1 Unit C: Usage of Graphics in Agricultural Economics Lesson 2: Creating Effective Graphics.

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Unit C: Unit C: Usage of Graphics in Usage of Graphics in

Agricultural Agricultural EconomicsEconomics

Lesson 2: Lesson 2:

Creating Effective GraphicsCreating Effective Graphics

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TermsTerms

AverageAverageBest Fit LineBest Fit LineDataDataDependent VariableDependent VariableIndependent VariableIndependent VariableLegendLegendPointPointOriginOriginScaleScaleSourceSourceTitleTitleX-AxisX-AxisY-AxisY-Axis

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Factors for Developing GraphicsFactors for Developing Graphics

II. It is important to consider various factors that . It is important to consider various factors that enhance the effectiveness of graphics. enhance the effectiveness of graphics. Graphics must be created in a manner that allow Graphics must be created in a manner that allow the reader to quickly and easily understand the the reader to quickly and easily understand the data and important information. data and important information. A. When creating graphics it is of utmost importance to A. When creating graphics it is of utmost importance to

transfer the collected data to the graphic accurately transfer the collected data to the graphic accurately and correctly. Without information that is correct, and correctly. Without information that is correct, readers may misunderstand the data or be confused readers may misunderstand the data or be confused about the relevance of the graphic.about the relevance of the graphic.

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B. The type of data being used must also B. The type of data being used must also be considered when creating graphics. be considered when creating graphics. 1. Many different types of data can be placed 1. Many different types of data can be placed

into each type of graphic.into each type of graphic.a. Data that compares items over time is best a. Data that compares items over time is best

illustrated in a line or bar graph.illustrated in a line or bar graph.b. Data that shows the relationship between two b. Data that shows the relationship between two

items is best illustrated in a scatter plot.items is best illustrated in a scatter plot.c. Data that shows the parts that comprise a whole c. Data that shows the parts that comprise a whole

are best illustrated using a pie chart or are best illustrated using a pie chart or cosmograph.cosmograph.

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2. The information that is most important should be 2. The information that is most important should be clearly represented with the graphic. After viewing clearly represented with the graphic. After viewing graphics, readers will draw conclusions from the given graphics, readers will draw conclusions from the given data. The creator of the graphic can affect the data. The creator of the graphic can affect the conclusions that readers make by carefully selecting conclusions that readers make by carefully selecting the type of graphic to illustrate the data. The way in the type of graphic to illustrate the data. The way in which the graphic is created also affects the which the graphic is created also affects the conclusions that readers make.conclusions that readers make.

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a. Different colors should a. Different colors should be used to show be used to show different data or different data or highlight important highlight important information. information.

b. A proper b. A proper scalescale should should be used to effectively be used to effectively illustrate data. A scale illustrate data. A scale is a series of numbers is a series of numbers to show how many to show how many things are being things are being measured.measured.

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i. The scale must be determined based upon the i. The scale must be determined based upon the data. If the range of the scale is too large, the data. If the range of the scale is too large, the change in data may be difficult to see. If the range change in data may be difficult to see. If the range of the scale is too small, not all data will be shown of the scale is too small, not all data will be shown properly on the graphic. properly on the graphic.

ii. Typical scales may be measured by one's (0, 1, ii. Typical scales may be measured by one's (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), five's (0, 5, 10, 15, etc.) or ten's (0, 2, 3, 4, etc.), five's (0, 5, 10, 15, etc.) or ten's (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, etc.)10, 20, 30, 40, etc.)

iii. Other scales may be used, but must be an equal iii. Other scales may be used, but must be an equal pattern.pattern.

a. An equal pattern is any set of numbers and equal a. An equal pattern is any set of numbers and equal distant apart. (Example: 0, 2, 4, etc.)distant apart. (Example: 0, 2, 4, etc.)

b. Unequal patterns should not be used like 0, 1, 5, 8, etc.b. Unequal patterns should not be used like 0, 1, 5, 8, etc.

