1. What is shown here? weather or climate ?

2. What has been the main source of the CO2 emissions shown in yellow below?

3. (a) How would the Earth surface temperature change in response to a change like the one depicted in red below? (b) Explain. [hint: only consider the direct effect of the change shown below]

4. What gas, other than CO2, is the main contributor to the natural greenhouse effect of the Earth’s atmosphere?

aphelion

with an atmosphere without atmosphere

5. What is the name of this layer?

earth surface

temperature

profile

6. List all types of ‘weather’ (wx) reported on 16 UTC on 2/16/03 in NC. Hint: wx reports are in purple.

7. In what layer of the atmosphere is the ozone concentration largest?

8. Why does a sunset look red?

9. How much is the net long-wave radiation at the Earth surface, in units of the Fig below? (positive means that the Earth surface is gaining energy)

10. Which one of the 5 surface energy fluxes is certainly less than its global mean value, shown below, in case of a dry desert surface at

local noon in summer?

11. Use the image below to explain why polar regions generally are colder than tropical regions

12. Explain this paradox: the Earth is closer to the Sun in January than in July, yet it is colder then.

Earth’s orbit

January

NH winterJuly

NH summer92 million miles

95 million miles

a. At which of these two places is the annual mean temperature the lowest?b. Where is the daily temperature range largest?c. Where is the annual temperature range largest?

14. Explain (a, b and c)

(hint: both places are along the Pacific coast)

Santa Cruz, CA: mean temperature

ºF Max Min Mean

Winter 61.0 39.6 50.3Summer 74.6 50.8 62.7average 67.8 45.2 56.5

ºF Max Min Mean

Winter 31.7 21.4 26.6Summer 62.7 47.0 54.9average: 47.2 34.2 40.7

Juneau, AK: mean temperature13

15. Explain why the minimum temperature on calm, clear nights is lower in valleys than on adjacent hillsides.