10 Pump Primer Explain how interest groups are different from political parties?
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Transcript of 10 Pump Primer Explain how interest groups are different from political parties?
10
Pump Primer
Explain how interest groups are different from political parties?
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Interest Groups
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Biblical Integration
Christians must constantly be wary of violating Scriptural convictions in order to please others. John 12:42-43
Video: The Big Picture 10
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Edwards_Ch10_Interest_Groups_Seg1_v2.html
Learning Objectives
Describe the role of interest groups in American politics
Compare and contrast the theories of pluralism, elitism, and hyperpluralism
10.1
10.2
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Learning Objectives
Analyze the factors that make some interest groups more successful than others in the political arena
Assess the four basic strategies that interest groups use to try to shape policy
10.3
10.4
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Learning Objectives
Identify the various types of interest groups and their policy concerns
Evaluate how well Madison’s ideas for controlling the influence of interest groups have worked in practice
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10.5
10.6
Video: The Basics
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg2_InterestGroups_v2.html
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Role of Interest Groups
Interest groups pursue policy goals An organization of people with shared policy
goals entering the policy process at several points to try to achieve those goals
Different from political parties Do not run candidates Policy specialists, not generalists
25,000 interest groups Technology aids lobbying to reach both
policy makers and the public
10.1
a. 5,000
b. 25,000
c. 100,000
d. 50,000
10.110.1 How many interest groups are there in the United States?
a. 5,000
b. 25,000
c. 100,000
d. 50,000
10.110.1 How many interest groups are there in the United States?
Video: In Context 10.1
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg3_InterestGroups_v2.html
Theories of Interest Group Politics
Pluralism
Elitism
Hyperpluralism
10.2
Pluralism
Group theory of politics Groups link people and government Groups compete No one group likely to become dominant Groups play by the rules of the game Groups weak in one resource can use another
Concessions Some groups stronger than others All interests do not get equal hearing
10.2
Elitism Groups are unequal in power Real power held by a few
Held by the largest corporations (multinational corporations)
78% of Americans share this view Power of a few is fortified by interlocking
directorates (group of directors) Other groups win minor policy battles, but
corporate elites win the big decisions. Lobbying benefits the few at the expense of
the many
10.2
Video: In the Real World
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg5_InterestGroups_v2.html
10.2
Hyperpluralism
Interest group liberalism Groups out of control Government tries to appease all of them
Budgets, programs, regulations expand
Iron triangles A tight, ongoing relationship between interest groups, the
federal agency that oversees policy related to their interest—and the congressional committee in charge of handling relevant policy
Contradictory and confusing policy results
10.2
a. Elitism
b. Hyperpluralism
c. Pluralism
d. None of the above
10.210.2 Which theory of interest group politics views interest groups positively?
a. Elitism
b. Hyperpluralism
c. Pluralism
d. None of the above
10.210.2 Which theory of interest group politics views interest groups positively?
What Makes an Interest Group Successful?
Surprising Ineffectiveness of Large Groups
Intensity
Financial Resources
10.3
Smaller groups have advantage Potential group
All people who might be group members because they share
some common interest Actual group
Those in the potential group who choose to join Collective good - benefits even nonmembers Free-rider problem
Offer some sort of reward for joining the group that’s
unavailable to nonmenbers = selective benefits
Selective benefits some sort of reward for joining the group that’s
unavailable to nonmembers
Surprising Ineffectiveness of Large Groups
10.3
Intensity
Develop psychological (mental) advantage
Single-issue groups On the rise Dislike compromise Ex. Abortion, Gay Marriage, etc.
10.3
Financial Resources
System is biased toward wealthy 2008 federal elections cost $5 billion Donations lead to access
But $$$ does not always lead to lobbying success Other side contributes, too
10.3
Chart: The Power 25 10.3
a. Other side can also make contributions
b. Campaign contributions are too restricted to make a significant difference
c. Most groups cannot afford to buy politicians
d. Most politicians refuse to accept interest group contributions
10.310.3 Why does money not always lead to lobbying success?
a. Other side can also make contributions
b. Campaign contributions are too restricted to make a significant difference
c. Most groups cannot afford to buy politicians
d. Most politicians refuse to accept interest group contributions
10.310.3 Why does money not always lead to lobbying success?
How Groups Try to Shape Policy
Lobbying
Electioneering
Litigation
Going Public
10.4
Lobbying
Two types of lobbyistsFull-time employeeTemporary employee Often former legislators
Why do Congressmen listen to lobbyists? Lobbyists provide specialized expertise Lobbyists help with political & campaign
strategy Lobbyists provide ideas
10.4
FIGURE 10.1: Industries’ big spenders on lobbying, 2009-2011
10.4
NRA 10.4
Here, a shooting instructor fires a high-power pellet rifle in the indoor range at the 2012 annual meeting of the NRA, which was attended by more than 70,000 members.
For years, the National Rifle Association has successfully lobbied against gun control measures, arguing that the Second Amendment to the Constitution guarantees all citizens the right to bear arms.
Electioneering
Aiding candidates financially
Getting out the vote
PACs Political funding vehicles created by the 1974
campaign finance reforms $5,000 limit in primary and general election Mainly support incumbents
Should PACs be eliminated?
