1 The Plasma Membrane The Plasma Membrane - Gateway to the Cell copyright cmassengale.

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The Plasma The Plasma MembraneMembrane -

Gateway to the CellGateway to the Cellcopyright cmassengale

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Photograph of a Cell Photograph of a Cell MembraneMembrane

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Cell MembraneCell Membrane

The cell membrane is flexibleflexible and allows a unicellular organism to move


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HomeostasisHomeostasis

•Balanced internal condition of cells

•Also called equilibrium•Maintained by plasma

membrane controlling what enters & leaves the cell


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Functions of Plasma Functions of Plasma MembraneMembrane

Protective barrierProtective barrier

Regulate transport in & out of Regulate transport in & out of cell cell (selectively permeable)(selectively permeable)

Allow cell recognitionAllow cell recognition

Provide anchoring sites for Provide anchoring sites for filaments filaments of cytoskeletonof cytoskeleton


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Functions of Plasma Functions of Plasma MembraneMembrane

Provide a binding site for Provide a binding site for enzymesenzymes

Interlocking surfaces bind cells Interlocking surfaces bind cells together (junctions)together (junctions)

Contains the cytoplasm (fluid in Contains the cytoplasm (fluid in cell) cell)


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Hydrophobic molecules pass easily; hydrophilic DO NOT

The cell membrane is made of 2 layers of phospholipidphospholipids called the lipid bilayerbilayer


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PhospholipidsPhospholipids

Make up the cell membrane

Contains 2 fatty acid chains that are nonpolarHead is polar & contains a –PO4 group & glycerol copyright cmassengale

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Polar heads are hydrophilichydrophilic “water loving”Nonpolar tails are hydrophobichydrophobic “water fearing”


Makes membrane “Selective” in what crosses


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FLUIDFLUID- because individual phospholipids and - because individual phospholipids and proteins can move around freely within the proteins can move around freely within the layer, like it’s a liquid.layer, like it’s a liquid.

MOSAICMOSAIC- because of the pattern produced by - because of the pattern produced by the scattered protein molecules when the the scattered protein molecules when the membrane is viewed from abovemembrane is viewed from above..

FLUID MOSAIC MODELFLUID MOSAIC MODEL


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Small molecules and larger hydrophobic molecules move through easily.e.g. O2, CO2, H2O

Semipermeable Semipermeable MembraneMembrane


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PhospholipidsPhospholipids

CholesterolCholesterol

Proteins-peripheral- (on the edge of the membrane)and integral- (also called intrinsic proteins, they are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer)

Membrane ComponentsMembrane Components


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Proteins are important Proteins are important structures in the cell structures in the cell

membranemembrane


Glyco –means “of or relating to sugar”Glycoproteins have the carbohydrate chain (They are also called Marker Proteins) they identify the cell- they are not transport proteins.

Glycolipids are lipids with carbohydrate chains attached. Their main function is to provide energy and serve as markers for

cellular recognition.

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What is the difference between glyco-proteins and glyco-lipids?

Glycoproteins are NOT energy storage molecules, they function in cell-cell recognition pathways. (They are

marker proteins.)

Glycolipids are energy storage molecules and they also those function in recognition, mostly in vesicle

trafficking pathways inside the cell, not in recognition between different cells.

They both have carbohydrate chains(This will not be on your test.)


Cell membrane components


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SolubilitySolubility•Materials

that are soluble in lipids can pass through the cell membrane easily


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Ions, hydrophilic molecules larger than water, and large molecules such as proteins do not move through the membrane on their own.

Semipermeable Semipermeable MembraneMembrane


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Types of Transport Types of Transport Across Cell Across Cell MembranesMembranes


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Simple DiffusionSimple Diffusion

• Requires NONO energy

• Molecules move from area of HIGH HIGH to LOWto LOW concentration


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DIFFUSIONDIFFUSION

Diffusion is a PASSIVEPASSIVE process which means no energy is used to make the molecules move, they have a natural KINETIC ENERGY


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Diffusion of LiquidsDiffusion of Liquids


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Diffusion through a Diffusion through a MembraneMembrane

Cell membrane

Solute moves DOWN concentration gradient (HIGH to LOW)copyright cmassengale

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OsmosisOsmosis• Diffusion of Diffusion of

waterwater across a across a membranemembrane

• Moves fromMoves from HIGH water HIGH water potentialpotential (low (low solute) tosolute) to LOW LOW water potentialwater potential (high solute)(high solute)

Diffusion across a membrane

Semipermeable

membrane


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Diffusion of HDiffusion of H22O Across O Across A MembraneA Membrane

High H2O potentialLow solute concentration

Low H2O potentialHigh solute concentration


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Cell in Isotonic SolutionCell in Isotonic Solution

CELLCELL

10% NaCL90% H2O

10% NaCL

90% H2O

What is the direction of water movement?The cell is at _______________.equilibrium

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

NO NET NO NET MOVEMENMOVEMENTT


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Cell in Hypotonic Cell in Hypotonic SolutionSolution

CELLCELL

10% NaCL90% H2O

20% NaCL

80% H2O

What is the direction of water movement? copyright cmassengale

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Cell in Hypertonic Cell in Hypertonic SolutionSolution

CELLCELL

15% NaCL85% H2O

5% NaCL95% H2O

What is the direction of water movement?

