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Transcript of 1. TITLE · 1. TITLE North Eastern Climate Change Adaptation Programme (NECCAP) 2. NAME OF THE...
1. TITLE
North Eastern Climate Change Adaptation Programme (NECCAP)
2. NAME OF THE PARTICIPANT, HIS AFFILIATION/ADDRESS
Umakant
Director
Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region
Vigyan Bhawan Annexe, Maulana Azad Road
New Delhi-110002
3. ABSTARCT
The problem of Climate Change has now unequivocally been accepted by the global
community; India cannot afford to be an exception as Green House Gases don’t recognise
political boundaries. India’s North Eastern Region (NER) is a compact land mass which
contributes substantially in terms of forest resources to the national average of forest cover of
23.9%. NER constitutes one of the twelve bio-diversity hotspots having more than one-third
of country's bio-diversity. Significance of NER is even strategic for the country and
therefore, stability of the area from socio-politico and economic angles becomes all the more
important. Geological instability of NER is significantly influenced by the young Himalayan
stretch which forms source of various rivers and rivulets.
North Eastern Region is critical from climate change perspective as more than two-third of
population in the target States (Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Sikkim) is
basically rural and depend on climate-sensitive natural resources such as agriculture, forest
biodiversity and water availability. While Mitigation strategies have not yet taken off in
NER, adaptation measures have been initiated under the aegis of Indo-German cooperation in
association with German International Cooperation (GIZ).
In order to adapt better to likely adverse consequences of climate change, this programme
envisages reducing vulnerability of local populace to climate change in a target-oriented
manner by implementing adaptation strategies. This will help agro-forestry based livelihood
systems to become sustainable and climate-friendly.
NECCAP qualifies to contribute significantly to various missions of National Action Plan on
Climate Change; viz. Green India Mission, Mission on Himalayan Eco-Systems, National
Mission on Strategic Knowledge on Climate Change, Mission on Sustainable Agriculture and
National Water Mission.
4. KEY WORDS
North Eastern Climate Change Adaptation Programme (NECCAP), Climate Change, North
Eastern Region, mitigation, adaptation, National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC),
State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC), Green India Mission, Programme
Implementation Consultant (PIC).
5. INTRODUCTION
India has been one of the major developing countries who advocate for preparedness
for likely adverse impacts of climate change. North Eastern Region (NER) of the country, by
virtue of having more than 60% of its geographical landscape under forest and tree cover,
acts as a major contributor to the overall forest and tree cover of India, which is around
23.9%. NER constitutes one of the twelve bio-diversity hotspots having more than one-third
of country's bio-diversity. While mitigation strategies of climate change goals in the country
are under way, adaptation has to go hand-in-hand. Adaptation for North Eastern Region – a
compact landscape - is crucial as more than two-third of population in the target States
(Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Sikkim) is basically rural and depend on
climate sensitive natural resources such as agriculture, forest biodiversity and water
availability.
Significance of NER is strategic and therefore, stability of the area from socio-politico
and economic perspectives becomes all the more important. Geological instability of NER is
significantly influenced by the young Himalayan stretch which forms source of various rivers
and rivulets. NER is highly vulnerable to changing trends of climate –
(i) Agriculture production is highly impacted negatively due to high incidence of shifting
cultivation, paucity of land actually available for cultivation, pre-dominance of small
and marginal farmers and small holdings; lack of adoption of improved agricultural
technologies and use of high yielding varieties, chemical fertilizers, modern
implements etc.
(ii) North East Region is one of country’s richest regions in terms of natural resources yet
trailing behind rest of the country in terms of per capita income and on Human
Development Indices. Some of the indicators include:
o Low per capita Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) of North Eastern states,
o Poor geographical connectivity with mainland
(iii) High prevalence of natural disasters (floods, cyclones and droughts etc.)
o Weak institutional structures for managing natural resources.
o The region is characterized by extensive flood plains posing threats to
agricultural crops.
o Deficit and irregular rainfall resulting into situation of droughts whereas
erratic rainfall creates situation of floods, especially in Assam.
(iv) Changes in trends of meteorological parameters likely to impact forests and
livelihoods of dependent communities (workers in forest-based industries).
