ha)(t/ha)

Grain Grain number number

(1000/m(1000/m22))

%% 1000-grain 1000-grain weight (g)weight (g)

%%

00 7.717.71 29.0129.01 100100 26.026.0 100100

88 8.038.03 31.6831.68 109109 25.825.8 9999

1313 9.249.24 38.9938.99 134134 25.525.5 9898

1818 8.988.98 38.8338.83 134134 25.625.6 9898

2323 8.188.18 32.7132.71 113113 25.825.8 9999

2828 7.357.35 27.1727.17 9494 26.026.0 100100

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Effects of nitrogen application on yield and its components Effects of nitrogen application on yield and its components

of hybrid rice (Yueyou938) in Xianju, Zhejiangof hybrid rice (Yueyou938) in Xianju, Zhejiang

Nitrogen Nitrogen rate rate

(kg/ha)(kg/ha)

Panicle Panicle (m(m22))

Filled Filled grainsgrains

(no./pan.)(no./pan.)

FertilityFertility

(%)(%)

100- grain 100- grain weight (g)weight (g)

Yield Yield (t/ha)(t/ha)

120120 199.4 199.4 174.0 174.0 89.289.2 25.425.4 8.86ab8.86ab

150150 223.4 223.4 171.8 171.8 87.087.0 25.625.6 9.24a9.24a

180180 221.9 221.9 146.3 146.3 91.491.4 25.825.8 8.53bc8.53bc

210210 215.9 215.9 149.0 149.0 92.092.0 25.925.9 8.52bc8.52bc

240240 230.9 230.9 146.1 146.1 90.390.3 26.226.2 8.44c8.44c

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Comparison of yield in SRI and check (Jiayou 99, 2003)

TRTR PaniclePanicless

(no./m(no./m22))

GGrains rains (no./pa(no./panicle)nicle)

FertilitFertility y

(%)(%)

Grain Grain weightweight

(g /1000)(g /1000)

Yield Yield

(t/ha)(t/ha)RelativRelative yield e yield

(%)(%)

SRISRI 215.7215.7 222.8222.8 91.291.2 25.325.3 11.111.1 119.4119.4

CKCK 209.6209.6 191191 92.692.6 25.125.1 9.39.3 100.0100.0

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Yield Yield componentcomponent

Yield increaseYield increase

(t/ha(t/ha22))Contribution Contribution

(%)(%)

PaniclePanicle 0.270.27 15.715.7


1.381.38 80.180.1

Grain weightGrain weight 0.070.07 4.34.3

TotalTotal 1.731.73 100.0100.0

Analysis of factors of yield increase in SRI compared with check

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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Days af ter sowi ng

Ste

m n

um

ber(

no

/hil

l)

SRI

CK

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Days af ter sowi ng

Ste

m n

um

ber(

no

/m2

) SRICK

Pattern of tiller growth in SRI and check

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6. Model of SRI practiced

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SRI practices used with Indica SRI practices used with Indica hybrid rice in South Chinahybrid rice in South China

1) Medium/young age seedling with 4-5 1) Medium/young age seedling with 4-5

leavesleaves

2) Sparser planting: 12-15 hills/m2) Sparser planting: 12-15 hills/m22 with 1- with 1-

2 plants for large panicle/strong 2 plants for large panicle/strong

tillering CV, and 15-18 hills/mtillering CV, and 15-18 hills/m22 with 1-2 with 1-2

plants for medium panicle/ tillering CV plants for medium panicle/ tillering CV

3) Shallow-moisture 3) Shallow-moisture – – dry (SMD) irrigation dry (SMD) irrigation

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Seedling raising in tray

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3 DAS

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16 DAS

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Transplanting in shallow water layer

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25 DAS

60/8533 DAS33 DAS

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45 DAS

Without water layer

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65 DAS

53 DAS53 DAS

65 DAS

63/85floweringFlowering

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SRI practices used with Japonica SRI practices used with Japonica variety in Northeast Chinavariety in Northeast China

1) 5- leaf seedlings1) 5- leaf seedlings

2) Sparse planting: 14-18 hills/m2) Sparse planting: 14-18 hills/m22 with with

1-2 plants for large panicle/strong 1-2 plants for large panicle/strong

tillering CVtillering CV

3) Shallow-moisture 3) Shallow-moisture ––dry irrigation dry irrigation

systemsystem

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、

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Moist soil

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Rice machine transplanting Rice machine transplanting technology with pot-mat technology with pot-mat

seedlingsseedlings

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Mat seedling Pot-mat seedling

Mat seedling and pot-mat Mat seedling and pot-mat seedlingseedling

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Pot-mat seedling

2 DAT

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Technology demonstration

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Comparison of yield of machine Comparison of yield of machine transplanting of pot-mat seedling and transplanting of pot-mat seedling and

traditional (mat) seedlingtraditional (mat) seedlingProvinceProvince SeasonSeason Pot-mat Pot-mat

seedlingseedlingTradition Tradition

seedlingseedlingYield increase Yield increase

(%)(%)

HeilongjiangHeilongjiang SingleSingle 671.8 671.8 605.8 605.8 10.9 10.9

NingxiaNingxia SingleSingle 675.8 675.8 615.3 615.3 9.8 9.8

GuangdongGuangdong EarlyEarly 638.1 638.1 568.7 568.7 12.2 12.2

LateLate 613.4 613.4 547.7 547.7 12.0 12.0

JiangxiJiangxi EarlyEarly 498.6 498.6 482.1 482.1 3.4 3.4

ZhejiangZhejiang SingleSingle 615.7 615.7 594.4 594.4 3.6 3.6

EarlyEarly 516.6 516.6 427.0 427.0 21.0 21.0

LateLate 445.0 445.0 406.1 406.1 9.6 9.6

MeanMean 584.4 584.4 530.9 530.9 9.6 9.6

80/85Thank you

1005 The System of Rice Intensification

Technology

Transcript of 1005 The System of Rice Intensification