10.4
Explore Interest Groups: Can Interest Groups Buy Public Policy?
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/long/long_edwards_mpslgia_16/pex/pex10.html
10.4
Litigation
Suing for enforcement Environmental regulations Civil rights groups – 1950s
Amicus curiae (-ˈkyu̇� r-ē-) briefsFriend-of-the-court” briefs
Class action lawsuits Group of people combine their common
grievances into a single suit
10.4
Going Public
Public opinion influences policy makers
Mobilize public opinion Send postcards E-mails Petitions
Public relations (PR) Campaigns in national media Pays off for big business
10.4
Interest group ad 10.4
Interest groups spent more than $100 million appealing to public opinion during the debate over health care in 1994.
In a counter-ad produced by the Democratic National Committee, the argument was made that opponents of the Clinton health care plan were using scare tactics.
"Harry and Louise" Health Care Advertisements
10.4
a. Lobbying
b. Litigation
c. Electioneering
d. Going public
10.410.4 On what tactic do interest groups rely to influence policy when Congress is unsympathetic?
a. Lobbying
b. Litigation
c. Electioneering
d. Going public
10.410.4 On what tactic do interest groups rely to influence policy when Congress is unsympathetic?
Explore the Simulation: You Are a Lobbyist
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/long/long_longman_media_1/2013_mpsl_sim/simulation.html?simulaURL=16
10.4
Types of Interest Groups
Economic interests
Environmental interests
Equality interests
Consumer and other public interest lobbies
10.5
Economic Interests Labor
Unions Organizations press for policies to ensure better
working conditions and higher wages. About 10 million Americans belong to labor unions, or
about 12% of the workforce, down from 33% in 1956 Closed shop versus “right-to-work”
“Closed shop” - labor unions make membership mandatory
“Right-to-work” - forbid unions to require membership
10.5
Wisconsin collective bargaining fight 10.5
Despite protests by union members and supporters, the Wisconsin state legislature passed, and the governor signed a bill taking away collective bargaining rights from public sector employees.
Economic Interests
Business Wealthiest and most powerful lobbyist and PACs Favors the party in power – paying for access
Business interests not monolithic Policy differences among industries
Ex. Trucking and rail businesses would favor different policies
10.5
FIGURE 10.2: How corporate PACs have shifted toward the majority party
10.5
Environmental Interests
Sprang up since 1970 More than 10,000 groups with $2.9 billion
revenue
Profound policy impact Influential due to numbers, not money Strong public support
10.5
Save the polar bear 10.5
Some interest groups use unconventional methods to get attention for their views and demands. The environmental activist group Greenpeace is well known for coming up with activities the media can hardly ignore.
Do these attention-grabbing tactics work to influence citizens to get elected officials to hear their demands?
Equality Interests Fourteenth Amendment guarantees
Minorities NAACP/Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Desegregation of education Overruled “separate but equal”
Social welfare policies
Women National Organization for Women (NOW) Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
Amendment three states short of ratification
10.5
Consumer and Other Public Interest Lobbies
Policies in the public interestCollective goods
What is the public interest? Each public interest group believes it knows
what’s in the public interest Ex. Religious groups believe they’re
acting in the public interest when they seek to impose their moral views on everyone
10.5
Video: Thinking Like a Political Scientist
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg4_InterestGroups_v2.html
10.5
a. Economic groups
b. Environmental groups
c. Consumer groups
d. Women’s rights groups
10.510.5 Which interest groups are the best funded?
a. Economic groups
b. Environmental groups
c. Consumer groups
d. Women’s rights groups
10.510.5 Which interest groups are the best funded?
Understanding Interest Groups
Interest Groups and Democracy
Interest Groups and the Scope of Government
10.6
Interest Groups and Democracy
Does pluralism prevail? James Madison - opposing interests would counteract each other Growth in number of interest groups Less clout for any one group
Interest group corruption? Business PACs Wealthy groups dominate
Gridlock? Difficult to initiate major policy change due to the variety
of interests
10.6
Interest Groups and the Scope of Government
Individualistic and associational Interest groups channel political participation
and facilitate representation of individual interests
Difficult to reduce spending Everyone wants cuts, just don’t cut their
program
Vicious circle Groups lead to policy Policy prompts new groups to form
10.6
a. They do not see a problem with large numbers of groups
b. They think too many groups competing will lead to policy gridlock
c. They believe that a few groups will triumph over all the others
d. None of the above
10.610.6 What do hyperpluralists see as a problem with the proliferation of interest groups?
a. They do not see a problem with large numbers of groups
b. They think too many groups competing will lead to policy gridlock
c. They believe that a few groups will triumph over all the others
d. None of the above
10.610.6 What do hyperpluralists see as a problem with the proliferation of interest groups?
Discussion Question
What are the three main theories ofinterest group politics?
Which theory do you think provides the most accurate explanation for how interest groups interact with government in the U.S. today?
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Video: So What?
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Edwards_Ch10_Interest_Groups_Seg6_v2.html
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Video Citation:"Harry and Louise" Health Care Advertisements. YouTube.com. 20 Jul 2009. CNN. Web. 28 Jul 2014. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CwOX2P4s-Iw
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