Hence, in order to adapt better to likely adverse consequences of climate change, this
programme will help reducing vulnerability of local populace to climate change in a target-
oriented manner by implementing adaptation strategies which will help agro-forestry based
livelihood systems to become sustainable and climate-friendly.
World Bank, Department for International Development (DFID) and Swiss Development
Cooperation – implementing /preparing Climate Change Adaptation Programme in India –
are focussing on drought-prone areas of Central and South India. NECCAP in NER, under
the aegis of Indo-German Agreement, aims at supporting Government of India to establish
instruments to deal with current and future impacts of climate change by designing and
implementing adequate climate change adaptation measures.
NECCAP is envisaged to contribute significantly to various missions of National
Action Plan on Climate Change; viz. Green India Mission, Mission on Himalayan Eco-
Systems, National Mission on Strategic Knowledge on Climate Change, Mission on
Sustainable Agriculture and National Water Mission.
Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (M/o DoNER) will be the sponsoring
Ministry for KfW assisted NECCAP. KfW (Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau),
Entwicklungsbank shall work on behalf of German Federal Ministry for Economic
Cooperation and Development (BMZ).
6. MATERIAL AND METHODS
6.1 General objective and specific objectives of the programme are as under:
The general objective of North East Climate Change Adaptation Programme (NECCAP) is
“To strengthen adaptive capacities of target groups, therewith reducing their vulnerability to
Climate Change in a target-oriented manner”.
The specific objectives of NECCAP are to:
a. Improve stock of natural resources in supported states or regions.
b. Increased productivity in agricultural sector of selected varieties/crops and income of
target group especially women in provinces/districts supported by GDC.
c. Increase in NRM investments of Indian private sector (households, enterprises,
business associations, producer associations, NGOs) based on loans instead of public
demands.
As part of Indo-German Programme, NECCAP happens to be one of the first of its kind
investment programmes of German Government (KfW) for adaptation to climate change in
north-eastern India. The programme, being participated by states of Assam, Meghalaya,
Mizoram, Nagaland and Sikkim will strengthen rural vulnerable target groups, comprising
over 80% of population, in adapting better to likely consequences of climate change. The
objective will be achieved by supporting their livelihood system and agriculture in a
sustainable and climate-friendly manner, therewith reducing their vulnerability to climate
change.
6.2 Project financing:
6.2.1 Total cost of the project over the proposed duration:
Total cost of the project is Rs. 648.05 crore (€ 99.7 million) (over the proposed duration of
seven years comprising funds from German Development Bank, Ministry of DoNER,
participating States and beneficiaries at District and Village levels (in kinds). Details of
contributions are as under:
S.No. Contributions Amount
(In '000 Euro)
Amount
(In Rupees lakh)
Percentage
1. German FC (Loan-
Reduced Interest
Loan)
70,000 45,500 70%
2. German FC (Loan
– IDA)
5,000 3,250 5%
3. German FC (Grant
– Consulting)
3,700 2,405 4%
4. DoNER 9,970 6,481 10%
5. States 6,030 3,919 6%
6. Beneficial
Contributions
5,000 3,250 5%
Total Programme
Costs
99,700 64,805 100
Out of the total project cost of EUR 99.7 million (Rs. 648.05 crore), KfW Entwicklungsbank
on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
(BMZ), will make available a co-financing of up to EUR 78.7 million (Rs. 511.55 crore).
This includes loan amount up to EUR 75 million:
70 million EUR reduced interest loan: duration: 12 years, grace period: 3 years;
5 million EUR IDA loan: duration: 40 years, grace period: 10 years; standard IDA
terms apply.
The agreement on financing contribution of EUR 1 million grants for Accompanying Measures,
with consent of DEA, has already been signed on 31st May 2012 which is meant for advanced
preparatory activities for NECCAP.
The state level total costs and financing has been kept flexible. The financial volume of total
project proposals submitted by 5 states exceeds considerably total funds available under the
Programme. The initial amount reserved from KfW for all participating states will be 30 million
EUR (10 for Assam, 5 each for Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim and Mizoram). Actual allocation
will depend on successfully prepared and sanctioned sub-proposals and on the implementation
performance in the respective state. The initial allocation shall be reviewed and adjusted
periodically depending upon the implementation performance of participating states.