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT


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Cells in SolutionsCells in Solutions


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Isotonic Solution

NO NET MOVEMENT OF

H2O (equal amounts entering

& leaving)

Hypotonic Solution

CYTOLYSIS

Hypertonic Solution

PLASMOLYSIS


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Cytolysis & PlasmolysisCytolysis & Plasmolysis

Cytolysis Plasmolysis


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Osmosis in Red Blood Osmosis in Red Blood CellsCells

IsotonicIsotonic Hypotonic

Hypertoniccopyright cmassengale

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hypotonic hypertonic isotonic

hypertonic isotonic hypotonic


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Three Forms of Transport Across the MembraneThree Forms of Transport Across the Membrane


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Passive Passive TransportTransport

Simple DiffusionSimple Diffusion

Doesn’tDoesn’t require require energyenergy

Moves Moves high to lowhigh to low concentrationconcentration Example: Example: OxygenOxygen or or waterwater diffusing into a diffusing into a cell and cell and carbon carbon dioxidedioxide diffusing out diffusing out.


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Passive Passive TransportTransport

Facilitated diffusion

Doesn’t require energy

Uses transport proteins to move high to low concentrationExamples: Examples: GlucoseGlucose or or amino acidsamino acids moving moving from blood into a from blood into a cell.cell.


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Proteins Are Critical to Proteins Are Critical to Membrane FunctionMembrane Function


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Types of Transport Types of Transport ProteinsProteins

• Channel proteins are embedded in the cell membrane & have a pore for materials to cross

• Receptor or carrier proteins can change shape to move material from one side of the membrane to the other


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Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion

Molecules will randomly move Molecules will randomly move through the through the porespores in in Channel Channel ProteinsProteins..


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Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion

• SomeSome Carrier Carrier proteinsproteins do not do not extend through the extend through the membrane.membrane.

• They They bond and bond and drag moleculesdrag molecules through the lipid through the lipid bilayer and release bilayer and release them on the them on the opposite side.opposite side.


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Receptor or Carrier Receptor or Carrier ProteinsProteins

• Other carrier Other carrier proteins proteins change shapechange shape to move to move materials materials across the cell across the cell membranemembrane


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Active TransportActive Transport

Requires energy or ATP

Moves materials from LOW to HIGH concentration

AGAINST concentration gradient


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Active transportActive transportExamples:

Pumping Na+ (sodium ions) out and K+ (potassium ions) in against strong concentration gradients.

Called Na+-K+ Pump

Helps muscle cells contract.copyright cmassengale

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Sodium-Potassium Pump & Sodium-Potassium Pump & Transport Protein- Transport Protein-

Active Transport using ATPActive Transport using ATP pumping against the gradient.

3 Na+ pumped in for every 2 K+ pumped out; creates a membrane potential.


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Moving the “Big Stuff”Moving the “Big Stuff”

Molecules are Molecules are moved outmoved out of the cell by of the cell by vesiclesvesicles that that fusefuse with the plasma membrane. with the plasma membrane.

ExocytosExocytosisis-

moving things out.

This is how many This is how many hormoneshormones are secreted and how are secreted and how nerve cellsnerve cells communicate with one another communicate with one another.


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ExocytosisExocytosisExocytic Exocytic vesicle vesicle immediately immediately after fusion after fusion with plasma with plasma membrane.membrane.


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Moving the “Big Moving the “Big Stuff”Stuff”Large molecules move materials into the Large molecules move materials into the

cell by one of cell by one of three forms of endocytosisthree forms of endocytosis.


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PinocytosisPinocytosis

Most Most commoncommon form of endocytosis form of endocytosis. Takes in Takes in dissolveddissolved molecules as a molecules as a vesiclevesicle.


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PinocytosisPinocytosis

• Cell forms an Cell forms an indentionindention

• Materials Materials dissolve in dissolve in waterwater to be to be brought into brought into cellcell

• Called Called “Cell “Cell Drinking”Drinking”


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Example of Example of PinocytosisPinocytosispinocytic vesicles forming mature transport vesicle

Transport across a capillary cell (blue).copyright cmassengale

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Receptor-Mediated EndocytosisReceptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Some Some integral proteinsintegral proteins have have receptorsreceptors on their surface to on their surface to recognize & take in recognize & take in hormones, hormones, cholesterolcholesterol, etc., etc.


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Receptor-Mediated EndocytosisReceptor-Mediated Endocytosis


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Endocytosis – Phagocytosis Endocytosis – Phagocytosis

Used to Used to engulf large particlesengulf large particles such such as food, as food, bacteriabacteria, etc. into vesicles, etc. into vesicles

Called Called “Cell Eating”“Cell Eating”copyright cmassengale

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Phagocytosis About to OccurPhagocytosis About to Occur


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PhagocytoPhagocytosissis - Capture of a Yeast Cell (yellow) by Membrane Extensions of an Immune System Cell (blue)


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ExocytosisExocytosis The opposite of endocytosis is exocytosis. The opposite of endocytosis is exocytosis. Large moleculesLarge molecules that are manufactured in that are manufactured in

the cell are the cell are releasedreleased through the cell through the cell membranemembrane..

Inside Cell Cell environment


58copyright cmassengale

Now go to classzone.com and go to Ch 3 1.) Go to Research Center and watch the Animations on Active Transport2.)Watch the Ch 3 Animations – on “Cell Structures” and“Get through a cell membrane” 2.)Take the Section Quizzes

1 The Plasma Membrane The Plasma Membrane - Gateway to the Cell copyright cmassengale.

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