1.0 Key Issue Review Mb - Conglobal Gas Seminar 05.2012

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C t i ti fRfi td Cont amination ofR efrigerat ed Container Systems Container Systems Review of Key Issues Presented by Mike Baldwin id dC O fC Gl b l d i 1 President andCEO ofConGlobal Industries May 1, 2012

Transcript of 1.0 Key Issue Review Mb - Conglobal Gas Seminar 05.2012

Page 1: 1.0 Key Issue Review Mb - Conglobal Gas Seminar 05.2012

C t i ti f R f i t dContamination of Refrigerated Container SystemsContainer Systems

Review of Key Issues

Presented by Mike Baldwinid d C O f C Gl b l d i

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President and CEO of ConGlobal IndustriesMay 1, 2012

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Introduction and Background

ConGlobal Industries

• 23 Locations – Three Countries

20 000 G t M / W k• 20,000+ Gate Moves / Week

• 150,000 TEU Storage Capacity

• 800 International Employees

• 3,000+ Reefer Repairs / pretrips / week

• Dealership for all reefer manufacturers in various ConGlobal locations

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Introduction and Background

Container Owners Association (COA)www.containerownersassociation.org www.containerownersassociation.org 

• Trade Association with 300 members +/‐

• Coordinating International initiatives with TT Club, CRT, IICL, Reefer M f SS Li L d O h I d E (iManufactures, SS Lines, Lessors and Other Industry Experts (ie: DuPont)

• Hosted four educational sessions

• 2011 ‐ Hamburg and London

• 2012 ‐ Singapore and Antwerp

• Depot division role

• Vetting various testing methods

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• Global testing and contamination survey

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Agenda

• History of incidentsHistory of incidents • Understanding the chemistry and theories• Experience of other industriesExperience of other industries 

• Global efforts to eliminate counterfeit supplyGlobal efforts to eliminate counterfeit supply• Identify clean and contaminated units• ConGlobal policies and procedures• ConGlobal policies and procedures  

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First Cases in Vietnam April 2011

• Two units exploded in two daysdays

• Both units under PTI

• Units had gas service three• Units had gas service three to four weeks before 

• Authorities sealed off terminal

• Very little evidence availableavailable 

• Conclusion – Possible leak testing with oxygen

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North America Incident

Engineer reports gas burning spontaneously in air – August 2011

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North America Incident

• Opening high pressure valve on compressor – liquid emerging started burning 

• Samples taken from the compressor showed:compressor showed: 

• R134a – 32%• R40 – 6%• R133a – 11 5%• R133a – 11.5% • TMS – 12%• Neopentane – 13%• Isobutane – 2 6%Isobutane 2.6%• trace quantities of several 

other gases

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Gas extraction and testing was done by McCampbell Analytical Labs (www.mccampbell.com)

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South America Incident – Fall 2011

• Engineer identifies low gas• Engineer identifies low gas and connects R134a supply during PTI

• Explosion of compressor

• Samples taken for forensic analysis – compressor now at CRT (Cambridge, U.K.)

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South America Incident ‐ Continued

• Compressor filled with• Compressor filled with black sludge

• No aluminum componentsNo aluminum components remaining 

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South America Incident ‐ Continued

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Other Units

• Lack of aluminum components remaining

• Most machine types have been affected   

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China Incident 

• Similar damage to• Similar damage to Vietnam explosion

• White AluminumWhite Aluminum Oxide visible 

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China Incident  ‐ Continued

Corrosion to stainless steel lining  

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Other Industries – Affected 

• 2009: Public Transport Company, Southern  Bus A/C Unit

Europe• Several injuries (poisoning and explosion)• AC hoses and seals disintegrated • POE oil, belt driven compressors , p

• 2009: Fridges, Germany• Product recall• Hermetic compressors• Hermetic compressors 

• 2010: Vehicles • Currently in investigation• PAG oil, belt driven compressors

• 2012: Commercial Refrigeration, Australia• Product recall

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• Product recall 

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Chemistry – Theory 

• Fake gas contains 50% R40 (methyl chloride or chloromethane)

• R40 reacts quickly with aluminum components in compressor

• Chloromethane + aluminum• Chloromethane + aluminum 

trimethyl aluminum + aluminum chloride

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TMA – trimethyl aluminum

• Pyrophoric in air and water – burns spontaneously

• Melts at 15ºC, boils at 127ºC

• Powerful reducing agent

• Reacts strongly with :

• Water, oxidizers, alcohols, amines, amides, inorganic hydroxides, carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride, halon, halogens and halogenatedhydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen or sulpher, y , g p ,phenols and many others 

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Chemistry Theory Continued

• Chemistry is complex and remains somewhat unclear

• Many variables – Quantity and makeup of counterfeit gas, and make/model of reefer

POE il l l• POE oils play a role

• Low pressure (or vacuum) possible by R40 converting to solid/liquid TMAsolid/liquid TMA

• TMA reacts with R134a further reducing pressure as TMA forms in the systemy

• Idle compressor – TMA may build up when R134a has been ‘used up’

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Coupon Test – Pressure Rise 

• Pressure rise from reactions can exceed compressor maximum operating• Pressure rise from reactions can exceed compressor maximum operating pressure and may cause rupture to occur

• Higher temperature = higher pressure rise

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• POE oil contributes to pressure rise

Copyright © 2012 Carrier Transicold, “All Rights Reserved.”