6.3 Proposed duration of the project
7 (Seven) Years [From 2014-15 to 2020-21]
6.4 Specific measurable and monitor-able targets (against the baseline data) proposed
to be achieved by the project/ scheme:
NECCAP will be implemented in 478 selected villages in 17 Districts of 5 NE States which
will benefit around 5,60,171 people as per 2001 census. As the project targets climate change
impacts vulnerable sectors; namely, water, agriculture, forestry, livelihood, etc., the baselines
are established for impacted sectors based on reports of Initial National Communication
(INC) to the UNFCCC.
Some of the indicators of target sectors for the project are:
● aggregated indicators for the adaptive capacity of target groups:
1. income of target groups shall increase;
2. percentage of population below poverty line in programme villages shall
decrease;
3. sources of income for vulnerable communities/households shall diversify.
● specific sectoral indicators, depending on sectors of specific CCA subproject
proposal;
4. increase of agricultural productivity,
5. increase of water availability,
6. improved forest/vegetation cover,
7. reduced damage due to floods (damage costs, reduced flooded agricultural
area)
However, the baseline would be validated at the time of actual implementation of project.
The project will be evaluated periodically based on targets fixed in the Project Design Report.
Progress of the project will be measured / verified with reference to Baseline Survey Data
which will be collected at the beginning of the project. Apart from routine monitoring, there
will be mid-term Survey and end-line Survey which will be carried out by the 'third party'.
The key indicators and means of verification shall be also finalised beforehand.
6.5 Brief explanation of the project Design along with all components of the project is
as under:
The Programme will focus on climate resilient sustainable management of natural resources
in most climate vulnerable districts of participating states. The innovative component of the
Programme is selection and prioritisation methodology of programme districts with respect to
their vulnerability to impacts of climate change.
In addition, individual project activities will be selected according to their climate change
adaptation relevance. Implementation of individual project measures will be carried out
according to established project concepts. In general, the FC measures are envisaged to
provide three core services in all selected districts of the participating States:
a) Establishment of appropriate selection and planning mechanism of adaptation
measures;
b) Implementation of selected adaptation measures;
c) Support of mainstreaming of climate change awareness at all levels of government.
A programme management manual and a plan of operations for the Programme will be
worked out during inception phase of the programme (first half year) with the support of the
consultant.
A milestone review will be conducted by DoNER and KfW on the basis of an independent
mid-term review after Programme year 2.
The general objective of the programme is “to strengthen the adaptive capacities of target
groups, therewith reducing their vulnerability to climate change in a target-oriented manner”.
The project objectives will be achieved through following components:
o Water resource development in water stressed and erosion prone areas (e.g.
construction of check dams and water reservoirs cum fish production; spring
development);
o Watershed and wetland rehabilitation in all types of land;
o Optimization of Jhuming (shifting cultivation) systems in hilly areas;
o Riverside plantation for improved flood protection and income generation, flood plain
forest restoration;
o Implementation of other improved agricultural models (e.g. introduction of flood and
drought tolerant crops);
o Promotion of diversified income sources for vulnerable communities (e.g. in flood
prone areas);
o Development and implementation of additional/other CCA relevant measures.
6.6 Project being region specific, the basis for selection of such locations is as under:
Selection of districts in this programme has been done by combining geographic and sectoral
prioritization and by following methodology -
1. level: Exclusion of no-go-districts -
- avoiding areas where project investments are at risk (e.g. mining areas)
- engagement of other donors (if risk of double financing and/or coordination
costs are too high)
2. level: Solution of districts with highest sectoral vulnerability
- Based on sectoral vulnerability indices (agricultural/ water/ forest
vulnerability), as developed by Ravindranath et al. (2010) for the results of
development of vulnerability index, after ground-truthing in respective state.
3. level: Selection of districts/ project areas with low adaptive capacity -
- a poverty index (population share BPL) served as proxy. BPL less than 40%
served as minimum requirement.
