10. A New Civilization Emerges

CHAPTER 15A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe

World Civilizations: The Global ExperienceFifth Edition

Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert

Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

Chapter 15: A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. Stages of Postclassical DevelopmentII. The High Middle Ages III. Changing Economic and Social Forms in the Postclassical CenturiesIV. The Decline of the Medieval Synthesis



I. Stages of Postclassical Development

6th to 10th centuriesFragmentation prevails

Catholic church strong

IberiaArab Muslims

Core: France, Low Countries, Germany

Later, England

Scandinavian VikingsRaids from 8th to 10th

centuries

Literacy declinesexcept among churchmen




A. The Manorial System: Obligations and Allegiances

Local, personal political organization

ManorialismAgricultural economyReciprocal obligations

In-kind labor for produceSerfdom

800sAgricultural innovationMoldboardCrop rotation




B. The Church: Political and Spiritual Power

Popes follow Roman organizationAppoint bishopsSponsor missionaries

MonasticismBenedict of Nursia

Benedictine ruleSpiritual functions

HolinessNetworkPilgrimage centers

Secular functionsEducationLarge estatesShelter travelers

Universities, from 13th century




C. Charlemagne and His SuccessorsFrankish Carolingian dynasty

Charles Martel732, Tours

Charles the Great (Charlemagne)800, crowned emperorCopied Roman central

administration814, death

Empire fragments

843, Treaty of VerdunThree kingdoms

Holy Roman emperorsRuling Germany, Italy

Charlemagne’s Empire and Successor States




D. New Economic and Urban VigorAgricultural improvements

Increased productionSurplus, wealth, population

growth

Towns growLiteracy expands

EducationCathedral schools, from 11th

centuryUniversities, from 13th

century




E. Feudal Monarchies and Political Advances

Personal relationship

Military service for land

Some lords emerge more powerful

e.g. Capetian kings of France

Develop bureaucracies, states

William the Conqueror

1066, Norman conquest of England

Centralized government

Sheriffs, courts




F. Limited GovernmentPolitical fragmentation continues

Monarchs limited by church, nobles, towns

1215, Magna CartaKing John recognizes supremacy of

written law

Representative bodiesCatalonia, from 1000England, from 1265

Monarchs continue to increase in power

Large conflictse.g. Hundred Years War




G. The West's Expansionist ImpulseGermanic knights

From 11th century, into eastern Germany, Poland

IberiaNorthern Christian states begin

reconquista

VikingsCross Atlantic

CrusadesCalled by Urban II, 1095Initial successNew contact with Islam

H. Religious Reform and EvolutionGregorian reform, 11th century

Based in monasteriesGregory VII

Separation of secular and religious spheres

Mendicants, 13th centurySt. France, St. Clare, St. Dominic



II. The High Middle Ages

A. Theology: Assimilating Faith and Reason

Exploration of Greek philosophyPeter Abelard, 12th century

Rational examination of doctrine

Bernard of ClairvauxOpposed to Abelard's approachMysticism

Debate in universities

Thomas AquinasSummas

Faith primary, reason leads to understanding

Scholasticism

Roger Bacon



II. The High Middle Ages

C. Religious Themes in Art and Literature

Romanesque architectureEspecially monastic buildings

GothicFrom 11th century

12th centuryVernacular, secular literaturee.g. Song of RolandGeoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury

TalesTroubadours



III. Changing Economic and Social Forms in the Postclassical Centuries

A. New Strains in Rural Life

Peasants v. landlords

Peasants slowly gain

B. Growth of Trade and Banking

Commerce expands

Mediterranean zone joined with North Sea, Baltic

Money replaces barter

Banking, insurance merge

Hanseatic Leage

Northern Germany, southern Scandinavia

Merchants relatively free

But relatively low status

Guilds

Craft associations

Protect markets

Ensure standards

Social role



III. Changing Economic and Social Forms in the

Postclassical Centuries

C. Limited Sphere for WomenWomen generally lose ground

Some opportunities as nuns



IV. The Decline of the Medieval Synthesis

Widespread warfare from 1300 to 1500

Hundred Years WarWeakens feudal order

Population outstrips agricultureFamines

Bubonic Plague (Black Death)from 1348

A. Signs of StrainAristocracy lose military

purposeFoot soldiers more importantIncreasingly decorative

Church increasingly rigid

B. The Postclassical West and Its Heritage

Formative periodDynamic change

Western Europe towards the End of the Middle Ages

10. A New Civilization Emerges

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