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Parts of GraphicsParts of Graphics

IIII. To properly display a . To properly display a graphic, these parts graphic, these parts must be included to must be included to help the reader help the reader understand the data.understand the data.A. The A. The title title gives a gives a

short description of the short description of the data within the data within the graphic.graphic.

Title

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B. The B. The data data informs the informs the reader. This is the reader. This is the most important part most important part of the graphic.of the graphic.

The data is illustrated by The data is illustrated by the blue dots on this the blue dots on this graphicgraphic

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C. The C. The legend legend assists assists the reader in the reader in understanding the understanding the data. The legend data. The legend defines the meaning defines the meaning of colors, shapes, and of colors, shapes, and other objects within other objects within the graphic.the graphic.

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D. The D. The source source is the is the place that the data place that the data was obtained. This was obtained. This must be included must be included when the data was when the data was collected by another collected by another individual, business, individual, business, or organization.or organization.

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E. Some graphics have E. Some graphics have an an x-axisx-axis and a and a y-axisy-axis..1. The x and y axis 1. The x and y axis

meet together at the meet together at the originorigin to form a 90 to form a 90 degree angle that degree angle that looks like the corner of looks like the corner of a box.a box.

Title

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2. The x-axis is the horizontal 2. The x-axis is the horizontal line located near the line located near the bottom of the graphic. On bottom of the graphic. On line and bar graphs, this line and bar graphs, this axis lists dates of time or axis lists dates of time or names of groups. On names of groups. On scatter plots, this axis scatter plots, this axis includes a scale. A label includes a scale. A label must be included to must be included to describe the type of facts describe the type of facts or scale that is listed. If or scale that is listed. If needed, the unit of needed, the unit of measurement should also measurement should also be included.be included.

Title

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3. The y-axis is the vertical line 3. The y-axis is the vertical line located near the left side of the located near the left side of the graphic. Usually along this graphic. Usually along this axis, a scale includes numbers axis, a scale includes numbers to show how many things are to show how many things are being measured. A label must being measured. A label must be included to describe the be included to describe the scale that is listed. If needed, scale that is listed. If needed, the unit of measurement the unit of measurement should also be included.should also be included.

4. When appropriate, the scale 4. When appropriate, the scale can be shown on the x-axis can be shown on the x-axis while the names of groups are while the names of groups are shown on the y-axis.shown on the y-axis.

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Types of GraphicsTypes of Graphics

IIIIII. Graphics are excellent illustrations that . Graphics are excellent illustrations that are used to more clearly convey are used to more clearly convey information. These are particularly information. These are particularly important tools when the information is important tools when the information is complex. When developed and drawn complex. When developed and drawn properly, graphics assist writers properly, graphics assist writers communicate data and readers communicate data and readers understand data.understand data.A. A line graphA. A line graph is a graphic that compares is a graphic that compares

changes over time.changes over time.

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1. Line graphs utilize 1. Line graphs utilize points points connected by lines to show connected by lines to show changes over time. Points changes over time. Points are dots placed on the are dots placed on the graph using the values graph using the values given by the data.given by the data.

a. To begin drawing a line a. To begin drawing a line graph, the x-axis and y-graph, the x-axis and y-axis should be drawn.axis should be drawn.

b. Develop and write the b. Develop and write the title above the line graph title above the line graph axes.axes.

c. If the data is taken from a c. If the data is taken from a specific source (book, specific source (book, periodical, website, etc) periodical, website, etc) list the name of the list the name of the organization or source organization or source below the line graph axes.below the line graph axes.