The per capita income of selected districts in NECCAP is considerably low with widespread
poverty coupled with relatively high income disparities. Out of 17 districts, twelve (12) with
rural per capita income even lower than World Bank poverty line of USD 1.25, and the
programme will focus on highly vulnerable and very poor population. Following districts
have been identified as vulnerable and eligible for inclusion into the FC programme:
State District Justification/CCA Relevance/Vulnerability
Assam
Western
Cluster
Goalpara Extremely Flood prone
Dhubri
Extremely Flood prone, very high
vulnerability due to high poverty
index
Central
Cluster Morigaon
Flood prone in the plain, droughts
in the upper highlands, high
poverty index
Eastern
Cluster
Lakhimpur
droughts in the upper highlands,
erosion, high relevance for
watershed development
Dhemaji
droughts in the upper highlands,
high poverty index, high
relevance for watershed
development
Sikkim South Sikkim
Both highly vulnerable due to
regional focussed droughts and
unbalanced rainfall; high potential
for spring development in favour
of highly vulnerable villages; both
highest poverty index in Sikkim
West Sikkim
Meghalaya East Garo Hills High drought risks and very high
State District Justification/CCA Relevance/Vulnerability
agricultural vulnerability
South Garo Hills
Very high poverty index, High
drought risks and very high
agricultural vulnerability
West Khasi Hills high agricultural vulnerability with
risk of spring floods
West Garo Hills
(partially)
Very high poverty index, with
flood (in the North) and drought
prone areas (in the South); prone
areas in West Garo Hills will be
covered from the East Garo Hills
district office; drought prone
areas of West Garo Hills will be
covered from the South Garo
Hills district office
Nagaland Longleng (former part
of the older
Tuanseng district)
Very high agricultural vulnerability
Mon
Very high poverty index, with very
high flood risks; Mon distict will
be covered from Longleng district office
Phek Water availability and drought
risks
Zunheboto
High flood and drought risks;
Zunheboto distict will be covered
from Phek district office
Mizoram Aizawl
High poverty index, with very
high flood risks.
Mamit Very high agricultural vulnerability
6.7 The mode of delivery involving Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local
Bodies:
The Programme does not intend to create any new village level institutions rather it aims to
strengthen and use the existing institutions in villages. The Village-based institutions will be
key Project Implementing Agencies. These institutions could be Joint Forest Management
Committees (JFMC), Self-Help Groups (SHG), Village Employment Committee and Village
Committees and/or Gram Panchayats. The role of supporting staff (from government or
NGOs) will be to support these village institutions in carrying out activity by providing
technical inputs and linkages with relevant support, etc. In many cases, households within
villages tend to be clustered into several smaller units called paras (hamlets) consisting of
more homogenous group (often a single tribe). The Project proposes to work through smallest
village groups and SHGs, as the case may be, which should also be linked with the elected
Village Committees and Gram Panchayats.
6.8 The legacy arrangements after the scheduled project duration are as under:
A core component of the project design is needs-based planning of interventions through
participatory micro-planning process, Therefore, a high level of ownership is also expected,
which is a pre-condition for upkeep and maintenance. This is to be supported by a
comprehensive capacity development programme to equip target households / communities
with all required skills and knowledge for sustainable operations of created assets;
communities and their organizations will be enabled / capacitated / empowered to sustain
assets from and with their own resources. An implicit objective here is to build on to existing
local knowledge and skills. The programme will also capitalize on mobilizing financial
resources through convergence with CSS and state programmes and community contributions
to develop a coherent and coordinated development process.
The programme will involve organizations especially the community based organizations;
back them with legal security like legalizing agreements, terms of use/reference, ownership,
etc. especially with regards to common assets.
Overall sound feasibility assessment of supported measures is essential which will help create
a good basis for sustainable operations.
6.9 Project administration:
NECCAP will be administered at three levels; i.e. at National level by PEA/MDoNER, at
Regional level by Regional PIA based in Shillong and at State level by State Nodal Agencies
headed by State Nodal departments of partner States. At all the levels, officials/staff will be
provided by Government of India/partner State Governments as the case may be. State
Governments' contribution and peoples' contribution are mainly in kinds, viz. like office
space, transport facilities, labour etc.
The technical assistance in NECCAP will be made available by hiring a Programme
Implementation Consultant (PIC) through KfW which will facilitate implementation of the
Programme at all levels. The proposed allocation of EUR 3.7 million under Accompanying
Measures is meant for the PIC and other allied services. The envisaged tasks under
Accompanying Measures are, however, complex and comprehensive and therefore detailed
Term of Reference, costs and financing of PIC shall be agreed upon by DoNER and KfW
mutually.
