1.1. What is the earth’s primary source What is the earth’s primary source of energy? of energy?

The Sun

2.2. What is the sun made of?What is the sun made of? Gas

3. Draw the sun and label the four 3. Draw the sun and label the four main parts. main parts.

4.4. Photos Photos

Light

5.5. SphereSphere

Ball

6.6. The photosphere is the surface The photosphere is the surface of the sun. What does it do?of the sun. What does it do?

Radiates light from the sun

7. The sun’s photosphere is composed 7. The sun’s photosphere is composed of 90%__________ and 10%_________.of 90%__________ and 10%_________.Hydrogen Helium

Hydrogen atoms

8. Chromosphere8. ChromosphereThin layer of hot gases

9. Corona9. CoronaOutermost portion of the solar atmosphere

10.10. Solar WindSolar WindStreams of protons and electrons that boil from the corona

11. Sunspot11. Sunspot

Dark areas on the surface of the photosphere

12. Why do sunspots appear dark?12. Why do sunspots appear dark?

Because of their cooler temperature, 1500 k (2240.33 °F) less than the surrounding solar surface.

13. Prominences13. Prominences

Huge cloudlike structures made of chromospheric gases

14. Solar Flare14. Solar Flare

Brief outbursts of energy from a sunspot

Solar Flare

15. What do solar flares release?15. What do solar flares release?

Ultraviolet, radio, and X-ray radiation

16. What causes an Aurora?16. What causes an Aurora?

A strong solar flare

17. What is another name for an Aurora?17. What is another name for an Aurora?

Northern and Southern Lights

18. Deep in its interior, the sun 18. Deep in its interior, the sun produces energy by a process known produces energy by a process known as __________ _________.as __________ _________.Nuclear Fusion

H

H

19. What happens during the process of 19. What happens during the process of nuclear fusion?nuclear fusion?

• Four hydrogen nuclei are converted into the nucleus of a helium atom• Energy is released

20. What is Einstein’s equation and 20. What is Einstein’s equation and what does it mean?what does it mean?

• E = mc2• The energy of an object is equal to its mass X the speed of light squared

1. Electromagnetic Radiation1. Electromagnetic Radiation

Types of energy.

Gamma rays

X-rays

Ultraviolet light

Visible light

Infrared radiation

Microwaves

Radio waves

Longer wavelength

Shorter wavelength

2. Wavelength2. Wavelength

Distance from one wave crest (top) to the next.

3. Frequency3. Frequency

The number of waves in a certain distance.

4. Electromagnetic Spectrum4. Electromagnetic Spectrum

Arrangement of waves according to their wavelength and frequencies.

5. Speed of Light5. Speed of Light300,000 km/s or 3.0 x 105 km/s or 3.0E5 km/s.All forms of energy waves travel at this speed.

How fast is the speed of light in miles per hour?

1 km per hour = _______________ mph0.621371192

300,000 km per second X 60 seconds = 18,000,000 km per hour

18,000,000 km per hour X 0.621371192 = 11,184,681.456 mph

6. Visible Light6. Visible Light

The band of electromagnetic radiation we can see.

7. Photon7. Photon

Stream of light particles, a small particle of light.

8. Radiation Pressure

The force exerted by photons.Photons actually push on matter.

RadiationThe transfer of energy (heat) through space by electromagnetic waves.

COLOR WAVELENGTH

Violet 380-440

Blue 440-500

Green 500-560

Yellow 560-590

Orange 590-640

Red 640-750

Table 1: Colors and Corresponding Wavelengths

9. Which color has the longest 9. Which color has the longest wavelength? wavelength?

RED

10. Which color has the highest 10. Which color has the highest frequency? frequency?

VIOLET

Longer wavelength =Longer wavelength =

Shorter wavelength =Shorter wavelength =

Lower Frequency

Higher Frequency

More Energy

Spectroscopy

24.1 The Study of Light

Absorption Spectrum• An absorption spectrum is a continuous

spectrum produced when white light passes through a cool gas under low pressure. The gas absorbs selected wavelengths of light, and the spectrum looks like it has dark lines superimposed.

Spectroscopy

24.1 The Study of Light

• An emission spectrum is a series of bright lines of particular wavelengths produced by a hot gas under low pressure.

Emission Spectrum

• When the spectrum of a star is studied, the spectral lines act as “fingerprints.” These lines identify the elements present and thus the star’s chemical composition.

Formation of Spectra

The Doppler Effect

24.1 The Study of Light

The Doppler effect is the apparent change in frequency of electromagnetic or sound waves caused by the relative motions of the source and the observer.

In astronomy, the Doppler effect is used to determine whether a star or other body in space is moving away from or toward Earth.

The Doppler Effect

Doppler effect on light