Growth Comparison of John and Jill

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Types of GraphicsTypes of Graphicsd. Looking at the data, determine the d. Looking at the data, determine the

scale that should be used for the scale that should be used for the x-axis and y-axis. x-axis and y-axis.

i. The first number of the scale on i. The first number of the scale on each axis must begin at or below each axis must begin at or below the data with the lowest value. the data with the lowest value. Likewise, the last number of the Likewise, the last number of the scale on each axis must end at or scale on each axis must end at or above the data with the highest above the data with the highest value.value.

ii. The numbers on the scale must be ii. The numbers on the scale must be in equal intervals. Scales may in equal intervals. Scales may use any interval selected by the use any interval selected by the creator of the graph. Examples of creator of the graph. Examples of scale intervals include: one's (0, 1, scale intervals include: one's (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.); two’s (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 2, 3, 4, etc.); two’s (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, etc.); five's (0, 5, 10, 15, etc.); or etc.); five's (0, 5, 10, 15, etc.); or ten's (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, etc.)ten's (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, etc.)

e. Label each axis with a description e. Label each axis with a description of the type of data represented.of the type of data represented.


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f. Plot the points using f. Plot the points using the data.the data.

g. Draw a line g. Draw a line connecting the points.connecting the points.i. A i. A best fit linebest fit line may may

drawn to show the drawn to show the averageaverage change over change over time. The average is a time. The average is a general summarization general summarization of the values. of the values.


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Types of GraphicsTypes of Graphics2. Several data sets can be plotted on 2. Several data sets can be plotted on

one graph using different colors or one graph using different colors or types of lines (dashed, dotted, etc.)types of lines (dashed, dotted, etc.)

a. If this method is used, a legend must a. If this method is used, a legend must be added to describe each line.be added to describe each line.

3. Example Problem: John wanted to 3. Example Problem: John wanted to compare his growth with his sister’s compare his growth with his sister’s growth. Both John and Jill have growth. Both John and Jill have recorded their height each year from recorded their height each year from ages 10-15. ages 10-15.

John’s HeightJohn’s Height Jill’s HeightJill’s HeightAge 10- 1m 57cm Age 10- 1m 57cm Age 10- 1m 40cmAge 10- 1m 40cmAge 11- 1m 60cmAge 11- 1m 60cm Age 11- 1m 43cmAge 11- 1m 43cmAge 12- 1m 64cmAge 12- 1m 64cm Age 12- 1m 47cmAge 12- 1m 47cmAge 13- 1m 68cmAge 13- 1m 68cm Age 13- 1m 54cmAge 13- 1m 54cmAge 14- 1m 71cmAge 14- 1m 71cm Age 14- 1m 59cmAge 14- 1m 59cmAge 15- 1m 79cmAge 15- 1m 79cm Age 15- 1m 62cmAge 15- 1m 62cm


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B. A pie chartB. A pie chart is a is a graphic that shows graphic that shows parts of a whole.parts of a whole.1. Pie charts utilize a 1. Pie charts utilize a

circle with divided circle with divided sections that show sections that show different parts.different parts.

a. To draw a pie chart, a. To draw a pie chart, draw a circle.draw a circle.

b. Develop and write the b. Develop and write the title above the pie charttitle above the pie chart

Dave's Usage of Time in One Day

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c. If the data is taken from a c. If the data is taken from a specific source (book, specific source (book, periodical, website, etc) list the periodical, website, etc) list the name of the organization or name of the organization or source below the pie chart.source below the pie chart.

d. Using the data, divide the pie d. Using the data, divide the pie into representative sections for into representative sections for each category. each category.

e. Use a different color or pattern e. Use a different color or pattern for each section to show them for each section to show them more clearly.more clearly.

f. Draw the legend to one side of f. Draw the legend to one side of the pie chart to label the color the pie chart to label the color or pattern assigned to each or pattern assigned to each category.category.


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2. Example Problem: Dave wants 2. Example Problem: Dave wants to better understand how he is to better understand how he is using his time. On a typical day, using his time. On a typical day, he recorded the activities he he recorded the activities he completed and how much time completed and how much time they took. they took.