6.10 Project Human Resources:
Apart from Project administration as indicated above, being a new type of Programme, support
through qualified international and national experts is required. The consulting services and
other capacity development related inputs will be sourced in from the Programme funds
(including funds from Accompanying Measures). Services of the Programme Implementation
Consultant will be contracted with the assistance of KfW through the Ministry of DoNER.
Technical consulting input will be required at district level (design approval and implementation
monitoring) while programme management and monitoring support will be required at state and
regional levels at the respective project offices. The Programme Implementation Consultant will
support Programme Monitoring Unit (PMU) at Centre (M/o DoNER), Programme
Implementation Agency at regional level and CCA Societies/Councils at State level in all tasks
being referred as 'programme implementation' as described in this document. This also covers
providing support for preparation of Programme Manual, Plan of Operation (to be worked out in
first half year) specifying programme concept including necessary procedures at all levels. The
Programme Implementation Consultant will assist in the planning, administration, technical
steering and monitoring of the programme and will especially support identification, selection
and design of CCA projects. Further, the consultant will also assist supervision and
implementation of (sub-) projects.
6.11 Project implementation and monitoring:
6.11.1 At National Level –
Ministry of DoNER/Programme Executing Agency (PEA) shall have a Programme
Steering Committee (PSC) under the chairmanship of Secretary, with representation from 5
partner States, North Eastern Council, Ministry of Environment and Forests and KfW (as
observer). The PSC shall be responsible for overall monitoring and oversight of the
implementation of project.
6.11.1.1 Institutional arrangements:
The institutional arrangements for implementation of NECCAP are as under:
6.11.2 At Regional level –
The independen t P rogramme Implementa t ion Agency ( PIA), based in
Shi l long, will be respons ib l e fo r day to day p rogramme management . The
working body of PIA will consist of –
-One Project Director to be selected preferably from All India Service,
-One (or more) Programme Officer (s); and
-One officer for accounts and administration, and
- Support staff (deputed by GoI or hired from the market).
6.11.3 At State level –
Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) Societies will be taken on board. CCA nodal department
will act as chair and will involve relevant departments as members in effective
implementation of project activities.
The Programme Steering Committee, regional PIA as well as the CCA Societies /PIUs in
respective states will be technically supported by the Programme Implementation
Consultant funded from the project funds.
The monitoring system will be integrated into the governmental system. The
Programme Executing Agency (PEA), the Ministry of Development of North East
Region (DoNER) will set up an independent PIA for Climate Change Adaptation for
the North East.
At the state level, the respective Governments will set-up Project Management Units
(PMU) which will be responsible for coordination and implementation of the
activities with different line departments in their states.
The PIA for Climate Change Adaptation of NER will act as regional Project
Implementation Agency (PIA), will be responsible for technical steering, screening
and decision for funding specific proposals from the States, compilation of data for
the financial and physical monitoring and implementation of impact monitoring.
o Deploy and refine screening criteria and guidelines for design/re-design of
proposals for projects/ sub-projects from the participating states, and where
required, assist states in re-designing projects and sub-projects.
o Technical consulting input will be required at the district level (design
approval and implementation monitoring) while project management and
monitoring support will be required at the state level.
6.12 Mechanism of funding:
Flow Charts:
A. Common funds flow mechanisms for states:
B. Simplified funds flow mechanism from Centre to State (via Societies)
6.12.1 Details of Funding:
Regional Society
District (and/or
Block) Level Entity
Project Level
(Village/Municipal/Town Entity)
Funds Releases based on Approved Annual Budgets,
Expenditure Reviews, etc.
Funds Releases based on Approved Annual Budgets,
Expenditure Reviews, etc.
Management Funds State Government
Salaries of government personnel
on deputation, etc.
(10%)
State Level
Entity
Reimbursement claims
based on UCs
Reimbursement claims
based on UCs
I. DoNER will pre-finance the estimated first 1 year/6 months expenditure1 to the State
Society accounts;
II. State Societies will use these funds for programme implementation as agreed, and
request reimbursements from DoNER via the independent PMU/PIU (which will vet
these claims based on physical and financial monitoring) on a half-yearly or quarterly
basis (depending upon whether pre-financing was done for 1 year or 6 months)
supported by utilisation certificates (UCs) in the standard prescribed format by GoI.