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Coupon Test – Gas Sample 

19 Copyright © 2012 Carrier Transicold, “All Rights Reserved.”

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Possible Causes of Explosion  

• New R134a added may react strongly with TMA in compressor probably causing an HF reaction (hydrogencompressor probably causing an HF reaction (hydrogen fluoride)

• Air in the system may start a chain reaction with TMA leading to an explosion:

• Moisture enters the system leading to explosion

• Ultra high temperatures / pressures possible when operating a contaminated unit

• Other ignition source (i.e. internal spark)

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Signs to Watch For  

• Slight Gas – Dark and Cloudy or “Foamy”• Unusual noise from compressor – knocking and buzzing

• Unusually high compressor temperature 

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Fake Gas Supply  

• In other industries, supply of fake R134a found in Asia, Middle East and Southern Europe

• In our industry, fake R134a found in Africa, China, Philippines, Spain and Vietnam

l d h d d l f d b d d/• Gas cylinders on ships tested and also found to be contaminated and/or counterfeited

• Gas manufacturers confiscated fake product and are working to prosecute counterfeits

• Russian authority confiscated 1150 cylinders totaling 19 tonnes of counterfeit R134a gascounterfeit R134a gas

• At least three different types of fake gas found with only one containing R40

• Other gases used: R12, R22, R30, R142b

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g , , ,

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Fake Refrigerant 

Note: DuPont spelled with lower case “p Dupont”

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DuPont – Fake Gas Tank 

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DuPont – Fake Gas Tank 

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Testing for R40 and Chloride in Gas

• VOC Detectors (volatile organic compounds) d ’ k i h R40most don’t work with R40

• Infra Red Analyzers – difficulty in distinguishing between R134a and R40

• Halide Flame Test – sensitive to 300 PPMHalide Flame Test  sensitive to 300 PPM• Dangerous gas emitted

G S iff T b iti t 10 PPM• Gas Sniffer Tubes – sensitive to 10 PPM

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Testing for R40 – Gas Chromatography

b O l i i d• Laboratory Only – Requires trained VOC Chemist to competently operate 

• Test cost of $250.ºº / $350.ºº (Lab costs)

• Perform GC after positive chloride test

• Use MS – Mass Spectrometry –Use MS  Mass Spectrometry Open Scan

• http://www.mccampbell.com/

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McCampbell GC‐MS Lab Summary 

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COA Global Test Survey – Sample Size  

• Period – December 2011 – May 2012

• Sample size 744• Sample size ‐ 744

• Location – seven cities in four regions (Europe, M i N Z l d d U it d St t )Mexico, New Zealand, and United States)

• Container Owners – 17 Shipping Lines/Lessors

• If a unit failed the field test, a GCMS test was performed

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COA Global Test Survey – Test Results

Flame TestUnits Not Serviced Vietnam

% of Units Not Serviced in Vietnam

Units Serviced in Vietnam

% of Units Serviced in Vietnam

Failed * 42 13% 49 12%

Passed 287 87% 366 88%

Grand Total 329 415

* Positive chloride contamination** no TMA identified in GCMS tests (to date)( )** 1 TMS contamination identified in GCMS test

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COA Global Test Survey – Test Results

– HCC40 – R152a

In addition to R134a, samples also contained:– HCC40

– R11

– R12

– R14

– R152a

– Bromomethane

– 1‐Nitro‐propane

– 5 6‐dimethyl‐5 6‐dicarbadecaborane– R14

– R22

– R112

R113

– 5.6‐dimethyl‐5,6‐dicarbadecaborane 

– FC1131

– FC1122

FC133a– R113

– R122

– R123

R124

– FC133a

– Isobutane

– Neopentane

Tetramethysilane– R124

– R132a

– R134b

R142b

– Tetramethysilane

– Methylbutane

– 1,1‐Dichlorethane 

Trichlororthene

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– R142b

– R143a

– Trichlororthene

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Summary – “What Have We Learned?” 

• All Counterfeit gas found to date have chloride containing component gasses

• Chlorinated gas will reduce the performance and useful life of reefers (particularly aluminum components)

• Some chlorinated gas (i.e. R40) is very aggressive and can create extremely dangerous conditions (TMA‐TMS – other?)

Chl i t d (i l di R40) h b f d i Vi t• Chlorinated gas (including R40) has been found in non Vietnam serviced reefers

• Chlorinated gas can be safely and reliably screened for by typical field applications

• Exact chemistry and causes of past explosions (or potential future explosions) is not 100% clear or certain

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explosions) is not 100% clear or certain

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ConGlobal Policies Developed To: 

• Ensure worker safety

• Mitigate the introduction and proliferation of counterfeit g pgas or contaminated gas

• Safeguard customer equipment

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R134a Refrigerated Container Technicians Handbook 

• New R134a bottle testing procedures

• Other operating safety policies and procedures

• Start up protocolp p

• Schrader valve protocol

• Safe Gas Extraction and Field testing of R134a (C‐GEARS)Safe Gas Extraction and Field testing of R134a (C GEARS)

• Code of conduct for reefer gas handling – All ConGlobal Technicians – Mitigate the introduction and spread of contamination

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Th k YThank YouQuestions?Questions? 

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