Eating- 3 hoursEating- 3 hoursGetting ready for school- 1 hourGetting ready for school- 1 hourSchool- 6 hoursSchool- 6 hoursRecreation- 3 hoursRecreation- 3 hoursHomework- 1 ½ hoursHomework- 1 ½ hoursGetting ready for bed- ½ hourGetting ready for bed- ½ hourSleeping- 9 hoursSleeping- 9 hours


Eating


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3. Fractions or 3. Fractions or percentages can also percentages can also be added to the pie be added to the pie chart for a clearer chart for a clearer understanding. understanding.


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C. A bar graphC. A bar graph is a graphic is a graphic that compares things that compares things between different groups between different groups or changes over time.or changes over time.1. Bar graphs utilize bars to 1. Bar graphs utilize bars to

compare or show changes compare or show changes over time.over time.

a. To begin drawing a bar a. To begin drawing a bar graph, the x-axis and y-graph, the x-axis and y-axis should be drawn.axis should be drawn.

b. Develop and write the b. Develop and write the title above the bar graph title above the bar graph axes.axes.

Favorite Animals

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c. If the data is taken from a c. If the data is taken from a specific source (book, specific source (book, periodical, website, etc) periodical, website, etc) list the name of the list the name of the organization or source organization or source below the bar graph axes.below the bar graph axes.

d. Looking at the data, d. Looking at the data, determine and draw the determine and draw the scale on the y-axis. scale on the y-axis. Label the category names Label the category names on the x-axis.on the x-axis.

e. Label each axis with a e. Label each axis with a description of the type of description of the type of data represented.data represented.

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Types of GraphicsTypes of Graphicsf. Using the data, draw and f. Using the data, draw and

shade the bar above the first shade the bar above the first category name. The bar category name. The bar should be shaded from the x-should be shaded from the x-axis up to the value across axis up to the value across from the y-axis. Repeat this from the y-axis. Repeat this step for all categories.step for all categories.

g. If needed, draw a legend near g. If needed, draw a legend near the graphic to describe each the graphic to describe each shade.shade.

2. A bar graph should not be 2. A bar graph should not be used to compare items over used to compare items over time if more than 10 specific time if more than 10 specific time periods are given. time periods are given. Instead, a line graph would Instead, a line graph would more clearly represent this more clearly represent this data. data.

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3. Example Problem: Students in an 3. Example Problem: Students in an animal husbandry wanted to find the animal husbandry wanted to find the most popular animal among people most popular animal among people younger than age 10 and people younger than age 10 and people age 11 and older. Their survey of age 11 and older. Their survey of 100 people found these results.100 people found these results.

Age 10 and youngerAge 10 and younger Age 11 and olderAge 11 and older

Cow- 8Cow- 8 Cow- 11Cow- 11Dog- 20Dog- 20 Dog- 25Dog- 25Gerbil- 15Gerbil- 15 Gerbil- 7Gerbil- 7Lynx- 1Lynx- 1 Lynx- 11Lynx- 11Monkey- 17Monkey- 17 Monkey- 16Monkey- 16Sheep- 4Sheep- 4 Sheep- 1Sheep- 1

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D. A scatter plotD. A scatter plot is a is a graphic that shows graphic that shows how two things relate.how two things relate.1. Scatter plots utilize 1. Scatter plots utilize

points to show the how points to show the how one variable affects one variable affects the other variable.the other variable.

a. To begin drawing a a. To begin drawing a scatter plot, the x-axis scatter plot, the x-axis and y-axis should be and y-axis should be drawn.drawn.

Correlation of Height and Weight

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i. The x-axis should show i. The x-axis should show the the dependent variabledependent variable, , the item that is always the item that is always constant.constant.a. Dependent variables a. Dependent variables

include percentages, include percentages, prices, years, and other prices, years, and other scales that tell how much scales that tell how much or how many. or how many.

ii. The y-axis should show ii. The y-axis should show the the independent independent variablevariable, the item that , the item that changes because of the changes because of the change in the dependent change in the dependent variable.variable.