III. DoNER will scrutinise the reimbursement claims, and forward these to KfW for
reimbursement, which will reimburse these to the GoI, which in turn will reimburse
the State Societies via DoNER.
IV. This process will ensure that at any given point of time, the State Societies will have a
half-yearly/quarterly budget available with them for programme implementation, and
will not have to wait for subsequent tranches of reimbursements to carry out
programme activities.
V. The agreed financial procedures will be documented and agreed in a NECCAP
Manual of Procedures to be prepared early in PY1;
VI. All requests from the Independent PMU/PIA to KfW for reimbursement will be
countersigned by the Implementation and Management Consultant;
VII. No fixed amounts will be allocated to state line departments. Disbursements will be
based on the successful implementation of sanctioned activities (investments) such as
those in the village micro-plans or in the state level annual plan of operations; and
VIII. State societies will transfer funds to the village programme accounts on the basis of
activity monitoring and reporting.
7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
As envisaged in the general as well as specific objectives of NECCAP in para 6.1 above, the
programme will strengthen rural vulnerable target groups of participating States, comprising
over 80% of population, in adapting better to likely consequences of climate change. The
objective will be achieved by supporting their livelihood system and agriculture in a
sustainable and climate-friendly manner, therewith reducing their vulnerability to climate
change.
NECCAP will be implemented in 478 selected villages in 17 Districts of 5 NE States which
will benefit around 5,60,171 people. As the project targets, climate change impacts
vulnerable sectors; namely, water, agriculture, forestry, livelihood, etc., the baseline are
established for impacted sectors based on reports of Initial National Communication (INC) to
the UNFCCC.
Some of the indicators of target sectors for the project are:
● aggregated indicators for the adaptive capacity of target groups:
1. income of target groups shall increase;
2. percentage of population below poverty line in programme villages shall
decrease;
3. sources of income for vulnerable communities/households shall diversify.
● specific sectoral indicators, depending on sectors of specific CCA subproject
proposal;
4. increase of agricultural productivity,
5. increase of water availability,
6. improved forest/vegetation cover,
7. reduced damage due to floods (damage costs, reduced flooded agricultural
area)
However, the baseline would be validated at the time of actual implementation of project.
The project will be evaluated periodically based on targets fixed in the Project Design Report.
Progress of the project will be measured / verified with reference to Baseline Survey Data
which will be collected at the beginning of the project. Apart from routine monitoring, there
will be mid-term Survey and end-line Survey which will be carried out by the 'third party'.
8. CONCLUSION
4th
Assessment Report of IPCC on climate change highlights the importance of synthesis of
Mitigation and Adaptation measures in combating adverse climate change effects. NER
being of paramount importance for the country deserves special treatment from the climate
change perspective. Mitigation initiatives might be on the radar of Ministry of Environment
and Forests; however, the role of Adaptation measures must be emphasised suitably so that
mitigation measures, as and when, started get a synergistic effect. Moreover, by ensuring
adaptation measures to counter likely adverse impact of climate change, biotic pressure on
forest areas will greatly be reduced leading to ample scope of provisions of REDD+. NER
forests witnessing deleterious effects owing to practice of shifting cultivation can ultimately
be saved.
There is still a need to take on board all the remaining states as climate adversities do not
honour political boundaries. Government of India with the consent of concerned remaining
State Governments should come forward to address the issue holistically.
9. REFERENCE
. Following documents provide base for formulating and firming up the Programme:
Government of India: National Action Plan on Climate Change (2008)
ÖBF / TERI: Report of the Fact Finding Mission regarding Indo-German Climate
Change Adaptation Programme (September 2008)
ÖBF / Winrock / TERI: Pre-feasibility Study for the Indo-German Climate Change
Adaptation Programme (July 2009)
IMaCS / ICRA: Designing Programme Management and Delivery Mechanisms for
the Climate Change Adaptation Programme in the Northeast (March 2010)
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore (Prof. Ravindranath et al): Climate Change
Vulnerability and Adaptation for North East India (March 2011)
Dr. Hünnemeyer et al: Reports on the Feasibility of a Project on Climate Change
Adaptation in Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim and Mizoram (September 2010).
***********