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b. Develop and write the title b. Develop and write the title above the scatter plot axes.above the scatter plot axes.

c. If the data is taken from a c. If the data is taken from a specific source (book, specific source (book, periodical, website, etc) list the periodical, website, etc) list the name of the organization or name of the organization or source below the scatter plot source below the scatter plot axes.axes.

d. Looking at the data, determine d. Looking at the data, determine and draw the scale on the x-and draw the scale on the x-axis and y-axis. axis and y-axis.

e. Label each axis with a e. Label each axis with a description of the type of data description of the type of data represented.represented.


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f. Plot the points using f. Plot the points using the data.the data.i. Several data sets can i. Several data sets can

be plotted on one be plotted on one graph using different graph using different symbols for each symbols for each point.point.

g. If needed, draw a g. If needed, draw a legend near the legend near the graphic to describe graphic to describe each line or symbol.each line or symbol.


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Types of GraphicsTypes of Graphics2. Example Problem: The physical 2. Example Problem: The physical

education class recorded each education class recorded each person’s height and weight to see person’s height and weight to see if there was a strong pattern if there was a strong pattern between the two variables.between the two variables.

HeightHeight WeightWeight182 cm182 cm 95 kg95 kg155 cm155 cm 73 kg73 kg143 cm143 cm 45 kg45 kg167 cm167 cm 77 kg77 kg166 cm166 cm 80 kg80 kg150 cm150 cm 52 kg52 kg171 cm171 cm 60 kg60 kg177 cm177 cm 87 kg87 kg160 cm160 cm 50 kg50 kg


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3. If all the points on a 3. If all the points on a scatter plot show a scatter plot show a similar trend, a best fit similar trend, a best fit line may be drawn to line may be drawn to show the average show the average relationship between relationship between the two items.the two items.


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E. A E. A cosmograph cosmograph is a is a graphic that uses a graphic that uses a picture to show parts of a picture to show parts of a whole.whole.1. Cosmographs utilize a 1. Cosmographs utilize a

picture or map to show picture or map to show data for different parts.data for different parts.

a. To create a cosmograph, a. To create a cosmograph, draw or trace the picture draw or trace the picture or map.or map.

b. Develop and write the b. Develop and write the title above the picture.title above the picture.

Fat

Vitamins

Nutrients in Goat Milk

Water

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Sugars

Minerals

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c. If the data is taken from a c. If the data is taken from a specific source (book, specific source (book, periodical, website, etc) periodical, website, etc) list the name of the list the name of the organization or source organization or source below the picture.below the picture.

d. Using the data, shade d. Using the data, shade the picture appropriately.the picture appropriately.

e. Draw a legend near the e. Draw a legend near the graphic to describe each graphic to describe each shade.shade.

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ProteinFat

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2. Example Problem: Mr. Smith 2. Example Problem: Mr. Smith obtained the nutritional obtained the nutritional information for ¼ liter goat’s information for ¼ liter goat’s milk. He created a milk. He created a cosmograph as a simple way cosmograph as a simple way to show his students.to show his students.

Total Fat- 10 gramsTotal Fat- 10 gramsTotal Sugars- 11 gramsTotal Sugars- 11 gramsTotal Protein- 9 gramsTotal Protein- 9 gramsMinerals- 1.99 gramsMinerals- 1.99 gramsVitamins- 1.01 gramsVitamins- 1.01 gramsWater- 211 gramsWater- 211 grams

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ReviewReview

What are the factors to be considered What are the factors to be considered when developing effective graphics?when developing effective graphics?

What are the parts of a graphic? What are the parts of a graphic?

How do I draw each graphic? How do I draw each graphic?

1 Unit C: Usage of Graphics in Agricultural Economics Lesson 2: Creating Effective Graphics.

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Transcript of 1 Unit C: Usage of Graphics in Agricultural Economics Lesson 2: Creating Effective Graphics.